1) The document discusses concepts related to kinematics including displacement, velocity, acceleration, forces, work, energy, momentum, and rotational motion.
2) Formulas covered include equations for displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, work, kinetic energy, potential energy, power, momentum, and torque.
3) Examples problems calculate values related to these concepts such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, forces, work, energy, and momentum in situations involving objects moving in straight lines and circular motions.
1) Simple machines make work easier by multiplying the input force or changing the direction of force applied. However, no machine is 100% efficient as energy is lost to friction.
2) Mechanical advantage is a measure of how much easier a task has become due to a machine. It is the ratio of the resistance force to the effort force. Actual mechanical advantage accounts for friction.
3) Common simple machines include levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, and inclined planes. Levers can be first, second, or third class depending on the position of the fulcrum. Work is the product of the applied force and distance of force application. Power is the rate of doing work over time.
The document discusses concepts related to kinematics including distance, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships. It provides examples of calculating these values for objects moving in one and two dimensions. Forces, Newton's laws of motion, and other concepts such as work, energy, momentum, and collisions are also covered with examples of related calculations.
The document discusses concepts related to kinematics including distance, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and motion graphs. It provides examples of calculating displacement, average velocity, acceleration, and kinematics equations. Forces, Newton's laws of motion, friction, and circular motion are also covered with examples of calculating net force, centripetal force, and torque.
The document discusses different types of energy including kinetic, potential, elastic, chemical, and nuclear energy. It provides formulas for calculating kinetic energy as 1/2mv^2 and potential energy as mgh. The document also explains how the total energy of a system is conserved as energy is transferred between potential and kinetic forms.
Newton's Laws describe the motion of objects. Newton's First Law states that objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and inversely proportional to the object's mass. Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The document discusses concepts related to rolling motion and angular momentum. It covers:
1) Rolling motion involves both rotational and translational motion, with kinetic energy consisting of rotational and translational components. Rolling objects can experience static friction to allow smooth rolling or sliding friction during acceleration.
2) Torque is defined as a vector quantity that produces rotational motion and angular momentum, with direction given by the right hand rule.
3) Angular momentum is also a vector quantity for rotating objects and systems of particles, and is conserved for isolated systems with no net external torque.
4) Newton's second law can be written in angular form relating torque and rate of change of angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum also
This document discusses kinematics of rigid bodies, including:
- Types of rigid body motion such as translation, rotation about a fixed axis, and general plane motion.
- Translation motion is further divided into rectilinear and curvilinear types.
- Key terms related to rotation about a fixed axis like angular position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
- Relations between linear and angular velocity and acceleration.
- Two special cases involving rotation of pulleys - a pulley connected to a rotating block, and two coupled pulleys rotating without slip.
- Five sample problems calculating values like angular velocity and acceleration, revolutions, linear velocity and acceleration for rotating bodies.
An object moving in a circle experiences uniform circular motion, requiring a centripetal acceleration towards the center. This acceleration is provided by a centripetal force, which may come from friction, gravity, tension or the normal force. Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force between all masses that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Satellites remain in orbit around Earth through balancing gravitational force with their high tangential speed, in a state of apparent weightlessness.
1) Simple machines make work easier by multiplying the input force or changing the direction of force applied. However, no machine is 100% efficient as energy is lost to friction.
2) Mechanical advantage is a measure of how much easier a task has become due to a machine. It is the ratio of the resistance force to the effort force. Actual mechanical advantage accounts for friction.
3) Common simple machines include levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, and inclined planes. Levers can be first, second, or third class depending on the position of the fulcrum. Work is the product of the applied force and distance of force application. Power is the rate of doing work over time.
The document discusses concepts related to kinematics including distance, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships. It provides examples of calculating these values for objects moving in one and two dimensions. Forces, Newton's laws of motion, and other concepts such as work, energy, momentum, and collisions are also covered with examples of related calculations.
The document discusses concepts related to kinematics including distance, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and motion graphs. It provides examples of calculating displacement, average velocity, acceleration, and kinematics equations. Forces, Newton's laws of motion, friction, and circular motion are also covered with examples of calculating net force, centripetal force, and torque.
The document discusses different types of energy including kinetic, potential, elastic, chemical, and nuclear energy. It provides formulas for calculating kinetic energy as 1/2mv^2 and potential energy as mgh. The document also explains how the total energy of a system is conserved as energy is transferred between potential and kinetic forms.
Newton's Laws describe the motion of objects. Newton's First Law states that objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and inversely proportional to the object's mass. Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The document discusses concepts related to rolling motion and angular momentum. It covers:
1) Rolling motion involves both rotational and translational motion, with kinetic energy consisting of rotational and translational components. Rolling objects can experience static friction to allow smooth rolling or sliding friction during acceleration.
2) Torque is defined as a vector quantity that produces rotational motion and angular momentum, with direction given by the right hand rule.
3) Angular momentum is also a vector quantity for rotating objects and systems of particles, and is conserved for isolated systems with no net external torque.
4) Newton's second law can be written in angular form relating torque and rate of change of angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum also
This document discusses kinematics of rigid bodies, including:
- Types of rigid body motion such as translation, rotation about a fixed axis, and general plane motion.
