International Workshop on“The Water Energy Food Nexus: Implementation and Examples of Applications”
Nwabisa Masekwana, Sue Walker and Michael van der Laan
IMPACT OF TWO SCHEMES ON WATER, ENERGY AND FOOD NEXUS: EXAMPLES FROM INDIAicidciid
How the Prime Minister’s Irrigation Scheme (PMKSY), and the Prime Minister’s Scheme for Energy Security & Upliftment of Farmers (PM-KUSUM) helped India to increase its agriculture production, and to reduce electricity consumption.
Spatial-Scale Water-Energy-Food Nexus Analysis in India – Insight from Implem...icidciid
International Workshop on“The Water Energy Food Nexus: Implementation and Examples of Applications”
04 October 2022: 08:45-10:30 and 11:15 to 13:00 Hours
Adelaide, Australia
Solar – powered micro – irrigation demonstrations for food security, youth an...icidciid
International Workshop on“The Water Energy Food Nexus: Implementation and Examples of Applications”
04 October 2022: 08:45-10:30 and 11:15 to 13:00 Hours
Adelaide, Australia
Development of Water-Energy-Food Nexus Model for Basin-Scale Studiesicidciid
International Workshop on“The Water Energy Food Nexus: Implementation and Examples of Applications”
Rajendra Singh
Professor, Agricultural & Food Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
The distress facing the agriculture sector needs an integrated approach deriving a win-win solution for all the concerned stakeholders—water security and better livelihood for farmers, easing of the massive financial burden on the state and the electricity utility, and benefits to the public at large through job creation and lower emissions. Our analysis considers a three-pronged approach consisting of (i) grid-interactive solar PV (photovoltaic), (ii) energy efficient pumps (EE), and (iii) advanced irrigation technology (AI) at the farm level. It makes policy recommendations for a successful implementation of this approach.
Presented by Younis Gismalla (HRC), Yasir Mohamed (HRC), Gijs Simons (eLEAF), Maurits Voogt(eLEAF), Bharat Sharma (IWMI), Giriraj amarnath (IWMI) and Vladimir Smakhtin (IWMI) at the 4th Nile Basin Development Forum, 6-7 October 2014, Nairobi, Kenya.
IMPACT OF TWO SCHEMES ON WATER, ENERGY AND FOOD NEXUS: EXAMPLES FROM INDIAicidciid
How the Prime Minister’s Irrigation Scheme (PMKSY), and the Prime Minister’s Scheme for Energy Security & Upliftment of Farmers (PM-KUSUM) helped India to increase its agriculture production, and to reduce electricity consumption.
Spatial-Scale Water-Energy-Food Nexus Analysis in India – Insight from Implem...icidciid
International Workshop on“The Water Energy Food Nexus: Implementation and Examples of Applications”
04 October 2022: 08:45-10:30 and 11:15 to 13:00 Hours
Adelaide, Australia
Solar – powered micro – irrigation demonstrations for food security, youth an...icidciid
International Workshop on“The Water Energy Food Nexus: Implementation and Examples of Applications”
04 October 2022: 08:45-10:30 and 11:15 to 13:00 Hours
Adelaide, Australia
Development of Water-Energy-Food Nexus Model for Basin-Scale Studiesicidciid
International Workshop on“The Water Energy Food Nexus: Implementation and Examples of Applications”
Rajendra Singh
Professor, Agricultural & Food Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
The distress facing the agriculture sector needs an integrated approach deriving a win-win solution for all the concerned stakeholders—water security and better livelihood for farmers, easing of the massive financial burden on the state and the electricity utility, and benefits to the public at large through job creation and lower emissions. Our analysis considers a three-pronged approach consisting of (i) grid-interactive solar PV (photovoltaic), (ii) energy efficient pumps (EE), and (iii) advanced irrigation technology (AI) at the farm level. It makes policy recommendations for a successful implementation of this approach.
