Three phase induction motors in various industries are very important to be stopped within a short time. Dynamic braking of three phase induction motor has been commonly used to break an induction motor electrically. However, dynamic braking method does not stop the rotation of the motor as quick as mechanical braking. In this research, will discuss about dynamic braking using direct current method. Buck Converter design is made as DC source for direct current braking in three phase induction motors. Based on the result of measurement, buck converter can operate on minimum duty cycle 10% with output voltage 11,3V and output current 0,16A. When duty cycle operates at maximum duty cycle 90%, output voltage is 29,95V and output current is 1,15A. The test results also prove that the buck converter was successfully applied to direct current braking of the three phase induction motor and has succeeded in stopping the motor fastest in 0.18 seconds when the motor are not coupled with DC generator and 1.7 seconds for the condition is coupled with the DC generator.
Modification of Material Handling Process Using Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed modification to an existing material handling process using automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The existing relay-based system has issues like limited productivity, high maintenance needs, and safety hazards. The proposed system would automate the process and replace the relay system with PLCs and advanced sensors on the AGVs. It would use color and proximity sensors to guide the AGVs and incorporate crane mechanisms at workstations. This is expected to overcome the limitations of the existing system and provide benefits like increased productivity, reduced costs, and improved safety.
IRJET- Head on Generation (HOG) : A Energy Efficient System in Indian RailwayIRJET Journal
This document discusses Head on Generation (HOG) as an energy efficient system for powering the hotel loads of Indian trains. HOG works by taking electrical power from overhead wires through a transformer on the locomotive, converting it to three-phase AC for distribution to coaches. This eliminates the need for individual power generators in each coach. The document outlines the historical methods used like self-generation and end-on generation. It then provides details of the HOG system and analysis showing the savings in operational costs and diesel usage compared to end-on generation. Implementation of HOG has resulted in reduced pollution and costs while improving reliability for Indian railways.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of an Indexing FixtureIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and analysis of an indexing fixture used to rotate a 6-cylinder truck engine block. The indexing fixture allows the engine block to be rotated through specific angles, improving safety, reducing time, and making the process easier compared to previous manual methods. Key components of the indexing fixture include a base to bear the engine block, left and right indexing plates, shafts, housings, and a motor providing 2.2 kW of power to rotate the fixture. Design calculations determined the maximum torque of 4254 Nm would occur at 90 degrees of rotation. The indexing fixture aims to improve ergonomics, ease of handling, safety, and reduce time compared to previous lifting and rotating of heavy engine blocks.
IRJET- Robotic System for Automatic Pouring of Molten Metal using PLCIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a robotic system for automatically pouring molten metal into molds using a PLC. It was designed for small foundries in India to improve productivity, quality and worker safety.
2. The robotic system uses four motors controlled by a PLC to move linearly between molds. Sensors detect the molds and signal actuators to lift risers and pour the molten metal before moving to the next mold.
3. Advantages of the system include improved worker safety, reduced rejections and waste, and lower initial costs compared to conveyor systems. The automatic process improves quality and productivity for small foundries.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN ACTIVE TWIST ROTOR BLADES WITH D-SPAR MODEL USING C...AM Publications
Today’s helicopters are the result of collaborative work in mechanical engineering and aeronautics. A helicopter main rotor or rotor system is the combination of a rotary wing and a control system that generates the aerodynamic lift force that supports the weight of the helicopter, and the thrust that counteracts aerodynamic drag in forward flight. In the field of rotorcraft, the research in this project is currently focusing on active blade systems to adapt the aerodynamic properties of the blade to the local aerodynamic conditions. Fuel-efficiency, reduction of vibration and noise and increase of the helicopter maximum speed are the benefits expected from these new technologies. A helicopter's rotor is generally made of two or more rotor blades. Rotor blades are made out of various materials, including aluminum, composite structure, and steel or titanium, with abrasion shields along the leading edge. The blade pitch is typically controlled by a swash plate connected to the helicopter flight controls. An Active Twist Rotor (ATR) is developed for future implementation of the individual blade control for vibration and noise reduction in helicopters. The rotor blade is integrally twisted by direct strain actuation using active fiber composites (AFC). In this thesis, the model of rotor blade is designed and analyzed. 3D models are done in CATIA. Analysis is done in Ansys. The materials used for original model are steel and Aluminum alloy, The modified model is analyzed by specifying aluminum alloy using solid element and also the shell element. The optimization results have been obtained for design solutions, connected with the application of active materials.
Fea analysis and optimization of an one way clutch used in automatic transmis...eSAT Journals
Abstract An intent of this project is to reduce the weight of one way clutch which is being used in automotive transmission enabled sports cars. By reducing the weight we can achieve better efficiency in terms of strength and also to increase the transmission power from torque converter wherein which engaging and disengaging happens. One way roller clutch is one, when the unit rotates in one direction the rollers slip or free-wheel, but when a torque is applied in the opposite direction, the rollers lock between outer cage (cam) and inner cage, producing a wedging action and binding because of friction. The rollers are spring-loaded. Design parameters like maximum torsional deflection, minimum hoop`s stress are considered for to get increased efficiency. In order to achieve this FEA analysis and optimization technique is carried here. Optimization is the mathematical discipline which is concerned with finding the maxima and minima of functions, possibly subject to constraints. Here optimization is carried out by using the global parameters optimization technique. Keywords: FEA analysis, Global parameters, Minimum hoop`s stress, Weight
Concept Design and Analysis of Low Cost O-Ring Assembly Machine for Adjustabl...AM Publications
This paper deals with the design of low cost O-ring assembly machine for adjustable ball race assembly. The O-ring sub-assembly is used in TAFE (Tractor and Forming Equipment) steering assembly unit. The adjustable ball race contains the O-ring which avoids the leakage of grease applied on the ball race. The main problem was absence of O-ring in the ABR assembly. This is because of the human errors in assembling the O-ring and adjustable ball race. There was no mechanism or the sensors to ensure the presence of O-ring in the assembly. To eliminate the manual error of workers O-ring assembly machine was designed. This paper consists of design, analysis of the O-ring assembly machine.
Dc motor speed control with feedback monitor based on c# applicationeSAT Journals
Abstract Precise, cheap control and monitoring the speed of DC motor is ever hot area of work. In the present paper we have attempted to implement speed control and feedback monitoring for a 12 Volt/1000 RPM rated motor. Speed control is done with help of PWM pins on Arduino/AVR board and H-bridge IC L293D. Feedback speed monitoring is based on IR pair based interrupt monitoring. Hence Sensing and calculation part of process is handled by Arduino/AVR board. All of this is implemented with help of PC based user interface developed in C#. In a typical user interface speed control is achieved with help of trackBar and speed monitoring with help of Text window, was we get direct readout of current speed in RPM. Keywords: Arduino/AVR board, PWM, DC motor, IR based speed monitoring using interrupt, C# etc…
Modification of Material Handling Process Using Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed modification to an existing material handling process using automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The existing relay-based system has issues like limited productivity, high maintenance needs, and safety hazards. The proposed system would automate the process and replace the relay system with PLCs and advanced sensors on the AGVs. It would use color and proximity sensors to guide the AGVs and incorporate crane mechanisms at workstations. This is expected to overcome the limitations of the existing system and provide benefits like increased productivity, reduced costs, and improved safety.
IRJET- Head on Generation (HOG) : A Energy Efficient System in Indian RailwayIRJET Journal
This document discusses Head on Generation (HOG) as an energy efficient system for powering the hotel loads of Indian trains. HOG works by taking electrical power from overhead wires through a transformer on the locomotive, converting it to three-phase AC for distribution to coaches. This eliminates the need for individual power generators in each coach. The document outlines the historical methods used like self-generation and end-on generation. It then provides details of the HOG system and analysis showing the savings in operational costs and diesel usage compared to end-on generation. Implementation of HOG has resulted in reduced pollution and costs while improving reliability for Indian railways.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of an Indexing FixtureIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and analysis of an indexing fixture used to rotate a 6-cylinder truck engine block. The indexing fixture allows the engine block to be rotated through specific angles, improving safety, reducing time, and making the process easier compared to previous manual methods. Key components of the indexing fixture include a base to bear the engine block, left and right indexing plates, shafts, housings, and a motor providing 2.2 kW of power to rotate the fixture. Design calculations determined the maximum torque of 4254 Nm would occur at 90 degrees of rotation. The indexing fixture aims to improve ergonomics, ease of handling, safety, and reduce time compared to previous lifting and rotating of heavy engine blocks.