- Translation motion is further divided into rectilinear and curvilinear types.
- Key terms related to rotation about a fixed axis like angular position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
- Relations between linear and angular velocity and acceleration.
- Two special cases involving rotation of pulleys - a pulley connected to a rotating block, and two coupled pulleys rotating without slip.
- Five sample problems calculating values like angular velocity and acceleration, revolutions, linear velocity and acceleration for rotating bodies.
An object moving in a circle experiences uniform circular motion, requiring a centripetal acceleration towards the center. This acceleration is provided by a centripetal force, which may come from friction, gravity, tension or the normal force. Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force between all masses that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Satellites remain in orbit around Earth through balancing gravitational force with their high tangential speed, in a state of apparent weightlessness.
Physics 504 Chapter 14 Newton's Laws & RocketryNeil MacIntosh
Newton's Laws describe the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it. Newton's 1st Law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's 2nd Law establishes that the acceleration of an object as directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to its mass. Newton's 3rd Law specifies that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This document covers angular motion in a plane, including centripetal acceleration, centripetal force, and Newton's law of gravitation. It defines centripetal acceleration as the acceleration directed toward the center of a circular path, gives its formula in terms of speed and radius, and explains that a centripetal force is required to provide this acceleration to maintain a circular motion. It also presents Newton's law of gravitation and gives the formula for the gravitational force between two masses. Several example problems are worked through applying these concepts.
The document describes key concepts in physics including energy, force, motion, waves, electricity, and magnetism. Some key points covered include:
- Identifying energy transformations and transfers of heat energy through conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Describing and calculating concepts like velocity, acceleration, Newton's laws of motion, and mechanical advantage of simple machines.
- Investigating light and sound phenomena, static electricity, and the relationship between voltage, current and resistance in electric circuits.
- Relating electricity and magnetism and their common applications.
This document discusses the concepts of uniform circular motion including:
- Uniform circular motion is motion at a constant speed in a circular path.
- Centripetal acceleration is the acceleration directed toward the center of the circle.
- Centripetal force is the force required to cause an object to travel in a circular path and is directed toward the center.
- For an object to remain in a circular orbit, it must travel at a specific orbital speed that depends on the radius of the orbit.
Force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. There are two types of forces: contact forces that require direct physical contact between objects, and non-contact forces that act over a distance without direct contact. Gravity is the non-contact force that attracts any two masses. The document goes on to define weight as a force and explain the relationship between mass and weight. It also introduces Hooke's law, Newton's laws of motion, and the law of universal gravitation.
The document discusses Isaac Newton's discovery of gravity and the laws of motion through observing apples falling from trees. It then explains what gravity is and how it causes objects to accelerate at 9.81 m/s^2 when falling toward Earth. The document asks if a falling object's speed increases over time, which it confirms by noting catching a rock from higher would hurt more. It defines acceleration and uses an example to demonstrate calculating it. Finally, it discusses projectile motion and how gravity and air resistance affect a projectile's trajectory.
This document discusses linear momentum and its conservation. It begins by defining momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. The document then provides examples of calculating momentum for various objects and collisions. It introduces impulse as the product of force and time of interaction. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant during elastic collisions, where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
1) Rotational inertia is the resistance of an object to changes in its rotational motion and depends on how mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation. More mass distributed farther out leads to greater rotational inertia.
2) Tightrope walkers carry long poles to increase their rotational inertia and stability.
3) Ice skaters spin faster when they bring their arms in because this decreases their rotational inertia, requiring conservation of angular momentum to increase their angular velocity.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a physics chapter on circular motion, gravity, and simple machines. It includes objectives, definitions, equations, examples, and sample problems for key topics like centripetal acceleration and force, Newton's law of universal gravitation, orbital motion, torque, and simple machines. It also provides multiple choice questions for standardized test preparation.
1. Rotational inertia is the tendency of a body to resist changes to its angular velocity, just as linear inertia resists changes to linear velocity.
2. Moment of inertia depends on how mass is distributed about an axis of rotation, and is a measure of the difficulty in changing the body's rotational motion. A greater moment of inertia means a greater torque is required to cause rotational acceleration.
3. For a rigid body rotating about an axis, its rotational kinetic energy is equal to half the product of its moment of inertia and the square of its angular velocity. Similarly, the torque on a body produces angular acceleration that is inversely proportional to the body's moment of inertia.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on circular motion and gravitation. It outlines how to view the presentation as a slideshow, advance through slides, access resources from the resources slide, and exit the slideshow. The document also lists the chapter's objectives, sections, and sample problems. Key concepts covered include centripetal acceleration and force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and torque.
This document provides an overview of momentum and collisions. It discusses linear momentum, impulse, the impulse-momentum theorem, conservation of momentum, and elastic and inelastic collisions. Key points include:
- Momentum is defined as mass times velocity.
- Impulse is the product of force and time. According to the impulse-momentum theorem, impulse causes a change in momentum.
- The total momentum of interacting objects before a collision equals the total momentum after (law of conservation of momentum).
- Collisions can be perfectly inelastic (objects stick together), elastic (momentum and kinetic energy conserved), or inelastic (kinetic energy not conserved).