Presented by Younis Gismalla (HRC), Yasir Mohamed (HRC), Gijs Simons (eLEAF), Maurits Voogt(eLEAF), Bharat Sharma (IWMI), Giriraj amarnath (IWMI) and Vladimir Smakhtin (IWMI) at the 4th Nile Basin Development Forum, 6-7 October 2014, Nairobi, Kenya.
How has renewable energy and Alternate energy fared .
Some facts about renewable energy Potential and Installed capacities ,........updated till 2014 available
Water-Energy-Land-Livelihood (WELL) Nexus Report, June 2019Martin Scherfler
The distress facing the agriculture sector needs an integrated approach deriving a win-win solution for all the concerned stakeholders—water security and better livelihood for farmers, easing of the massive financial burden on the state and the electricity utility, and benefits to the public at large through job creation and lower emissions. Our analysis considers a three-pronged approach consisting of (i) grid-interactive solar PV (photovoltaic), (ii) energy efficient pumps (EE), and (iii) advanced irrigation technology (AI) at the farm level. It makes policy recommendations for a successful implementation of this approach.
Presentation by Henry Neufeldt at the World Congress on Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest Systems, 3rd international symposium on integrated crop-livestock systems. Brazil, July 2015
3. Increasing Financing and Investments for Clean and Renewable Energy Access...ENVIRONMENTALALERTEA1
This position paper is an output from several CSOs engagements coordinated by Environmental Alert with financial support from Norad within the framework of ‘Increasing access to sustainable and renewable energy alternatives in the AlbertineGraben’ that is implemented by WWF-Uganda Country Office
Presentation by Claudia Ringler, Hartwig Kremer and Cheikh Mbow at the UNEA Science Policy Interface, May 19-20
Presentation focuses on the concept of the water, food and energy nexus and its importance within the development context. It also provides a number of cases highlighting nexus issues.
This is a general presentation on WLE made by Andrew Noble for his trip to visit partners and donors in July 2014. Provides an overview of the WLE program and a number of examples of its work.
Sustainable Energy Principles And Practice December 2018Martin Scherfler
Sustainable Energy Principles & Practice is an initiative using Auroville and its outstanding experience in human unity & sustainable living as a platform for the learning and personal growth of students from around the world.
A learning-in-action program, it connects core human values with system thinking and hands-on work experience by introducing participants to local and global energy issues, policies and by exploring possible interventions that contributed to addressing global climate change and local issues of energy poverty and livelihood. The program is based on the 3H approach that nurtures hands (skills), head (competencies) and heart (inner capacities) of all participants. 13 students participated in this 10-day program held in December 2018 at Auroville International Township in Tamil Nadu, India.
Future Cities Africa
Future proofing to climate, environment and natural resource challenges
Supporting inclusive, resilient low carbon development
Peter Head CBE FREng FRSA
March 24th 2015
By Aditya Sood and Vladimir Smakhtin. Presented at the "Water in the Anthropocene: Challenges for Science and Governance. Indicators, Thresholds and Uncertainties of the Global Water System" conference in Bonn, Germany May 2013.
UK Minister Lord Ahmad visits ICRISAT, discusses climate action ICRISAT
Lord Tariq Ahmad, Minister of State for South Asia and the Commonwealth in the UK Government’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), led a high-level delegation to discuss climate-resilient
agriculture, biodiversity and sustainability during his visit to ICRISAT here on Thursday. ICRISAT helps smallholder farmers adapt to climate change and mitigate its devastating impacts on agriculture. Scientists from ICRISAT’s breeding and genomics facility demonstrated to Lord Ahmad how traits such as heat and drought-tolerance are identified and used to accelerate development of climate-resilient .
crops, how water conservation technologies help smallholder farmers increase their yields even when monsoon rains are scanty, and how biodiversity of crops important for drylands is preserved in the ICRISAT
Genebank.
How has renewable energy and Alternate energy fared .