IRJET- Robotic System for Automatic Pouring of Molten Metal using PLCIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a robotic system for automatically pouring molten metal into molds using a PLC. It was designed for small foundries in India to improve productivity, quality and worker safety.
2. The robotic system uses four motors controlled by a PLC to move linearly between molds. Sensors detect the molds and signal actuators to lift risers and pour the molten metal before moving to the next mold.
3. Advantages of the system include improved worker safety, reduced rejections and waste, and lower initial costs compared to conveyor systems. The automatic process improves quality and productivity for small foundries.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN ACTIVE TWIST ROTOR BLADES WITH D-SPAR MODEL USING C...AM Publications
Today’s helicopters are the result of collaborative work in mechanical engineering and aeronautics. A helicopter main rotor or rotor system is the combination of a rotary wing and a control system that generates the aerodynamic lift force that supports the weight of the helicopter, and the thrust that counteracts aerodynamic drag in forward flight. In the field of rotorcraft, the research in this project is currently focusing on active blade systems to adapt the aerodynamic properties of the blade to the local aerodynamic conditions. Fuel-efficiency, reduction of vibration and noise and increase of the helicopter maximum speed are the benefits expected from these new technologies. A helicopter's rotor is generally made of two or more rotor blades. Rotor blades are made out of various materials, including aluminum, composite structure, and steel or titanium, with abrasion shields along the leading edge. The blade pitch is typically controlled by a swash plate connected to the helicopter flight controls. An Active Twist Rotor (ATR) is developed for future implementation of the individual blade control for vibration and noise reduction in helicopters. The rotor blade is integrally twisted by direct strain actuation using active fiber composites (AFC). In this thesis, the model of rotor blade is designed and analyzed. 3D models are done in CATIA. Analysis is done in Ansys. The materials used for original model are steel and Aluminum alloy, The modified model is analyzed by specifying aluminum alloy using solid element and also the shell element. The optimization results have been obtained for design solutions, connected with the application of active materials.
Fea analysis and optimization of an one way clutch used in automatic transmis...eSAT Journals
Abstract An intent of this project is to reduce the weight of one way clutch which is being used in automotive transmission enabled sports cars. By reducing the weight we can achieve better efficiency in terms of strength and also to increase the transmission power from torque converter wherein which engaging and disengaging happens. One way roller clutch is one, when the unit rotates in one direction the rollers slip or free-wheel, but when a torque is applied in the opposite direction, the rollers lock between outer cage (cam) and inner cage, producing a wedging action and binding because of friction. The rollers are spring-loaded. Design parameters like maximum torsional deflection, minimum hoop`s stress are considered for to get increased efficiency. In order to achieve this FEA analysis and optimization technique is carried here. Optimization is the mathematical discipline which is concerned with finding the maxima and minima of functions, possibly subject to constraints. Here optimization is carried out by using the global parameters optimization technique. Keywords: FEA analysis, Global parameters, Minimum hoop`s stress, Weight
Concept Design and Analysis of Low Cost O-Ring Assembly Machine for Adjustabl...AM Publications
This paper deals with the design of low cost O-ring assembly machine for adjustable ball race assembly. The O-ring sub-assembly is used in TAFE (Tractor and Forming Equipment) steering assembly unit. The adjustable ball race contains the O-ring which avoids the leakage of grease applied on the ball race. The main problem was absence of O-ring in the ABR assembly. This is because of the human errors in assembling the O-ring and adjustable ball race. There was no mechanism or the sensors to ensure the presence of O-ring in the assembly. To eliminate the manual error of workers O-ring assembly machine was designed. This paper consists of design, analysis of the O-ring assembly machine.
Dc motor speed control with feedback monitor based on c# applicationeSAT Journals
Abstract Precise, cheap control and monitoring the speed of DC motor is ever hot area of work. In the present paper we have attempted to implement speed control and feedback monitoring for a 12 Volt/1000 RPM rated motor. Speed control is done with help of PWM pins on Arduino/AVR board and H-bridge IC L293D. Feedback speed monitoring is based on IR pair based interrupt monitoring. Hence Sensing and calculation part of process is handled by Arduino/AVR board. All of this is implemented with help of PC based user interface developed in C#. In a typical user interface speed control is achieved with help of trackBar and speed monitoring with help of Text window, was we get direct readout of current speed in RPM. Keywords: Arduino/AVR board, PWM, DC motor, IR based speed monitoring using interrupt, C# etc…
Dc motor speed control with feedback monitor based on c# applicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Project Report on Maynard Operation Sequence Techniqueijtsrd
I did my 6 weeks industrial training at Maruti Suzuki India Ltd, Gurugram in the Assembly 1 Department under Production Division. The entire duration I was in the Assembly 1department. The first Week in the dept. office itself for M.O.S.T. study and techniques, then for the major part of June in Knuckle Sub Assembly Area and subsequent 4 Weeks on Line 4 and office of the department. Overall my project has been related to the standardization of man power for fluctuating production volumes of IGNIS YJC model and improvement in HPV. Majority of the time has been engaged in videography and subsequent M.O.S.T. analysis of the work stations. I have finished two projects in my tenure. Man Power Reduction was the basic principle underlying the M.O.S.T. project done. Ankur | Mr. Manish "Project Report on Maynard Operation Sequence Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31411.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31411/project-report-on-maynard-operation-sequence-technique/ankur
Utilization of plc programming for gravity die casting automationeSAT Journals
The document describes utilizing a programmable logic controller to automate a gravity die casting process through PLC programming in order to increase productivity and reduce costs. It details the functional cycle and components used, including pneumatic cylinders, grippers, and a rotary actuator controlled by the PLC. Calculations are provided to determine the cylinder dimensions and cycle time needed for each step of the automated casting process.
This document summarizes a student project to automate the assembly of nexus components for mini circuit breakers. The existing manual process takes 15-16 seconds per assembly and produces 6 assemblies per minute. The project aims to use automation techniques like a vibratory bowl feeder, pneumatic press, proximity sensors, and a robotic arm to reduce the cycle time to 5.5 seconds and increase production to 3.5 lakh assemblies per month. The automated system uses 8 stations including component loading, pin feeding, pressing, and unloading stages to sequentially assemble the nexus.
Design of Starting Resistance for AC and DC Machines using Computer Analysis ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of starting resistances for AC and DC motors using computer analysis in C language. It presents methods for designing starters for 3 types of motors: DC series motors, DC shunt motors, and slip-ring induction motors (AC). For each motor type, the relevant circuit diagrams and equations for determining the number of resistance sections and their values are provided. The analysis allows users to input motor parameters and automatically obtain starter resistance values. Benefits include precise resistance values, gradual speed increase, and reduced analysis time. Future work may expand the program's capabilities and improve the user interface.
Productivity Enhancement of Clipping MachineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a project to increase productivity of a clipping machine at a pencil manufacturing plant. The researchers designed and installed a hopper and feeder bowl system to automate the manual placement of clips and barrels. Through analysis of production data using quality tools like why-why analysis and fishbone diagrams, they identified inconsistent manual placement as the root cause of rejections. Their automated design calculations showed the hopper could hold 1481 barrels, increasing throughput. The new system aims to reduce labor costs, improve quality, and increase productivity by fully automating the clipping process.
IRJET-Investigation of Three Phase Induction Speed Control Strategies using N...IRJET Journal
This document discusses speed control strategies for a three-phase induction motor using different controllers. It first introduces induction motors and their challenges in speed control due to their complex nonlinear dynamics. It then discusses various speed control techniques including proportional (P), proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The document presents MATLAB simulations of speed control using these different controllers under full load conditions. The results show that PID control provides more efficient speed control with minimal steady state error and faster response compared to no controller or only P control. Vector control techniques are used to implement the speed controllers in the simulation.