The document contains multiple physics questions and problems related to forces, motion, friction, pulleys, and other concepts. Questions are posed about the net force on a car rounding a hill, stopping distance and force needed to stop a car, vertical motion under different applied forces, apparent weight in an elevator, tension in a pulley system, mechanical advantage of a pulley, coefficients of static and kinetic friction, pushing and pulling boxes, acceleration of connected boxes on a pulley, speed and acceleration of a skier descending a slope, which falls faster - an elephant or feather, forces in an accelerating elevator, acceleration of a lowered bucket, relationship between force and time to achieve a final speed, effect of initial speed on change in
Have you gone above the speed limit or driven without a license and gotten away? Well, you can’t get away with breaking the laws of physics! This session will highlight:
• Why loads rotate, shift and swing
• Load Stability and how to understand and control mobility
• Predicting outcomes of load moving based on physical laws
• Internal and external forces and restraint
• Choosing the most economical and practical equipment for a job
Speaker: Don Mahnke, President, Hydra-Slide, Ltd.
The document provides information about forces and work. It defines force as a push or pull and discusses different types of forces including gravitational, frictional, electrostatic, and magnetic forces. It also defines work as the product of the applied force and the distance moved, and power as the rate at which work is done. Methods for reducing friction like lubricants and ball bearings are presented. Examples of calculating work, power, and solving physics problems involving forces are also included.
1. Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. Work is the product of the force applied and the displacement of the object.
2. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion that an object has due to its mass and velocity. Potential energy is stored energy due to an object's position or state, such as gravitational potential energy from height.
3. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy in an isolated system remains constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
This document contains 56 multiple choice questions related to mechanics. The questions cover topics like kinematics, dynamics, work, energy, power, impulse and momentum. Sample questions include calculating the velocity, work done, kinetic energy or impulse in situations like objects moving under gravity or acceleration, collisions between objects, or objects moving on inclined planes. The full range of mechanics concepts are represented in the questions, which would be useful for reviewing or testing knowledge of basic mechanics principles and calculations.
This document discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as a force causing an object to be displaced. The work-energy theorem states that work done on an object changes its kinetic energy. Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position or state. There are different types of potential energy including gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. It can be calculated by dividing work by time.
This document provides examples of force, mass, and acceleration problems using the formula F=ma. It includes 13 practice problems asking the reader to calculate force, mass, or acceleration given two of the three variables. The problems cover scenarios like accelerating skiers, falling elevators, pushed objects, and rolling balls. The reader is provided the formula and told to plug in values and solve for the unknown variable.
This document contains 115 multiple choice questions about physics concepts such as sound, energy, work, power, gravitation, properties of waves and other topics. The questions range from definitions of terms to calculations involving concepts like kinetic energy, potential energy, work, power and properties of waves like frequency, wavelength etc. They are meant to test understanding of fundamental physics principles through conceptual and quantitative questions.
On a separate sheet, make a list of every equation we’ve not yet used in this class. The document discusses linear momentum and impulse, providing definitions and examples. Momentum depends on the mass and velocity of an object. Impulse is the change in momentum of an object due to an applied force and equals the product of force and time. Impulse is important in understanding collisions and explosions where momentum and kinetic energy are transferred between objects.
Physics 504 Chapter 14 Newton's Laws & RocketryNeil MacIntosh
Newton's Laws describe the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it. Newton's 1st Law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's 2nd Law establishes that the acceleration of an object as directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to its mass. Newton's 3rd Law specifies that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This document covers angular motion in a plane, including centripetal acceleration, centripetal force, and Newton's law of gravitation. It defines centripetal acceleration as the acceleration directed toward the center of a circular path, gives its formula in terms of speed and radius, and explains that a centripetal force is required to provide this acceleration to maintain a circular motion. It also presents Newton's law of gravitation and gives the formula for the gravitational force between two masses. Several example problems are worked through applying these concepts.
The document describes key concepts in physics including energy, force, motion, waves, electricity, and magnetism. Some key points covered include:
- Identifying energy transformations and transfers of heat energy through conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Describing and calculating concepts like velocity, acceleration, Newton's laws of motion, and mechanical advantage of simple machines.
- Investigating light and sound phenomena, static electricity, and the relationship between voltage, current and resistance in electric circuits.
- Relating electricity and magnetism and their common applications.
This document discusses the concepts of uniform circular motion including:
- Uniform circular motion is motion at a constant speed in a circular path.
- Centripetal acceleration is the acceleration directed toward the center of the circle.
- Centripetal force is the force required to cause an object to travel in a circular path and is directed toward the center.
- For an object to remain in a circular orbit, it must travel at a specific orbital speed that depends on the radius of the orbit.
Force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. There are two types of forces: contact forces that require direct physical contact between objects, and non-contact forces that act over a distance without direct contact. Gravity is the non-contact force that attracts any two masses. The document goes on to define weight as a force and explain the relationship between mass and weight. It also introduces Hooke's law, Newton's laws of motion, and the law of universal gravitation.
The document discusses Isaac Newton's discovery of gravity and the laws of motion through observing apples falling from trees. It then explains what gravity is and how it causes objects to accelerate at 9.81 m/s^2 when falling toward Earth. The document asks if a falling object's speed increases over time, which it confirms by noting catching a rock from higher would hurt more. It defines acceleration and uses an example to demonstrate calculating it. Finally, it discusses projectile motion and how gravity and air resistance affect a projectile's trajectory.