Some facts about renewable energy Potential and Installed capacities ,........updated till 2014 available
Water-Energy-Land-Livelihood (WELL) Nexus Report, June 2019Martin Scherfler
The distress facing the agriculture sector needs an integrated approach deriving a win-win solution for all the concerned stakeholders—water security and better livelihood for farmers, easing of the massive financial burden on the state and the electricity utility, and benefits to the public at large through job creation and lower emissions. Our analysis considers a three-pronged approach consisting of (i) grid-interactive solar PV (photovoltaic), (ii) energy efficient pumps (EE), and (iii) advanced irrigation technology (AI) at the farm level. It makes policy recommendations for a successful implementation of this approach.
Presentation by Henry Neufeldt at the World Congress on Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest Systems, 3rd international symposium on integrated crop-livestock systems. Brazil, July 2015
3. Increasing Financing and Investments for Clean and Renewable Energy Access...ENVIRONMENTALALERTEA1
This position paper is an output from several CSOs engagements coordinated by Environmental Alert with financial support from Norad within the framework of ‘Increasing access to sustainable and renewable energy alternatives in the AlbertineGraben’ that is implemented by WWF-Uganda Country Office
Presentation by Claudia Ringler, Hartwig Kremer and Cheikh Mbow at the UNEA Science Policy Interface, May 19-20
Presentation focuses on the concept of the water, food and energy nexus and its importance within the development context. It also provides a number of cases highlighting nexus issues.
This is a general presentation on WLE made by Andrew Noble for his trip to visit partners and donors in July 2014. Provides an overview of the WLE program and a number of examples of its work.
Sustainable Energy Principles And Practice December 2018Martin Scherfler
Sustainable Energy Principles & Practice is an initiative using Auroville and its outstanding experience in human unity & sustainable living as a platform for the learning and personal growth of students from around the world.
A learning-in-action program, it connects core human values with system thinking and hands-on work experience by introducing participants to local and global energy issues, policies and by exploring possible interventions that contributed to addressing global climate change and local issues of energy poverty and livelihood. The program is based on the 3H approach that nurtures hands (skills), head (competencies) and heart (inner capacities) of all participants. 13 students participated in this 10-day program held in December 2018 at Auroville International Township in Tamil Nadu, India.
Future Cities Africa
Future proofing to climate, environment and natural resource challenges
Supporting inclusive, resilient low carbon development
Peter Head CBE FREng FRSA
March 24th 2015
By Aditya Sood and Vladimir Smakhtin. Presented at the "Water in the Anthropocene: Challenges for Science and Governance. Indicators, Thresholds and Uncertainties of the Global Water System" conference in Bonn, Germany May 2013.
UK Minister Lord Ahmad visits ICRISAT, discusses climate action ICRISAT
Lord Tariq Ahmad, Minister of State for South Asia and the Commonwealth in the UK Government’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), led a high-level delegation to discuss climate-resilient
agriculture, biodiversity and sustainability during his visit to ICRISAT here on Thursday. ICRISAT helps smallholder farmers adapt to climate change and mitigate its devastating impacts on agriculture. Scientists from ICRISAT’s breeding and genomics facility demonstrated to Lord Ahmad how traits such as heat and drought-tolerance are identified and used to accelerate development of climate-resilient .
crops, how water conservation technologies help smallholder farmers increase their yields even when monsoon rains are scanty, and how biodiversity of crops important for drylands is preserved in the ICRISAT
Genebank.
Water in Agriculture: From use to stewardship by Dr. Steven N Schonbergericidciid
Keynote address of Dr. Steven N Schonberger, Head of Water for Agriculture Global Solutions Group, World Bank, on the topic "Water for Agriculture: Our role in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals"
Securing Water & Food: Opportunities in Irrigation by Dr. Peter McCornickicidciid
Keynote address of Dr. Peter McCornick, Executive Director, Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA, on topic "Securing Water & Food: Opportunities in Irrigation"
IFAD’s experience in water management for improved food security and nutritio...icidciid
IFAD’s experience in water management for improved food security and nutrition for smallholders by Mr. Mawira Chitima, Lead Technical Specialist (Water & Rural Infrastructure), IFAD
The International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), established in 1950 is the leading scientific, technical and not-for-profit Non-Governmental Organization (NGO).