Automation is a preferred for faster and precise operations as compare to manual operation. This paper provides a mean of simple yet effective fixed type of automation for sorting the products. Two products identical in shape and size are sorted out automatically on the basis of drilled or undrilled product. LED and photo transistor arrangement is used for hole detection. Vertical zigzag conveyor is employed instead of usual flat belt conveyor in order to utilise gravitational force as a driving force for feeding the products. 8051 Microcontroller is used for controlling the sorting mechanism by using program or coding. The cost of project is nearly negligible as it is made from the waste except electrical components used for the project. Sincere efforts are taken to set an example of a inexpensive, reliable and easy to manufacture automated machine. The Paper focuses on the aspect of sorting mechanism with microcontroller programming and the automation tasks and solutions is obtained.
Estimation of motor inertia and friction components is a complex and challenging task in motion control applications where small size DC motors (<100W) are used for precise control. It is essential to estimate the accurate friction components and motor inertia, because the parameters provided by the manufacturer are not always accurate. This research proposes a Sensorless method of determining DC motor parameters, including moment of inertia, torque coefficient and frictional components using the Disturbance Observer (DOB) as a torque sensor. The constant velocity motion test and a novel Reverse Motion Acceleration test were conducted to estimate frictional components and moment of inertia of the motor. The validity of the proposed novel method was verified by experimental results and compared with conventional acceleration and deceleration motion tests. Experiments have been carried out to show the effectiveness and viability of the estimated parameters using a Reaction Torque Observer (RTOB) based friction compensation method.
Detection of Static Air-Gap Eccentricity in Three Phase induction Motor by Us...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the effect of the static air-gap eccentricity on the performance of a three phase induction motor .The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach has been used to detect this fault .This technique depends upon the amplitude of the positive and negative harmonics of the frequency. Two motors of (2.2 Kw) have been used to achieve the actual fault and desirable data at no-load, half-load and full-load conditions. Motor Current Signature analysis (MCSA) based on stator current has been used to detect eccentricity fault. Feed forward neural network and error back propagation training algorithms are used to perform the motor fault detection. The inputs of artificial neural network are the amplitudes of the positive and negative harmonics and the speed, and the output is the type of fault. The training of neural network is achieved by data through the experiments test on healthy and faulty motor and the diagnostic system can discriminate between “healthy” and “faulty” machine.
IRJET- Automated Guided Vehicle Design Methodology - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design methodology of automated guided vehicles (AGVs). It discusses four key aspects of AGV design: (1) navigation systems such as natural, optical, and laser navigation; (2) drive systems including brushless DC motors and speed control methods; (3) traffic management algorithms to prevent collisions; and (4) wireless communication systems using industrial access points and field bus protocols to control AGVs. The review examines various research on approaches for each of these aspects of AGV system design.
IRJET- Static and Modal Analysis of Jeffcott Rotor under Low Volume ConditionsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the behavior of a steam turbine rotor under low volume flow conditions using rotor dynamics concepts. A Jeffcott rotor model was created and analyzed using finite element analysis in ANSYS. Both a standard single stage Jeffcott rotor and a modified single stage rotor were analyzed and their equivalent stresses, maximum principal stresses, and total deformation were compared. The analyses found that stresses were within allowable limits during normal operation but exceeded limits under low volume flow conditions. A modified multistage rotor model was also analyzed and compared to a standard multistage rotor model. The results of the modal, static, and harmonic analyses were presented.
Design and fabrication of automated earthquake rescue machineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated earthquake rescue machine. The machine is intended to remove debris from disaster sites without human assistance in order to work more quickly and safely. It has a tracked chassis for navigating varied terrain and a robotic arm with a multi-joint gripper for lifting and manipulating debris. The arm is servo-operated and hydraulically assisted. Experimental results showed the machine could lift up to 2.278 kg. The conclusions were that the rescue machine accomplishes the goal of aiding in earthquake disaster response and has applications for other disaster situations.
Comparative finite element analysis of metallic spur gear and hybrid spur gearIAEME Publication
Gear is the special division of Mechanical Engineering concerned with the transmission of power and motion between the rotating shafts. In this study, a lathe machine tumbler gear mechanism used for threading purpose is taken and applied finite element analysis methodology on each metallic
spur gears and also FEA analysis is done for hybrid spur gear with same applied load and condition to check comparative stress analysis of both metallic spur gears and hybrid spur gears.
IRJET- Integrated Unit of Power Transmission having Combination of Clutch and...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a hydraulic actuated combination clutch-brake unit using analytical calculations and C programming. The unit provides both clutch and brake functions simultaneously for machines requiring frequent starting and stopping. It transmits high power through a multi-disc friction clutch and generates high braking torque through a disc brake. The design calculates the required dimensions and forces for the shaft, clutch, and brake based on input parameters like motor power, speed, material properties, number of discs, coefficients of friction, and pressure intensities. C programming is used to automate the calculations and discuss the results.
IRJET- Modelling and Condition Monitoring of 3훟 Induction Motor using Fuzzy L...IRJET Journal
This document presents a MATLAB model and simulation of a 3-phase induction motor for condition monitoring using fuzzy logic. The model monitors for common faults like stator winding issues, voltage imbalances, and phase faults. Fuzzy logic membership functions and rules are used to assess the motor's health based on stator current values. Simulations show the motor operating normally and with introduced faults like turn-to-turn shorts and broken windings. In fault cases, the stator current becomes unbalanced and the fuzzy logic output indicates the motor health deteriorating from good to damaged or seriously damaged states.
Automatic Painting Gun for Solar Storage Tank with Arduino UNO MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic painting system for the internal surfaces of solar water heater storage tanks. The system uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller to control a stepper motor that drives a painting gun along a rack and pinion gear system. This allows the painting gun to automatically paint the inside of tanks, improving over the manual painting process. A literature review found that internal tank painting is currently done manually, which is costly and less accurate. The proposed automatic system could help address these issues through controlled, automated painting.
Z-Source Based High Step-Up Chopper for Photovoltaic PanelAM Publications
The photovoltaic panel not only generates low DC voltage but also DC voltage which varies with time and environmental condition. Therefore design of electrical energy system with constant output voltage is a big challenge to designer. This project deals with the development of electrical energy system which consists of Z-source based high step up chopper. The chopper is basically based on coupled inductor which provides high voltage gain and physical isolation between input and output with small turn ratio. It also provides a low voltage stress on active components and small conduction losses due to low duty cycle. Due to the usage of a single switch, the control circuitry is less complex. The proposed chopper recycles the energy of leakage inductance hence enhancing system efficiency. This report consists of mathematical modelling and designing of proposed chopper circuit. The MATLAB simulation of proposed chopper circuit is to convert 25 volts dc to 400 volts dc with 300 watts power. The simulation results validate the theoretical results. The H-Bridge inverter circuit is used at the end of proposed chopper for converting DC voltage into AC voltage.
IRJET- Closed Loop Speed Control of DC Motor by using PI ControllerIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on closed loop speed control of a DC motor using a PI controller. It describes using an Arduino microcontroller to implement PI control and estimate the duty cycle to supply a DC motor driver to control motor speed. An IR sensor is used to sense actual motor speed, which is displayed on an LCD along with a reference speed input via a potentiometer. The PI controller generates an error signal to change the duty cycle and vary the motor speed accordingly. The system was able to rapidly track the desired reference speed, allowing closed loop speed control of the DC motor with low cost using an Arduino.