This document discusses linear momentum and its conservation. It begins by defining momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. The document then provides examples of calculating momentum for various objects and collisions. It introduces impulse as the product of force and time of interaction. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant during elastic collisions, where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
1) Rotational inertia is the resistance of an object to changes in its rotational motion and depends on how mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation. More mass distributed farther out leads to greater rotational inertia.
2) Tightrope walkers carry long poles to increase their rotational inertia and stability.
3) Ice skaters spin faster when they bring their arms in because this decreases their rotational inertia, requiring conservation of angular momentum to increase their angular velocity.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a physics chapter on circular motion, gravity, and simple machines. It includes objectives, definitions, equations, examples, and sample problems for key topics like centripetal acceleration and force, Newton's law of universal gravitation, orbital motion, torque, and simple machines. It also provides multiple choice questions for standardized test preparation.
1. Rotational inertia is the tendency of a body to resist changes to its angular velocity, just as linear inertia resists changes to linear velocity.
2. Moment of inertia depends on how mass is distributed about an axis of rotation, and is a measure of the difficulty in changing the body's rotational motion. A greater moment of inertia means a greater torque is required to cause rotational acceleration.
3. For a rigid body rotating about an axis, its rotational kinetic energy is equal to half the product of its moment of inertia and the square of its angular velocity. Similarly, the torque on a body produces angular acceleration that is inversely proportional to the body's moment of inertia.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on circular motion and gravitation. It outlines how to view the presentation as a slideshow, advance through slides, access resources from the resources slide, and exit the slideshow. The document also lists the chapter's objectives, sections, and sample problems. Key concepts covered include centripetal acceleration and force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and torque.
This document provides an overview of momentum and collisions. It discusses linear momentum, impulse, the impulse-momentum theorem, conservation of momentum, and elastic and inelastic collisions. Key points include:
- Momentum is defined as mass times velocity.
- Impulse is the product of force and time. According to the impulse-momentum theorem, impulse causes a change in momentum.
- The total momentum of interacting objects before a collision equals the total momentum after (law of conservation of momentum).
- Collisions can be perfectly inelastic (objects stick together), elastic (momentum and kinetic energy conserved), or inelastic (kinetic energy not conserved).
The document contains multiple physics questions and problems related to forces, motion, friction, pulleys, and other concepts. Questions are posed about the net force on a car rounding a hill, stopping distance and force needed to stop a car, vertical motion under different applied forces, apparent weight in an elevator, tension in a pulley system, mechanical advantage of a pulley, coefficients of static and kinetic friction, pushing and pulling boxes, acceleration of connected boxes on a pulley, speed and acceleration of a skier descending a slope, which falls faster - an elephant or feather, forces in an accelerating elevator, acceleration of a lowered bucket, relationship between force and time to achieve a final speed, effect of initial speed on change in
Have you gone above the speed limit or driven without a license and gotten away? Well, you can’t get away with breaking the laws of physics! This session will highlight:
• Why loads rotate, shift and swing
• Load Stability and how to understand and control mobility
• Predicting outcomes of load moving based on physical laws
• Internal and external forces and restraint
• Choosing the most economical and practical equipment for a job
Speaker: Don Mahnke, President, Hydra-Slide, Ltd.
The document provides information about forces and work. It defines force as a push or pull and discusses different types of forces including gravitational, frictional, electrostatic, and magnetic forces. It also defines work as the product of the applied force and the distance moved, and power as the rate at which work is done. Methods for reducing friction like lubricants and ball bearings are presented. Examples of calculating work, power, and solving physics problems involving forces are also included.
1. Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. Work is the product of the force applied and the displacement of the object.
2. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion that an object has due to its mass and velocity. Potential energy is stored energy due to an object's position or state, such as gravitational potential energy from height.
3. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy in an isolated system remains constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
This document contains 56 multiple choice questions related to mechanics. The questions cover topics like kinematics, dynamics, work, energy, power, impulse and momentum. Sample questions include calculating the velocity, work done, kinetic energy or impulse in situations like objects moving under gravity or acceleration, collisions between objects, or objects moving on inclined planes. The full range of mechanics concepts are represented in the questions, which would be useful for reviewing or testing knowledge of basic mechanics principles and calculations.
This document discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as a force causing an object to be displaced. The work-energy theorem states that work done on an object changes its kinetic energy. Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position or state. There are different types of potential energy including gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. It can be calculated by dividing work by time.
This document provides examples of force, mass, and acceleration problems using the formula F=ma. It includes 13 practice problems asking the reader to calculate force, mass, or acceleration given two of the three variables. The problems cover scenarios like accelerating skiers, falling elevators, pushed objects, and rolling balls. The reader is provided the formula and told to plug in values and solve for the unknown variable.
This document contains 115 multiple choice questions about physics concepts such as sound, energy, work, power, gravitation, properties of waves and other topics. The questions range from definitions of terms to calculations involving concepts like kinetic energy, potential energy, work, power and properties of waves like frequency, wavelength etc. They are meant to test understanding of fundamental physics principles through conceptual and quantitative questions.