The mission of ICID is to stimulate and promote the development and application of the arts, sciences and techniques of engineering, agriculture, economics, ecological and social sciences in managing water and land resources for irrigation, drainage, flood management, for achieving sustainable agriculture water management.
Presentation of Mr. Irfan Aker, President, DOLSAR Engineering Ltd., at the 1s...icidciid
LET’S USE THE BENEFIT OF BEING TOGETHER - Presentation of Mr. Irfan Aker, President, DOLSAR Engineering Ltd., at the 1st World Irrigation Forum, Mardin, Turkey
Presentation of Mr. Jeremy Bird, DG, IWMI at the 1st World Irrigation Forum, ...icidciid
Game changers for irrigated agriculture – do the right incentives exist?
Presentation of Mr. Jeremy Bird, Director General, IWMI at the 1st World Irrigation Forum, Mardin, Turkey, September 2013
Presentation of Er. Avinash C. Tyagi, Secretary General, ICID at the 1st Worl...icidciid
1st World Irrigation Forum: Presentation of Er. Avinash C. Tyagi, Secretary General, ICID at the Plenary Session I on the Main Theme - Irrigation and drainage in a changing world: challenges and opportunities for global food security
The International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) was established as a Scientific, Technical and Voluntary Not-for-profit Non-Governmental International Organization (NGO) with headquarters in New Delhi, India.
This presentation shows information about ICID activities.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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APPLICATION OF WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS FRAMEWORK TOOLS AT DIFFERENT SCALES: PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
1. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
APPLICATION OF WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS
FRAMEWORK TOOLS AT DIFFERENT SCALES:
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
Nwabisa Masekwana, Sue Walker and Michael van der Laan
2. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
04 October 2022: 08:45-10:30 and 11:15 to 13:00 Hours
Adelaide, Australia
APPLICATION OF WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS FRAMEWORK
TOOLS AT DIFFERENT SCALES: PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
Nwabisa Masekwana, Sue Walker and Michael van der Laan
3. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Water, energy and food resources and sectors are interlinked and the study of
these interactions is called the WEF Nexus.
The connections can either be in synergy (beneficial) or negative (tradeoffs)
(Taguta, personal communication).
Imbalances may lead to challenges that can potentially aggravate, and transfer
stress that is detrimental to other sectors,
leading to a lack of sustainability and development of that particular resource.
The application of WEF nexus framework tools through the calculation of indices
helps seek integrated relationships between the three sectors or resources (Nhamo
et. al. 2020a).
Each sector has pillars, which may include availability, security, and accessibility
(Nhamo et al. (2020a).
4. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
This conceptual tool provides a framework for understanding the complex
interrelations, synergies, and possible trade-offs among water, energy, and
food sectors by decision-makers (Lawford, 2019; Nhamo et al., 2020a).
The WEF nexus is a transformative approach that aims to increase and
protect these natural resources and inform coherent strategies for
sustainable natural resources management (Nhamo et al., 2020b).
The WEF nexus approach has been used to highlight resource, using WEF
indicators, and related to SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) indices by
many users.
5. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Case study situation analysis
- Mpumalanga Province, Crocodile River Catchment, and in future
Mbombela Municipality.
- An assessment of the current situation: water resources, land cover and
development plans.
Application of WEF Framework Quantitative Tools
- Analytical Livelihoods Framework (ALF) tool: Access and
Mabhaudhi et al. (2019) Availability.
- Sustainability Performance Indicators (SPI) calculation: Stress and
Zarei et al. (2021) Sustainability.
6. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
The procedures used will include a quantitative process to calculate
a range of indices for each of the component sectors that can be
used to assess WEF nexus trade-offs at province, catchment, and
municipal level.
Preliminary data has been collected and calculations made using a
range of available indices.
The data is presented in tables, maps and charts as a spider-
diagram in order to show the pattern of indices:
o to reveal the relative strengths and weaknesses in each sector, and
o to give guidance about priority areas where interventions are needed to bring
balance and cohesion across the sectors.
7. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Mpumalanga province is 2nd smallest province in RSA.
Population of about 4 400 000 people and estimated 4 743 584,
(1% annual increase) (StatsSA, 2017).
Total area of the province is 76 495 km2
Fourth-largest economy in South Africa.
Mbombela is the capital city of the province (administrative & business centre).
A major challenge in the catchment is uncontrolled urbanization (City of Mbombela, 2020).
Mpumalanga is characterised by
annual rainfall that ranges from 400 - 600 mm per annum in the north-east, and
600 - 800 mm per annum in the west, while
central zone receives annual rainfall exceeding 1000 mm per annum (Simpson et al., 2019).
8. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Land cover present in the catchment includes
wetlands, indigenous forests, dense bush,
open bush and grasslands.
Most land is taken up by forest plantations
and cultivated lands, which include
sugarcane, and other smallholder annual and
perennial crops (ARC-NRE, 2022).
Land cover across the Crocodile River Catchment
(unpublished ARC-NRE, 2022).
9. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Mean annual runoff is at 3 188 000 mm3 (McLoughin et al.
2021) .
Total volume of water allocated 2019/20 was approx.
958 419 m3 annum -1 (IUCMA, 2020).
Main use of catchment water is for irrigation of crops:
Sugar & tropical fruit trees.
Surface water use in the province:
75% is utilized for irrigation,
9% is utilized for electricity generation,
9% for mining and bulk industrial users,
9% for afforestation, and
8% for urban household water usage (including 3% for rural use)
Simpson et al., 2019).
Water Use
Irrigation Electricity Mining and Industry
Afforestation 9 Urban water use 8
10. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Estimate for Mpumalanga province is 205
litres per capita-1 day-1 (Green Cape, 2021).
91% of households have access to water,
provided by the municipalities (Simpson et al. 2019).
Total volume of water allocated 2019/2020
was 958 419 m3 annum -1 (IUCMA, 2020)
Sectors where the water demand is
increasing are domestic and industrial use.
(Jackson, 2014).
The water available will continue to be
insufficient to distribute to all the critical
sectors as the demand exceeds the supply.
(IUCMA, 2022)
Measure Units Values References
Available Freshwater
Resources per Capita
(availability)
m3
capita-1
198
Calculated
according to
Jackson (2014)
Economic Value of
Water
$USD
m-3
$1,83
City of
Mbombela data
(2020)
Water Stress % 87
Calculated by
Jackson (2014)
Water
Requirements
Demand
Mm3
year-1
999
Calculated by
Jackson (2014)
Households with
Access to Water
% 91
Simpson et al.
(2019)
Calculated water sector measurements and quantifying WEF
nexus interactions.
11. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Percentage of households in Mpumalanga
increased from 75.9% in 2002 to 87.8%.
Mbombela Municipality households with
electricity was 190 065 (90%).
Total energy consumed in Mpumalanga in was
34 049 000 000 GWh (Monyei & Adewumbi 2017).
Energy consumed per capita was 3200 kWh
per capita-1 year-1 (Monyei & Adewumbi, 2017).
Sugar, the base crop uses estimated
130 602 234 KWhr year-1, only 0.38% of total.