ANALYSIS OF SOLAR POWERED SELF BALANCING VEHICLEAM Publications
The solar powered self-balancing vehicle is a two wheeled vehicle which uses solar energy stored in battery to run its motor and attain acceleration. It is convenient form of transport without consuming fuels. Self -balancing vehicle is a two wheeled vehicle which balances itself in air vertically with reference to the ground. This vehicle is designed to mirror the process of walking and can be used for inspection purpose in the malls and offices. With solar energy as source of energy self-balancing vehicle technology and related uses of non-motorized transportations, a long term solution is to establish dedicated on-motorized lanes in urban environment, which will promote more energy efficient and environment friendly travel means. In this research solar energy is used as a source of fuel. A D.C motor is driven by solar energy. Solar energy is a natural resource available free of cost and in adequate quantity. The balancing of vehicle is achieved by the weight balance on the platform plate at the static condition and the action of inertia forces in the dynamic state. This vehicle is capable of moving with the speed of 30 Km/hr.
Mitigation of power quality problem due to starting of induction motoreSAT Journals
Abstract Power quality problems such as voltage sag which is to be generate effect on industrial distribution system. In this paper analyses the application of custom power devices using dynamic voltage restorer for mitigation of power quality problems voltage sag due to starting of three phase induction motor.contol strategies for DVR is based on dqo transformation feed forward control techniques. DVR to have less THD In distribution system. the propose control scheme simulation results carried out by MATLAB Simulink. The result shows that although period of voltage sag and rating of the load changes even then voltage sags are totally compensated. Keywords: Voltage sags, power quality, dynamic voltage restorer, THD, custom power device.
For application of PV systems, a major deterrent factor in their use is high initial investment. A focus has therefore been placed on new, cheap and innovative inverter solutions. As a result of this, a single stage inverter topology and a new configuration are proposed. In two stage circuit, the first stage takes care of MPPT and boosting the PV voltage while second stage inverts the first stage output into the required AC form. A two stage configuration has drawbacks such as high part count, lower efficiency, lower reliability, high cost and large size. These drawbacks are overcome by the circuit proposed in this paper. The new inverter circuit proposed in this paper is designed and simulated in a simulation environment. The improved topology increases the voltage, reduces the power loss and enhances the various electrical parameters. This enhancement and improvement of electrical quantities is explained with the help of different formulae and figures. With the use of this improve circuitry; the efficiency of the PV Array can be increased. The proposed inverter design and its implementation are given with operational results.
Dc motor speed control with feedback monitor based on c# applicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Project Report on Maynard Operation Sequence Techniqueijtsrd
I did my 6 weeks industrial training at Maruti Suzuki India Ltd, Gurugram in the Assembly 1 Department under Production Division. The entire duration I was in the Assembly 1department. The first Week in the dept. office itself for M.O.S.T. study and techniques, then for the major part of June in Knuckle Sub Assembly Area and subsequent 4 Weeks on Line 4 and office of the department. Overall my project has been related to the standardization of man power for fluctuating production volumes of IGNIS YJC model and improvement in HPV. Majority of the time has been engaged in videography and subsequent M.O.S.T. analysis of the work stations. I have finished two projects in my tenure. Man Power Reduction was the basic principle underlying the M.O.S.T. project done. Ankur | Mr. Manish "Project Report on Maynard Operation Sequence Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31411.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31411/project-report-on-maynard-operation-sequence-technique/ankur
Utilization of plc programming for gravity die casting automationeSAT Journals
The document describes utilizing a programmable logic controller to automate a gravity die casting process through PLC programming in order to increase productivity and reduce costs. It details the functional cycle and components used, including pneumatic cylinders, grippers, and a rotary actuator controlled by the PLC. Calculations are provided to determine the cylinder dimensions and cycle time needed for each step of the automated casting process.
This document summarizes a student project to automate the assembly of nexus components for mini circuit breakers. The existing manual process takes 15-16 seconds per assembly and produces 6 assemblies per minute. The project aims to use automation techniques like a vibratory bowl feeder, pneumatic press, proximity sensors, and a robotic arm to reduce the cycle time to 5.5 seconds and increase production to 3.5 lakh assemblies per month. The automated system uses 8 stations including component loading, pin feeding, pressing, and unloading stages to sequentially assemble the nexus.
Design of Starting Resistance for AC and DC Machines using Computer Analysis ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of starting resistances for AC and DC motors using computer analysis in C language. It presents methods for designing starters for 3 types of motors: DC series motors, DC shunt motors, and slip-ring induction motors (AC). For each motor type, the relevant circuit diagrams and equations for determining the number of resistance sections and their values are provided. The analysis allows users to input motor parameters and automatically obtain starter resistance values. Benefits include precise resistance values, gradual speed increase, and reduced analysis time. Future work may expand the program's capabilities and improve the user interface.
Productivity Enhancement of Clipping MachineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a project to increase productivity of a clipping machine at a pencil manufacturing plant. The researchers designed and installed a hopper and feeder bowl system to automate the manual placement of clips and barrels. Through analysis of production data using quality tools like why-why analysis and fishbone diagrams, they identified inconsistent manual placement as the root cause of rejections. Their automated design calculations showed the hopper could hold 1481 barrels, increasing throughput. The new system aims to reduce labor costs, improve quality, and increase productivity by fully automating the clipping process.
IRJET-Investigation of Three Phase Induction Speed Control Strategies using N...IRJET Journal
This document discusses speed control strategies for a three-phase induction motor using different controllers. It first introduces induction motors and their challenges in speed control due to their complex nonlinear dynamics. It then discusses various speed control techniques including proportional (P), proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The document presents MATLAB simulations of speed control using these different controllers under full load conditions. The results show that PID control provides more efficient speed control with minimal steady state error and faster response compared to no controller or only P control. Vector control techniques are used to implement the speed controllers in the simulation.
Automation is a preferred for faster and precise operations as compare to manual operation. This paper provides a mean of simple yet effective fixed type of automation for sorting the products. Two products identical in shape and size are sorted out automatically on the basis of drilled or undrilled product. LED and photo transistor arrangement is used for hole detection. Vertical zigzag conveyor is employed instead of usual flat belt conveyor in order to utilise gravitational force as a driving force for feeding the products. 8051 Microcontroller is used for controlling the sorting mechanism by using program or coding. The cost of project is nearly negligible as it is made from the waste except electrical components used for the project. Sincere efforts are taken to set an example of a inexpensive, reliable and easy to manufacture automated machine. The Paper focuses on the aspect of sorting mechanism with microcontroller programming and the automation tasks and solutions is obtained.
Estimation of motor inertia and friction components is a complex and challenging task in motion control applications where small size DC motors (<100W) are used for precise control. It is essential to estimate the accurate friction components and motor inertia, because the parameters provided by the manufacturer are not always accurate. This research proposes a Sensorless method of determining DC motor parameters, including moment of inertia, torque coefficient and frictional components using the Disturbance Observer (DOB) as a torque sensor. The constant velocity motion test and a novel Reverse Motion Acceleration test were conducted to estimate frictional components and moment of inertia of the motor. The validity of the proposed novel method was verified by experimental results and compared with conventional acceleration and deceleration motion tests. Experiments have been carried out to show the effectiveness and viability of the estimated parameters using a Reaction Torque Observer (RTOB) based friction compensation method.
Detection of Static Air-Gap Eccentricity in Three Phase induction Motor by Us...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the effect of the static air-gap eccentricity on the performance of a three phase induction motor .The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach has been used to detect this fault .This technique depends upon the amplitude of the positive and negative harmonics of the frequency. Two motors of (2.2 Kw) have been used to achieve the actual fault and desirable data at no-load, half-load and full-load conditions. Motor Current Signature analysis (MCSA) based on stator current has been used to detect eccentricity fault. Feed forward neural network and error back propagation training algorithms are used to perform the motor fault detection. The inputs of artificial neural network are the amplitudes of the positive and negative harmonics and the speed, and the output is the type of fault. The training of neural network is achieved by data through the experiments test on healthy and faulty motor and the diagnostic system can discriminate between “healthy” and “faulty” machine.
IRJET- Automated Guided Vehicle Design Methodology - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design methodology of automated guided vehicles (AGVs). It discusses four key aspects of AGV design: (1) navigation systems such as natural, optical, and laser navigation; (2) drive systems including brushless DC motors and speed control methods; (3) traffic management algorithms to prevent collisions; and (4) wireless communication systems using industrial access points and field bus protocols to control AGVs. The review examines various research on approaches for each of these aspects of AGV system design.