On a separate sheet, make a list of every equation we’ve not yet used in this class. The document discusses linear momentum and impulse, providing definitions and examples. Momentum depends on the mass and velocity of an object. Impulse is the change in momentum of an object due to an applied force and equals the product of force and time. Impulse is important in understanding collisions and explosions where momentum and kinetic energy are transferred between objects.
This document provides information about Newton's laws of motion. It defines Newton's first law of motion as stating that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Examples are provided to illustrate the first law. Newton's second law is defined as relating the acceleration of an object to the net force acting on it. Equations for momentum, force, and acceleration are also presented. Newton's laws of motion are described as accurately modeling motion except when dealing with very high speeds near the speed of light or very small objects like atoms, which require relativistic or quantum mechanics, respectively.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 on impulse and momentum. It covers key topics like linear momentum, impulse, conservation of linear momentum, and elastic and inelastic collisions. The learning objectives are to understand impulse and momentum calculations, relate impulse to changes in momentum, apply conservation of linear momentum to collisions, and analyze collisions and explosions. It also includes sample problems and questions to illustrate these concepts.
1. The document discusses different forms of energy including kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, chemical energy, and others. It provides examples and equations for calculating kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.
2. The principle of conservation of energy is explained as energy changing from one form to another but never being created or destroyed. Examples are given of energy conversions from one form to another.
3. Problem sets provide calculations for determining kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and applying the conservation of energy principle when energy is transferred between potential and kinetic forms.
The document discusses different types of forces including gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces. It also covers Newton's three laws of motion, defining inertia, mass, weight, net force, and friction. Key concepts are that mass is a measure of an object's quantity of matter independent of gravity, while weight depends on gravity. Newton's second law states that force equals mass times acceleration, and his third law is that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Friction opposes motion between surfaces in contact.
Gravity is a force that attracts all masses to each other. It follows an inverse square law, meaning doubling the distance between masses reduces the gravitational force by a factor of four. Gravity gives weight to objects on Earth, but weightlessness can occur during free fall when an object's acceleration matches gravity. Artificial gravity can be produced on spacecraft through constant acceleration or centrifugal force from rotation.
This document discusses centripetal force and circular motion. It provides examples of calculating centripetal force and acceleration for objects moving in circular paths. It also discusses how centripetal force allows satellites to orbit Earth through gravitational force, and how banking allows cars to round turns through an angled surface providing centripetal force. Equations for centripetal force, acceleration, and velocity in circular motion are presented along with sample problems and solutions.
1. Circular motion involves rotation, which is described using angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration.
2. Formulas for circular motion are similar to linear kinematics equations, with angular terms replacing linear ones.
3. Centripetal acceleration causes an object in circular motion to travel in a circular path and is provided by a centripetal force perpendicular to the velocity.
1. Circular motion involves rotation, which is described using angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration.
2. Formulas for circular motion are similar to linear kinematics equations, with angular terms replacing linear ones.
3. Centripetal acceleration causes an object in circular motion to travel in a circular path and is provided by a centripetal force perpendicular to the velocity.
1. Friction is a force that opposes the motion between two surfaces in contact and produces heating. It can act as both an advantage by allowing walking and writing, and a disadvantage by making movement difficult and wearing things out.
2. In a vehicle, friction between the tires and road surface affects motion. Road conditions and tire tread impact braking force and braking distance. Skidding can occur if braking force exceeds friction.
3. Stopping distance for a vehicle is the sum of thinking distance and braking distance. Thinking distance depends on driver reaction time while braking occurs, with braking distance increasing significantly with speed.
This document discusses uniform circular motion and related concepts like centripetal acceleration and centripetal force. It covers topics like how radius, speed and acceleration are related in uniform circular motion; the direction of velocity and acceleration vectors; forces that cause an object to travel in a circular path like friction or the normal force on a banked curve; and applications involving objects moving in horizontal and vertical circles like cars on curved roads. The document contains learning objectives, definitions, examples, questions and sections on key ideas like centripetal acceleration, centripetal force and banked curves.
Physics 504 Chapter 10 Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear MotionNeil MacIntosh
This document discusses uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. It introduces kinematics, which is the study of motion without considering causes, and kinetics, which considers the forces that cause motion. Rectilinear motion refers to motion along a straight line, while curvilinear motion is along a curved path. Formulas are provided for calculating final velocity, distance, and acceleration from gravity for vertical motion. Sample problems demonstrate applying the formulas to problems involving projectile motion.
The document discusses concepts related to motion including reference frames, distance, speed, velocity, acceleration, and types of motion like uniform motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, and projectile motion. It specifically focuses on free fall, defining it as the motion of an object under the influence of gravity alone. It describes key properties of free fall including negative acceleration due to gravity, time symmetry, and speed symmetry. Examples of calculating velocity during free fall are provided. Projectile motion is also introduced as motion where the only force acting is gravity, having both horizontal and vertical components.
This document provides a series of physics problems related to work, energy, and power. It contains multiple parts labeled A through I, with 6 problems under each letter. The problems cover concepts such as work, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, the work-energy theorem, and power. Students are instructed to only solve the problems corresponding to their group number.