Measure Units Values
Access to Electricity
(accessibility)
% 87,8
Annual Energy
Consumption
kWh capita-1
year-1
3200
Energy (@ farm gate) KWh ha-1 2 118
GHG Emission for Energy
Use
g CO2 kwh-1 900
Total Electricity: Sugarcane kWh yr-1 130 602 234
Total Energy Consumed
per annum
KWh
34 049 000
000
Percentage of Energy Used
for Sugarcane
% 0,38
Residential Energy Use per
annum
GWh 12 530,03
Energy sector measurements and quantifying WEF nexus
interactions province.
12. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Agriculture is responsible for about 3.4% of
Mpumalanga’s total GDP of ZAR 269 863
million (USD 15 mil) in 2013,
The GDP per capita for the province is ZAR
64,91 (USD 3.6) (OECD Stats, 2018).
Only about 19.3% of Mpumalanga land area
is used for agricultural production of which
1,477 934.
Proportion of the population with
adequate food is 72.6 %,
Those with an inadequate supply of food is
8.4% and those with severely inadequate
food supply is 19%.
Food sector measurements and quantifying WEF nexus
interactions province.
Measure Units Values
Food Security % 72.6
Water Footprint for
Sugarcane
m3 t-1 800
Water Requirement of
Sugarcane
m3 ha-1 year-1 9 000
Water Productivity of
Sugarcane
kg m-3 13.09
Total Irrigation Water
for Sugarcane
mm3 524 136
Average Sugarcane
Yield
t ha-1 90
Cultivated Land % 19.3
CPI: Weight % 118
13. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Measure Indices
Water Stress 0.87
Household Access to Water 0.91
GHG Emission for Energy Use 0.55
% Energy used by Sugarcane 0.38
Food Security 0.726
CPI Mpumalanga 0.118
Calculation of Sustainability Performance Indicators for
period 2014/19 related to Sugarcane production.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Water
Stress
Hhold
Water
Access
GHG
% Energy
Use
Food
Security
CPI
Spider diagram of WEF nexus Sustainability Performance Indicators to show the
interlinkages in the Mpumalanga Crocodile river catchment about water, food
and energy for 2014-2019 (CPI=Consumer Price Index with base year 2016;
GHG= greenhouse gas emissions).
14. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
WEF nexus framework has been applied at the Crocodile River catchment level
to obtain the synergies and trade-offs to be applied between the three different
sectors as there are some inconsistencies in the distribution of resources to the
critical sectors.
The water sector is facing the challenge of increased demands from sectors such
as mining and industry. Urban development or urbanisation means that more
water resources need to be diverted toward household use and residential
developments.
The water resource, though available in the Crocodile basin, is used for food
production under irrigation and for energy production via coal power stations.
The energy sector has contributed to improved livelihoods by supplying almost all
domestic requirements, as more households have steadily been electrified.
15. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
The amount of electricity consumption by the water and food sectors is still unclear
and seems to be insignificant, but needs clarification in future.
The majority of energy in the Crocodile Catchment is used in the industrial and
transport sectors and very little is used for food production.
The proposed use of clean and renewable energy is still a challenge and is
developing at a very slow pace.
The agricultural industry sector only contributes low employment volumes that are
partly seasonal even though the GDP of the province is largely brought in through
agricultural produce.
The future calculation of indices for other agricultural food products in comparison
with the main crop of sugar will help the stakeholders in allocation of resources in
order to give a broader view of the food/agricultural sector, by expanding the
analysis to other newly introduced crops such as Macadamia nuts, with less
resource footprints and demands and increase efficiency.
16. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Funded by Water Research Commission of South Africa
(C2019/2020-00326).
Ms Nwabisa Masekwana: Agricultural Research Council -
Natural Resources and Engineering (NRE), Pretoria,
(masekwanan@arc.agric.za) & University of Pretoria,
South Africa.
Prof Sue Walker: Agricultural Research Council – NRE,
Pretoria, & University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,
South Africa.
Dr Michael Van der Laan: ARC - NRE & University of
Pretoria, South Africa.