IRJET- Static and Modal Analysis of Jeffcott Rotor under Low Volume ConditionsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the behavior of a steam turbine rotor under low volume flow conditions using rotor dynamics concepts. A Jeffcott rotor model was created and analyzed using finite element analysis in ANSYS. Both a standard single stage Jeffcott rotor and a modified single stage rotor were analyzed and their equivalent stresses, maximum principal stresses, and total deformation were compared. The analyses found that stresses were within allowable limits during normal operation but exceeded limits under low volume flow conditions. A modified multistage rotor model was also analyzed and compared to a standard multistage rotor model. The results of the modal, static, and harmonic analyses were presented.
Design and fabrication of automated earthquake rescue machineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated earthquake rescue machine. The machine is intended to remove debris from disaster sites without human assistance in order to work more quickly and safely. It has a tracked chassis for navigating varied terrain and a robotic arm with a multi-joint gripper for lifting and manipulating debris. The arm is servo-operated and hydraulically assisted. Experimental results showed the machine could lift up to 2.278 kg. The conclusions were that the rescue machine accomplishes the goal of aiding in earthquake disaster response and has applications for other disaster situations.
Comparative finite element analysis of metallic spur gear and hybrid spur gearIAEME Publication
Gear is the special division of Mechanical Engineering concerned with the transmission of power and motion between the rotating shafts. In this study, a lathe machine tumbler gear mechanism used for threading purpose is taken and applied finite element analysis methodology on each metallic
spur gears and also FEA analysis is done for hybrid spur gear with same applied load and condition to check comparative stress analysis of both metallic spur gears and hybrid spur gears.
IRJET- Integrated Unit of Power Transmission having Combination of Clutch and...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a hydraulic actuated combination clutch-brake unit using analytical calculations and C programming. The unit provides both clutch and brake functions simultaneously for machines requiring frequent starting and stopping. It transmits high power through a multi-disc friction clutch and generates high braking torque through a disc brake. The design calculates the required dimensions and forces for the shaft, clutch, and brake based on input parameters like motor power, speed, material properties, number of discs, coefficients of friction, and pressure intensities. C programming is used to automate the calculations and discuss the results.
IRJET- Modelling and Condition Monitoring of 3훟 Induction Motor using Fuzzy L...IRJET Journal
This document presents a MATLAB model and simulation of a 3-phase induction motor for condition monitoring using fuzzy logic. The model monitors for common faults like stator winding issues, voltage imbalances, and phase faults. Fuzzy logic membership functions and rules are used to assess the motor's health based on stator current values. Simulations show the motor operating normally and with introduced faults like turn-to-turn shorts and broken windings. In fault cases, the stator current becomes unbalanced and the fuzzy logic output indicates the motor health deteriorating from good to damaged or seriously damaged states.
Automatic Painting Gun for Solar Storage Tank with Arduino UNO MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic painting system for the internal surfaces of solar water heater storage tanks. The system uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller to control a stepper motor that drives a painting gun along a rack and pinion gear system. This allows the painting gun to automatically paint the inside of tanks, improving over the manual painting process. A literature review found that internal tank painting is currently done manually, which is costly and less accurate. The proposed automatic system could help address these issues through controlled, automated painting.
Z-Source Based High Step-Up Chopper for Photovoltaic PanelAM Publications
The photovoltaic panel not only generates low DC voltage but also DC voltage which varies with time and environmental condition. Therefore design of electrical energy system with constant output voltage is a big challenge to designer. This project deals with the development of electrical energy system which consists of Z-source based high step up chopper. The chopper is basically based on coupled inductor which provides high voltage gain and physical isolation between input and output with small turn ratio. It also provides a low voltage stress on active components and small conduction losses due to low duty cycle. Due to the usage of a single switch, the control circuitry is less complex. The proposed chopper recycles the energy of leakage inductance hence enhancing system efficiency. This report consists of mathematical modelling and designing of proposed chopper circuit. The MATLAB simulation of proposed chopper circuit is to convert 25 volts dc to 400 volts dc with 300 watts power. The simulation results validate the theoretical results. The H-Bridge inverter circuit is used at the end of proposed chopper for converting DC voltage into AC voltage.
IRJET- Closed Loop Speed Control of DC Motor by using PI ControllerIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on closed loop speed control of a DC motor using a PI controller. It describes using an Arduino microcontroller to implement PI control and estimate the duty cycle to supply a DC motor driver to control motor speed. An IR sensor is used to sense actual motor speed, which is displayed on an LCD along with a reference speed input via a potentiometer. The PI controller generates an error signal to change the duty cycle and vary the motor speed accordingly. The system was able to rapidly track the desired reference speed, allowing closed loop speed control of the DC motor with low cost using an Arduino.
ANALYSIS OF SOLAR POWERED SELF BALANCING VEHICLEAM Publications
The solar powered self-balancing vehicle is a two wheeled vehicle which uses solar energy stored in battery to run its motor and attain acceleration. It is convenient form of transport without consuming fuels. Self -balancing vehicle is a two wheeled vehicle which balances itself in air vertically with reference to the ground. This vehicle is designed to mirror the process of walking and can be used for inspection purpose in the malls and offices. With solar energy as source of energy self-balancing vehicle technology and related uses of non-motorized transportations, a long term solution is to establish dedicated on-motorized lanes in urban environment, which will promote more energy efficient and environment friendly travel means. In this research solar energy is used as a source of fuel. A D.C motor is driven by solar energy. Solar energy is a natural resource available free of cost and in adequate quantity. The balancing of vehicle is achieved by the weight balance on the platform plate at the static condition and the action of inertia forces in the dynamic state. This vehicle is capable of moving with the speed of 30 Km/hr.
Mitigation of power quality problem due to starting of induction motoreSAT Journals
Abstract Power quality problems such as voltage sag which is to be generate effect on industrial distribution system. In this paper analyses the application of custom power devices using dynamic voltage restorer for mitigation of power quality problems voltage sag due to starting of three phase induction motor.contol strategies for DVR is based on dqo transformation feed forward control techniques. DVR to have less THD In distribution system. the propose control scheme simulation results carried out by MATLAB Simulink. The result shows that although period of voltage sag and rating of the load changes even then voltage sags are totally compensated. Keywords: Voltage sags, power quality, dynamic voltage restorer, THD, custom power device.
For application of PV systems, a major deterrent factor in their use is high initial investment. A focus has therefore been placed on new, cheap and innovative inverter solutions. As a result of this, a single stage inverter topology and a new configuration are proposed. In two stage circuit, the first stage takes care of MPPT and boosting the PV voltage while second stage inverts the first stage output into the required AC form. A two stage configuration has drawbacks such as high part count, lower efficiency, lower reliability, high cost and large size. These drawbacks are overcome by the circuit proposed in this paper. The new inverter circuit proposed in this paper is designed and simulated in a simulation environment. The improved topology increases the voltage, reduces the power loss and enhances the various electrical parameters. This enhancement and improvement of electrical quantities is explained with the help of different formulae and figures. With the use of this improve circuitry; the efficiency of the PV Array can be increased. The proposed inverter design and its implementation are given with operational results.