Similar to Apphysicsbexamreview 090423004425-phpapp02 (20)
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
This document is from a textbook on medical terminology. It discusses the basic structure of medical words and how they are built from prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Some key points:
- Medical terms are made up of elements including roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining vowels. Understanding these elements is important for analyzing terms.
- Common prefixes include hypo-, epi-, and cis-. Common suffixes include -itis, -algia, and -ectomy.
- Dozens of combining forms are provided, such as gastro- meaning stomach, cardi- meaning heart, and aden- meaning gland.
- Rules are provided for analyzing terms, such as reading from the suffix backward and dropping combining vowels before suffixes starting with vowels
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 25 on Cancer from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by a team that includes Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 24 on Immunology from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are highly specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. This chapter discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate with each other via synapses, and how signals are propagated along neurons through changes in their membrane potentials. Neurons play a vital role in the nervous system by allowing organisms to process information and coordinate their responses.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 21 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 20 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 19 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Integrating Cells into Tissues" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are types of cytoskeletal filaments that help organize and move cellular components. Microtubules are involved in processes like cell division and intracellular transport, while intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help integrate the nucleus with the cytoplasm. Together, these filaments play important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells.
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and to move by contracting or extending parts of the cell surface.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 16 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 15 of the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira. It provides the chapter title "Cell Signaling I: Signal Transduction and Short-Term Cellular Responses" and notes the copyright is held by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 14 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses how proteins are transported into membranes and organelles within cells. Proteins destined for membranes or organelles have targeting signals that are recognized by transport systems. The transport systems then direct the proteins to their proper destinations, such as inserting membrane proteins into membranes or delivering soluble proteins into organelles.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 12 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cellular Energetics" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. It covers topics such as passive transport through membrane channels and pumps, as well as active transport using ATP. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology and is copyrighted by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 10, titled "Biomembrane Structure", from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was written by a team of authors including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 9 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Visualizing, Fractionating, and Culturing Cells" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
2. What’s the difference between distance and
displacement?
Distance is the total amount an object has
traveled.
Displacement is the object’s change in position
3. • A rock is thrown straight upward from the edge of a
30 m cliff, rising 10 m then falling all the way down to
the base of the cliff. Find the rock’s displacement.
• An infant crawls 5 m east, then 3 m north, then 1 m.
What is the infant’s DISTANCE and DISPLACEMENT
• An athlete runs exactly once around the track, a total
distance of 500 m. Find the runner’s displacement for
the race
4. S = d/t, or V = x/t
• If the infant in the previous example takes 20
seconds to complete his journey, find the
magnitude of his average velocity.
• Is it possible to move with constant speed but not
constant velocity? Is it possible to mov e with
constant velocity but not constant speed?
5. a = v/t
A car is traveling in a straight line along a highway
at a constant speed of 80 miles per hour for 10
seconds. Find its acceleration.
Spotting a police car ahead, a driver of a car
slows from 32 m/s to 20 m/s in 2 seconds. Find
the car’s average acceleration
6. ( ) tvvx o += 2
1
2
2
1
attvx o +=
atvv o +=
axvv o 222
+=
7. • An object with an initial velocity of 4 m/s moves along a
straight axis under constant acceleration. Three
seconds later, its velocity is 14 m/s. How far did it
travel during this time? 27m
• A car that’s initially traveling at 10 m/s accelerates
uniformly for 4 seconds at a rate of 2 m/s2
in a straight
line. How far does the car travel during this time? 56m
• A rock is dropped off a cliff that’s 80 m high. If it strikes
the ground with an impact velocity of 40 m/s, what
acceleration did it experience during its descent? 10
m/s2
8.
9.
10. The area under a velocity vs. time graph equals
the displacement.
13. • A rock is dropped from an 80 m cliff. How long does it
take to reach the ground? 4s
• A baseball is thrown straight upward with an initial
speed of 20 m/s. How high will it go? 20m
• One second after being thrown straight down, an
object is falling with a speed of 20 m/s. How fast will
it be falling 2 seconds later? -40 m/s
• If an object is thrown straight upward with an initial
speed of 8 m/s and takes 3 seconds to strike the
ground, from what height was the object thrown? 21m
14. X-motion is INDEPENDENT of Y-motion
• An object is thrown horizontally with an initial speed of
10 m/s. It hits the ground 4 seconds later. How far
did it drop in 4 seconds? -80m
• From a height of 100 m, a ball is thrown horizontally
with an initial speed of 15 m/s. How far does it travel
horizontally in the first 2 seconds? 30m
• A rolling ball falls off a lab desk with a velocity of 2
m/s. The height of the lab desk is 1 m. How far away
does the ball land?
15.
16. • Any push or pull is called a force (N)
- Tension
- Gravitational force
- Air resistance
- Normal force
- Frictional force
- Electrostatic force
- Nuclear forces
17. Law of Inertia – A body at rest wants to stay at
rest or a body in motion wants to stay in motion
unless acted upon by an outside force
18. F = ma
Force is measure in Newtons (kg●m/s2
)
19. For every action, there is an equal but
opposite reaction
20. • What net force is required to maintain a 5000 kg
object moving at a constant velocity of magnitude
7500 m/s?