Design evaluation and optimization of steering yoke of an automobileeSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of a steering system is to control the direction of the vehicle by operating the steering wheel of the steering system. The steering columns in a steering system are one of the main devices of an automobile. It is a very important part to attain stability and steady movement of the vehicle. The steering yoke consists of two forged-steel yokes or forks joined to the two shafts being coupled and situated at right angles to each other. A spider hinges these two yokes together. Since the arms of the spider are at right angles the spider arm rocks backwards and forward between four extreme positions. Motion transmission system of vehicles consist several components which sometimes encounter unfortunate failures. Some common reasons for the failures may be manufacturing, design faults, maintenance faults, raw material faults, material processing faults as well as the user originated faults. In this paper structural optimization of the steering yoke is carried out. For modeling of the component, CATIA V5 R17 software is used. It has been found that there are essentially in two stages of the design process that structural optimization can be applied. In the early stage of concept generation, topology optimization should be used to develop an efficient structure from the beginning. At this level an automatized variation of optimization parameters was proven useful to and the best feasible design possible. In the later stage, shape and size optimization should be used to fine-tune the structure realized from the topology optimization and carried out physical experimentation to validate the model. Keywords: Steering Yoke, Structural optimization, CATIA V5, Hyperworks
Design evaluation and optimization of steering yoke of an automobileeSAT Publishing House
This document describes research conducted to optimize the design of an automobile steering yoke through finite element analysis and experimental testing. The researchers created 3D models of the steering yoke in CATIA software and applied topology, shape, and size optimization techniques. They then conducted finite element analysis in HyperWorks to analyze von Mises stresses, displacement, and mass. Experimental testing was also performed on the steering yoke using a universal testing machine and strain gauges. The optimized design was found to have lower stresses, displacement, and mass than the original design, validating the finite element analysis model.
IRJET- Power Generation using GYM Equipment (Lat Pull Down)IRJET Journal
1. Students at the D.Y.Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology developed a system to generate electricity from a lat pull down gym machine.
2. The system works by connecting the pulley of the lat pull down machine to a generator via a gear mechanism. As the user exercises on the machine, the pulley turns, rotating the generator and producing electricity.
3. Testing showed the system could produce an average of 4.2 watts of power per hour of machine use, which could provide enough energy to power a LED bulb in the gym for 2 hours if the machine was operated for 8 hours. The electricity is stored in batteries and has potential applications to power small appliances.
This document presents a neural network predictive controller for three phase inverter fed induction motor speed control. A neural network predictive controller is designed to control the motor speed by varying its reference value and regulating the motor speed. Simulation results show the performance of the induction motor drive during step changes in speed and load torque with the neural network predictive controller, with lower current ripple and reduced torque ripple compared to other controllers. The performance of the neural network predictive controller is evaluated using integral absolute error and integral time-weighted absolute error metrics.
DFIG CONVERTER CONTROLLERS USED IN WIND FARMS TO IMPROVE POWER TRANSFER CAPAB...AM Publications
To address the challenges of global warming resulting worldwide climate change leading to devastating calamities and posing basic threat to all living things on earth, modern day research is rightfully directed towards clean sources of green energy. Wind Power is the fastest growing environmental friendly emission free green source of energy. Effective long distance power transfer capability of the system is warranted due to locational disadvantages of availability of some Wind Power sites situated in remote areas away from load centre and even some best sites available offshore. This paper presents the study of doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) converter controllers integrated to flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) to improve power transfer capability of Wind farms over long distances.
Walking E-Bike is a project which focuses on the design and fabrication of a totally new way of moving. The idea is to create economic and ecological exercise machine/transport. The bike responds to walking input on the treadmill belt and powers it. Alternative power is given to the wheel using a motor. The transmission is done using a series of chain drives. The structure is well balanced and strongly built to withstand higher loads. The motor supports the vehicle to move in difficult terrains and steep slopes.
Analysis of problems of biomass grinder integrated with briquetting planteSAT Journals
Abstract In briquetting plant, briquettes are produced through small pieces of soybean stalk, pigeon pea straw, lantana stalk, cotton stalk with moisture content below 10%. Biomass grinding machine is an important part of the briquetting plant, whose function is to convert aggregate material in to small pieces. Biomass grinder consists of mainly hammer, grate and shaft. Shaft is an essential component of grinding machine, when holds hammers, pulley and fan. The failures of shaft bearing were observed due to non uniform distribution of stress. The study was under taken to conduct simulation study of shaft for stress analysis with the help of FE software ANSYS 12.0.1. Keywords: Biomass Grinder, FEM, Stress-strain, Stepped Shaft
IRJET- Design and Analysis Material Handling System using Kinematic Mecha...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a material handling system using a kinematic mechanism. The system aims to replace conventional conveyor belts with a low-cost, intermittent motion system using linkages and a motor. It uses a double crank mechanism to convert the motor's rotary motion into reciprocating motion. The design is modeled in CREO and analyzed in ANSYS to test for displacement and stress. The system is intended to automate material handling for small scale industries in a affordable and low maintenance way.
Development and Performance of Electro Hydraulic ExcavatorYogeshIJTSRD
The heavy earth moving machineries HEMM like hydraulic excavators play a major role in the construction and mining industries. In an industry of mining and construction, a hydraulic excavator plays a major role in action to perform a carry an heavy load. Employing the technology of automation, an alternative solution is made to replace the manual operation. By addressing the concept of automation in construction, the inevitable usage of embedded is accumulated to introduce in earthmovers. In a mass production or construction site, unplanned work would lead to time consuming and fault. To overcome the major disadvantage of time consuming, so implementation of automation is made on excavators. This could be made workers do other work sequentially with half monitoring the working process of excavator. This also favors the firm or industry to increase the work capability with an adequate number of laborers. K. S Mohan Raj | A Arun Negemiya | C Sangeevi "Development and Performance of Electro-Hydraulic Excavator" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44966.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/44966/development-and-performance-of-electrohydraulic-excavator/k-s-mohan-raj
Development of an electronic control unit for fuel injection of an ic engineeSAT Journals
Abstract Injection of the fuel into the manifold of gasoline engines has become very common. Through the concept is not new, the advent of cost effective, compact and reliable electronic controls has a lot to do with the success of fuel injection in gasoline engines. Electronics has begun to play a key role in fuel management and ignition. The modern internal combustion has to meet extreme requirements of high power to weight ratio, low exhaust emission levels and high thermal efficiency. The precise control of the ignition timing, which is possible by electronic means, allows reliable combustion with low cycle by cycle variations. Such systems also allow the engine to run under conditions very close to knock onset so that maximum thermal efficiency can be realized. Electronic control of the injection system allows us to select correct air fuel ratio for different operating conditions. It reduces mal-distribution between cylinders and leads to extremely low levels of exhaust emissions. Stable idling can also be achieved through the use of electronic controls. In this present work an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) hardware device is mainly developed for fuel injection control compatible with both 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines with PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal as input to the EFI (Electronic Fuel Injector). A slotted Optocoupler is used as the sensor for speed detection and producing the PWM signal. The EFI having solenoid controlled valve, which works on PWM signal to inject the fuel. 8051 microcontroller interfaced with the LCD to display the speed of the engine, has been used. The output PWM signals are tested with LabVIEW and the results are calibrated. Keywords: ECU, Slotted Optocoupler, Fuel Injection Circuit, LabVIEW.
Development of an electronic control unit for fuel injection of an ic engineeSAT Journals
Abstract Injection of the fuel into the manifold of gasoline engines has become very common. Through the concept is not new, the advent of cost effective, compact and reliable electronic controls has a lot to do with the success of fuel injection in gasoline engines. Electronics has begun to play a key role in fuel management and ignition. The modern internal combustion has to meet extreme requirements of high power to weight ratio, low exhaust emission levels and high thermal efficiency. The precise control of the ignition timing, which is possible by electronic means, allows reliable combustion with low cycle by cycle variations. Such systems also allow the engine to run under conditions very close to knock onset so that maximum thermal efficiency can be realized. Electronic control of the injection system allows us to select correct air fuel ratio for different operating conditions. It reduces mal-distribution between cylinders and leads to extremely low levels of exhaust emissions. Stable idling can also be achieved through the use of electronic controls. In this present work an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) hardware device is mainly developed for fuel injection control compatible with both 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines with PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal as input to the EFI (Electronic Fuel Injector). A slotted Optocoupler is used as the sensor for speed detection and producing the PWM signal. The EFI having solenoid controlled valve, which works on PWM signal to inject the fuel. 8051 microcontroller interfaced with the LCD to display the speed of the engine, has been used. The output PWM signals are tested with LabVIEW and the results are calibrated. Keywords: ECU, Slotted Optocoupler, Fuel Injection Circuit, LabVIEW.
This document describes a proposed system to generate electricity from speed bumps or rumble strips using a rack and pinion mechanism. The system would convert the kinetic energy of vehicles passing over the rumble strips into rotational motion using the rack and pinion. This rotational motion would then turn an electric generator to produce electricity. Calculations are provided for the design of the rack and pinion, bevel gears, springs, shafts, bearings, and pulleys required for the system. The proposed system aims to tap into wasted kinetic energy from vehicles to generate affordable and sustainable electricity.
Analysis of Variable Displacement Engine by Introduction of Hydraulic CrankshaftIRJET Journal
This document proposes a new design for an internal combustion engine with variable displacement. The design aims to optimize engine power by allowing the displacement, and therefore power output, to be varied according to need. This is achieved by introducing a hydraulically-actuated crankshaft that can vary the crank radius and thus the piston stroke length. The document outlines the objectives of studying how this mechanism varies engine capacity and compression ratio. It then describes the methodology of simulating the engine model and analyzing graphs of displacement, velocity and acceleration versus crank angle. The conclusion is that the new mechanism produces less vibration, longer engine life, smoother acceleration and lower emissions compared to existing variable displacement designs.
This document describes a system to position a satellite dish using an infrared remote control. The system uses a microcontroller that receives signals from an IR receiver connected to a standard TV remote. The microcontroller then sends signals to control motors that position the dish horizontally and vertically. The goal is to allow easy adjustment of the dish position to receive optimal signals without manual adjustment. It provides details on the system components, design and implementation, and concludes the system allows remote control of the dish position using simple technology.
This paper presents the life estimation of the diffuser structure. Literature shows that the welds are the source of failure in case of welded structure; hence the estimation of its life is very critical. There are two kinds of methods for life estimation stress life approach and strain life approach which have been validated for simple problems. Stress life approach was identified as appropriate for life estimation of the variable diffuser. There are papers indicating the methodology for life estimation using commercial software for life prediction. Here, Optistruct- Hyper-Works for pre-processing and solver and Hyper-View- Hyper-Works for post processing has been used for the indeterminate structure, complex loading and boundary condition. The mathematical model subjected to the variable pressure contours for a particular Mach No., with the gimbal joint boundary condition at the test section end and the roller support at the other end. In this paper stress and fatigue analysis of the variable diffuser has been carried out and life of the variable diffuser has been estimated.
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DEVELOPMENT OF TODDLER FAMILY CADRE TRAINING BASED ON ANDROID APPLICATIONS IN...AM Publications
Toddler family cadre is a community members work voluntarily in fostering and providing information to parents of toddlers about how to properly care for children. Toddler Family cadre desperately need training to increase their skills. There are still a few Toddler family cadres who get training so that the knowledge and skills of parents and other family members in developing toddlers' growth through physical stimulation, motoric intelligence, emotional and social economy as well as possible are still lacking. The purpose of this study is to develop an Android- assisted Toddler family cadre training model in Demak. This research is research in tian research and development. The research location was in Demak Regency. Toddler family cadres became the object of this research. Development of Toddler family cadre training models assisted by Android in Demak is feasible to be used as an effort to improve Toddler Family cadres' capabilities.
TESTING OF COMPOSITE ON DROP-WEIGHT IMPACT TESTING AND DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION ...AM Publications
In recent years the use of composite materials in structural components has become increasingly common in a wide range of engineering applications. Composite materials offer numerous advantages over more conventional materials because of their superior specific properties, but a serious obstacle to a more widespread use of these materials is their high sensitivity to localized impact loading. This paper presents an experimental study to assess the impact response of drop weight impact tests on fiber reinforced polymer composites with deferent load and damage identification of composite using Non-destructive testing techniques ultrasonic testing (UT) C scan. In the study includes checking the strength of the specimen, plotting of graphs between the height and the impact energy obtained and tabulating the results after conducting the various functional tests.
THE USE OF FRACTAL GEOMETRY IN TILING MOTIF DESIGNAM Publications
In this paper I will present the use of fractal geometry to design tile motifs. A fractal is a geometric figure that combines the several characteristics among others: its parts have the same form as the whole, fragmented, and formation by iteration. The concept of fractals has been spread over all fields of sciences, technology, and art. This paper aims to provide an algorithm to creating motifs of tile algorithm for create the tile motif consists of base, iteration, coloration and duplication. In order to help the reader better understand the algorithm, I will present some script using Matlab. We describe a mathematically based algorithm that can fill a spatial region with sequence of randomly placed which may be transformed copies of one motif or several motifs. By using this algorithm, I can produce thousand variety of aesthetically pleasing tile motifs, of which we show a number of examples.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL INVERSION FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA: CA...AM Publications
Two-dimensional resistivity analysis of magnetotelluric data has been done at “Z” geothermal area which is located in southern part of Indonesia. The objective is to understand subsurface structure beneath reasearch area based on 2-D modeling of magnetotelluric data. The inversion finite element method were used for numerical simulations which requires discretization on the boundary of the modeling domain. The modeling results of magnetotelluric data shows relativity structure dissemination: 0-10 ohm.m in a thickness of 1 km (Clay Cap), 10-100 ohm.m with 1-2 km depth respectively (reservoir zone), and on a scale of 100-1000 ohm.m in a depth of 2-3 km (heat source zone). The result of relativity structure can be used to delineate an area with geothermal prospect around 12 km2.
USING THE GENETIC ALGORITHM TO OPTIMIZE LASER WELDING PARAMETERS FOR MARTENSI...AM Publications
This document presents an optimization of laser welding parameters for martensitic stainless steel using a genetic algorithm. The algorithm aims to minimize the difference between the actual and desired weld size (width and depth) by optimizing laser power, welding speed, and fiber diameter. The genetic algorithm was run 10 times with a population of 30 over 200 iterations each time. The results showed errors between optimized and experimental values of less than 5% for the parameters. The study demonstrates that genetic algorithms can effectively optimize laser welding parameters to achieve a preset weld size.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN E-MARKETPLACE FOR MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISESAM Publications
The Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises launched in 2018 the number of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia as many as 58.97 million people. It is predicted that the number of MSMEs players in 2019 will amount to 59.2 million. This shows that the Indonesian people have made changes in the field of family economics which initially as consumptive are now productive. The community prefers to carry out activities that can increase family income. Future MSMEs remain the mainstay of the national economy. In accordance with the government roadmap, in 2020 e-commerce transactions are predicted to reach Rp1,300 trillion or equivalent to USD130 billion. According to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the contribution of MSMEs to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reached 61.41%, with the number of MSMEs reaching almost 60 million units. However, only around 8% or 3.79 million of the 59.2 million MSMEs players have used online platforms to market their products. Based on the above problems, researchers conducted research on the analysis and display of E-Marketplace for MSMEs in Indonesia. The type of research used is action research. The object of research is MSMEs which are under the Office of Industry and Trade of Sragen Regency. The method of data collection is by techniques: (1) interview, (2) documentation (3) observation, (4) literature study. The researcher uses the waterfall method in developing the system. The research team has successfully analyzed the E-Market place according to the results of data collection. The research team has succeeded in designing the E-Marketplace for MSMEs. E-Marketplace designed can be used by admin, MSME and user. Admin is in charge of managing E-Marketplace and has full access rights. MSMEs can register online and manage their products in E-Marketplace. Users or buyers can search data in E-Marketplace as desired. To make transactions, users can interact directly with MSMEs according to the data provided in E-Marketplace. E-Marketplace can be used for marketing together MSMEs products. This e-marketplace can be accessed at www.umkmonline.com
REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AM Publications
Remote sensing technology's increasing accessibility helps us observe research and learn about our globe in ways we could only imagine a generation ago. Guides to profound knowledge of historical, conceptual and practical uses of remote sensing which is increasing GIS technology. This paper will go briefly through remote sensing benefits, history, technology and the GIS and remote sensing integration and their applications. Remote sensing (RS) is used in mapping the predicted and actual species and dominates the ecosystem canopy.