• How much force is required to cause an object of
mass 2 kg to have an acceleration of 4 m/s2
? 8 N
• An object feels two forces; one of strength 8 N pulling
to the left and one of strength 20 N pulling to the right.
If the object’s mass is 4 kg, what is its acceleration? 3
m/s2
• A book whose mass is 2 kg rests on a table. Find the
magnitude of the force exerted by the table on the
book. 20 N
21.
22. A can of paint with a mass of 6 kg hangs from a
rope. If the can is to be pulled up to a rooftop with
a constant velocity of 1 m/s, what must the
tension in the rope be? 60 N
What force must be exerted to lift a 50 N object
with an acceleration of 10 m/s2
? 100 N
23. The force that is perpendicular to the surface
A book whose mass is 2 kg rests on a table. Find
the magnitude of the normal force exerted by the
table on the book. 20 N
24. • Parallel to the surface and opposite the direction
of the intended motion
1) Static friction – the force that resists movement
Fs = μsFN
2) Kinetic friction – the force that acts on a moving
object
Fk = μkFN
25. A crate of mass 20 kg is sliding across a wooden
floor. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
the crate and the floor is 0.3
◦ Determine the strength of the friction force acting on the
crate. 60 N
◦ If the crate is being pulled by a force of 90 N (parallel to
the floor), find the acceleration of the crate. 1.5 m/s2
26.
27. • A block slides down a frictionless, inclined plane
that makes a 30 degree angle with the horizontal.
Find the acceleration of this block. 5 m/s2
• Suppose the same block slides down the same
inclined plane with a coefficient of kinetic friction of
0.3. Find the acceleration of the block
28.
29. • Ac = v2
/r
• Fc = mv2
/r
• Anything pointing towards the center of the circle is
positive, anything pointing away is negative
• An object of mass 5 kg moves at a constant speed of
6 m/s in a circular path of radius 2 m. Find the
object’s acceleration and the net force responsible for
its motion. 18 m/s2
; 90 N
• An athlete who weighs 800 N is running around a
curve at a speed of 5.0 m/s with a radius of 5.0 m.
Find the centripetal force acting on him & what
provides the centripetal force? 400 N & static friction
30. • A roller-coaster car enters the circular loop portion
of the ride. At the very top of the circle, the speed
of the car is 15 m/s, and the acceleration points
straight down. If the diameter of the loop is 40 m
and the total mass of the car is 1200 kg, find the
magnitude of the normal force exerted by the track
on the car at this point. 1500 N
• How would the normal force change if the car was
at the bottom of the circle? 25,500 N
31. τ = Frsinθ
Counterclockwise – Torque is positive
Clockwise – Torque is negative
32. What is the net torque in the following picture? 5.6
N●m
33.
34. W = Fdcosθ
A crate is moved along a horizontal floor by a
worker who’s pulling on it with a rope that makes a
30 degree angle with the horizontal. The tension
in the rope is 69 N and the crate slides a distance
of 10 m. How much work is done on the crate by
the worker? 600 J
35. • A box slides down an inclined plane with an angle
of 37 degrees. The mass of the block is 35 kg,
the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.3, and the
length of the ramp is 8 m.
1. How much work is done by gravity? 1690 J
2. How much work is done by the normal force? 0 N
3. How much work is done by friction? -671 J
4. What is the total work done?
36.
37.
38. • KE = ½ mv2
• The energy an object possesses due to its motion
• A pool cue striking a stationary billiard ball (m =
0.25 kg) gives the ball a speed of 2 m/s. If the
average force of the cue on the ball was 200 N,
over what distance does this force act? 0.0025 m
39. PE = mgh
The energy an object possesses due to its
position
A 60 kg stuntwoman scales a 40 m tall rock.
What is her gravitational potential energy? If she
were to jump off the cliff, what would her final
velocity be? 24,000 J; 28 m/s
40. • Ei = Ef
• KEi + PEi = KEf + Pef
• A ball of mass 2 kg is gently pushed off the edge of a
table that is 5 m above the floor. Find the speed of the
ball as it strikes the floor. 10 m/s
• A box is projected up a long ramp with an incline of 37
degrees with an initial speed of 10 m/s. If the surface
of the ramp is frictionless, how high up the ramp will
the box go? What distance along the ramp will it slide?
41. A skydiver jumps from a hovering helicopter that’s
3000 m above the ground. If air resistance can be
ignored, how fast will he be falling when his
altitude is 2000 m? 140 m/s
Wile E. Coyote (m = 40 kg) falls off a 50 m high
cliff. On the way down, the force of air resistance
has an average strength of 100 N. Find the speed
with which he crashes into the ground. 27 m/s
42. • The rate at which work is done
• P = W/t or P = Fv
• A mover pushes a large crate (m = 75 kg) from the
inside of the truck to the back end (distance of 6 m),
exerting a steady push of 300 N. If he moves the
crate this distance in 20 s, what is his power output?
90 W
• What must be the power output of an elevator motor
that can lift a total mass of 1000 kg and give the
elevator a constant speed of 8.0 m/s? 80,000 W or 80
kW
43.