EVALUATE THE STRAIN ENERGY ERROR FOR THE LASER WELD BY THE H-REFINEMENT OF TH...AM Publications
Currently, the finite element method (FEM) is still one of the useful tools in numerical simulation for technical problems. With this method, a continuum model presented by a certain number of elements with a simple approximation field causes the presence of discretization error in solutions. This paper considers the butt weld by laser which subjected the tension for AISI 1018 steel highness 8 mm. The aim of the study is to use the h-refinement of the FEM in estimation the strain energy error for the laser weld mentioned. The results show that the stability of the h-refinement shown by the value of the relative error of the strain energy is quite small, specifically; FEM is less than 5.7% and extra is no more than 3.7%.
HMM APPLICATION IN ISOLATED WORD SPEECH RECOGNITIONAM Publications
Speech recognition is always being an all-time trendy topic for discussion and also for researches and we see a major application in our life. This paper provides the work done on the application of Hidden Markov model to implement isolated word speech recognition on MATLAB and to develop and train the system for set of self-selective words for specific user (user dependent) to get maximum efficiency in word recognition system. Which uses the forward and Baum-welch algorithm and fitting Gaussian of the Baum-welch algorithm for all the iteration perform. We use a sample of 7 alphabets which are recorded in 15 different ways giving total of 105 word to use for training with each word with 15 variations. This system can be used in real world in system security using voice security system and mainly for children and impaired people.
PEDESTRIAN DETECTION IN LOW RESOLUTION VIDEOS USING A MULTI-FRAME HOG-BASED D...AM Publications
Detecting pedestrians in low resolution videos is a challenging task, due to the small size of pedestrians in the images and the limited information. In practical outdoor surveillance scenarios the pedestrian size is usually small. Existing state-of-the-art pedestrian detection methods that use histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) features have poor performance in this problem domain. To compensate for the lack of information in a single frame, we propose a novel detection method that recognizes pedestrians in a short sequence of frames. Namely, we take the single-frame HOG-based detector and extend it to multiple frames. Our detector is applied to regions containing potential moving objects. In the case of video taken from a moving camera on an aerial platform, video stabilization is first performed to register the frames. A classifier is then applied to features extracted from spatio-temporal volumes surrounding the potential moving objects. On challenging stationary and aerial video datasets, our detection accuracy outperforms several state-of-the-art algorithms.
The aim of this paper is to help the blind people to identify and catch the public transport vehicles with the help of Light Fidelity technology. It is a Navigation aid. When the bus arrives at the bus stand, transmitter in the bus transmits the light signals and receiver in the stick, receives the light signals and a sound signal is generated through the speaker present in the stick. The sound message contains the bus number and the destination of the bus. In addition to this, if the person is absconded or lost, details of the location will be sent to his/her family members by pressing a button. This is made possible with the help of Global System for Mobile (GSM). Finally, presence of water can be detected along the blind person’s path, with the help of water sensors.
EFFECT OF SILICON - RUBBER (SR) SHEETS AS AN ALTERNATIVE FILTER ON HIGH AND L...AM Publications
A digital radiography delivers a radiation dose to patients; therefore it poses potential risk to the patients. One effort to reduce dose is carried out using a radiation filter, e.g. Silicone Rubber (SR) sheet. The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of the SR sheet on the high contrast objects (HCO) and the low contrast objects (LCO). The dose reduction was determined from attenuation x-rays before and after using the SR sheet. Assessment of HCO and LCO was observed from CDR TOR phantom at tube voltage of 48 kVp and tube current of 8 mAs. The physical parameter to assess image quality was the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) value in LCO. The maximum x-ray attenuation using the SR sheet is 48.82%. The visibility of the HCO remains the same, namely 16 objects; however the LCO slighly decreases from 14 objects to 13 objects after using the SR sheet. The SNR value decreases with an average value of 15.17%.Therefore, the SR sheet as a alternative filter has no effect on the HCO and has realtively little effect on the LCO. Thus, the SR sheet potentially is used for radiation protection in patients, especially on examinations that do not require low contrast resolution.
UTILIZATION OF IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE I...AM Publications
Immunization is the key strategy to curb communicable diseases which are the number one killer of children under five. Immunization prevents mortalities of approximating three million children under five annually. This study aimed to assess utilization of immunization services among children under five of age in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
REPRESENTATION OF THE BLOCK DATA ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM IN AN ANALYTICAL FORM F...AM Publications
The article presents the study of cryptographic transformations of the Kuznyechik algorithm in relation to differential analysis and the translation of their representations into a more convenient form for cryptanalysis. A simplification of the type of transformations of the algorithm to algebraic the form, in which cryptanalysis software will be more effective. Since the description of the algorithm in the analytical form allows for 16 cycles of execution of the shift register with linear feedback, each of which will be carried out 16 operations of multiplication and 15 operations of addition, reduced to 16 multiplying and 15 the operations of addition. The result is an algebraic form of a linear transformation (from a shift register with linear feedback to the multiplication of the matrix in a finite field). In the future, the algebraic type of transformation can be used to effectively carry out differential cryptanalysis.
Optical character recognition (OCR) is process of classification of optical patterns contained in a digital image. The process of OCR Recognition involves several steps including pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification. Pre-processing is for done the basic operation on input image like noise reduction which remove the noisy signal from image. Segmentation stage for segment the given image into line by line and segment each character from segmented line. Future extraction calculates the characteristics of character. A Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is used to classification contains the database and does the comparison.
Surveillance refers to the task of observing a scene, often for lengthy periods in search of particular objects or particular behaviour. This task has many applications, foremost among them is security (monitoring for undesirable behaviour such as theft or vandalism), but increasing numbers of others in areas such as agriculture also exist. Historically, closed circuit TV (CCTV) surveillance has been mundane and labour Intensive, involving personnel scanning multiple screens, but the advent of reasonably priced fast hardware means that automatic surveillance is becoming a realistic task to attempt in real time. Several attempts at this are underway.
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF WOOL KERATIN BASED CHITOSAN NANOFIBERS FOR AIR ...AM Publications
In this article, we have extracted keratin from deccani wool waste and prepared the wool keratin based Chitosan nanofibers by electrospinning technique. The prepared nanofibers mat were prepared with different weight percent ratio like 1wt.%, 3wt.% and 5wt.% with respect to polymer i.e Chitosan. The physicochemical and filtration properties of wool keratin based Chitosan nanofibers were studied. Wool keratin based Chitosan nanofibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The filtration efficiency of keratin Chitosan nanofibers were investigated through DOP test and heavy metal removal capacity of evaluated through Atomic absorption spectroscopy. FTIR results were showed that Keratin gets compatible with Chitosan. XRD patterns revealed keratin was in crystalline nature and increase the crystalline nature of Chitosan nanofibers. FESEM images showed that uniform nanofibers generation with average fiber diameter 80nm. Nanofibers filtration efficiency against a particulate matter in air was obtained more than 99.53% and excellent property of removal of heavy metal.
ANALYSIS ON LOAD BALANCING ALGORITHMS IMPLEMENTATION ON CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIR...AM Publications
Cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet instead of your computer's hard drive. The cloud is just a metaphor for the Internet. The elements involved in cloud computing are clients, data center and distributed server. One of the main problems in cloud computing is load balancing. Balancing the load means to distribute the workload among several nodes evenly so that no single node will be overloaded. Load can be of any type that is it can be CPU load, memory capacity or network load. In this paper we presented an architecture of load balancing and algorithm which will further improve the load balancing problem by minimizing the response time. In this paper, we have proposed the enhanced version of existing regulated load balancing approach for cloud computing by comping the Randomization and greedy load balancing algorithm. To check the performance of proposed approach, we have used the cloud analyst simulator (Cloud Analyst). Through simulation analysis, it has been found that proposed improved version of regulated load balancing approach has shown better performance in terms of cost, response time and data processing time.
A MODEL BASED APPROACH FOR IMPLEMENTING WLAN SECURITY AM Publications
This paper presents various security features and configurations commonly implemented in WLANs and their aggregated security levels and then proposes a model that enables implementation and evaluation of WLAN security
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.