44. • p = mv
• F = ∆p/∆t = ∆mv/∆t
• Momentum is also conserved
• A golfer strikes a golf ball of mass 0.05 kg and the
time of impact between the golf club and the ball
is 1 ms. If the ball acquires a velocity of
magnitude 70 m/s, calculate the average force on
the ball. 3500 N
45. • J = F∆t
• An 80 kg stuntman jumps out of a window that’s 45 m
above the ground.
1. How fast is he falling when he reaches the ground? 30
m/s
2. He lands on an air bag, coming to rest in 1.5s. What
average force does he feel while coming to rest? -1600
N
3. What if he had instead landed on the ground (impact
time 10 ms)? -240,000 N
46.
47. • Elastic Collisions – Kinetic Energy is conserved
• Inelastic Collisions – Kinetic Energy is not conserved.
• Two balls roll toward each other. The red ball has a
mass of 0.5 kg and a speed of 4 m/s just before
impact. The green ball has a mass of 0.2 kg and a
speed of 2 m/s. After the head-on collision, the red
ball continues forward with a speed of 2 m/s. Find the
speed of the green ball after the collision. Was the
collision elastic? 3.0 m/s; no
48.
49. F = Gm1m2 / r2
G = 6.67 x 10-11
N ● m2
/ kg2
Given that the radius of the earth is 6.37 x 106
m,
determine the mass of the earth. 6.1 x 1024
kg
An artificial satellite of mass m travels at a
constant speed in a circular orbit of radius R
around the earth (mass M). What is the speed of
the satellite? √GM/R
50. F = -kx
The stiffer the spring, the greater the k
Force and acceleration are greatest when
displacement is greatest.
A 12 cm long spring has a spring constant of 400
N/m. How much force is required to stretch the
spring to a length of 14 cm? 8 N
51. PEelastic = ½ kx2
PE is maximized when spring is at the endpoints,
KE is minimum
PE is 0 when spring is passing through x=0
(equilibrium) and KE is maximum
52. A 0.05 kg block oscillates on a spring whose force
(spring) constant is 500 N/m. The amplitude of
the oscillations is 4.0 cm. Calculate the maximum
speed of the block. 4 m/s
A 2.0 kg block is attached to an ideal spring with a
force constant of 500 N/m. The amplitude is 8.0
cm. Determine the total energy of the oscillator
and the speed of the block when it’s 4.0 cm from
equilibrium. 1.6 J; 1.1 m/s
53. T = 1/f
T = 2∏√m/k
w = 2∏f, 2∏/T, √k/m
A block oscillating on the end of a spring moves from is
position of maximum stretch to maximum compression
in 0.25 s. Determine the period and frequency. 0.5 s; 2
Hz
A student observing an oscillating block counts 45.5
cycles in one minute. Determine its frequency and
period. .758 Hz; 1.32s
54. A 2.0 kg block is attached to a spring whose
spring constant is 300 N/m. Calculate the
frequency and period. 1.9 Hz; 0.51 s
A block is attached to a spring and set into
oscillatory motion and its frequency is measured.
If this block were removed and replaced by a
second block with ¼ the mass of the first block,
how would the frequency of the oscillations
compare? f increases by a factor of 2
55. KE is maximum at the equilibrium position
Frequency nor period depends on the amplitude
for any object in SHM
L
g
T
=
π2
56. A simple pendulum has a period of 1s on Earth.
What would its period be on the moon, where g is
1/6th
of the earth’s value?2.4s
57. p = m/v
specific gravity = psubstance / pwater (1000 kg/m3
)
A cork has a volume of 4 cm3
and weighs .01 N.
What is the specific gravity of the rock? 0.25
58. P = F/A
1 atm = 101,300 Pa (1.013 x 105
Pa)
A vertical column made of cement has a base
area of 0.5 m2
. If the height is 2 m, and the sp.
Gravity of cement is 3, how much pressure does
this column exert on the ground? 6 x 104
Pa
59. Fg = pvg
Pliquid = pgh (depends only on density and depth)
Ptotal = Patm + Pliquid
What is the gauge pressure of a swimming pool at
a point 1 m below the surface? 1 x104
Pa
60. What happens to the gauge pressure if we double
the depth below the surface of a liquid? What
happens to the total pressure? Gauge pressure
increases by a factor of 2; Total pressure
increases by less than a factor of 2
A flat piece of wood of area 0.5 m2
is lying at the
bottom of a lake. If the depth of the lake is 30 m,
what is the force on the wood due to the
pressure? 2 x 105
N
61. The net upward force of an object in a liquid is
called the buoyant force.
Archimedes Principle - The strength of the
buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
FB = pvg
Vsub = pobject
Vtotal pfluid
62. If pobject < pfluid , then the object will float
A brick with a specific gravity of 2 and volume of
1.5 x 10-3 m3, is dropped into a swimming pool
full of water. Explain why the brick will sink. When
the brick is lying on the bottom of the pool, what is
the magnitude of the normal force on the brick?
Specific gravity is greater than 1; 15 N
63. A glass sphere of specific gravity 2.5 and volume
of 10-3
m3
is completely submerged in a large
container of water. What is the apparent weight
of the sphere while immersed? 15 N
64. f = Av
A1v1 = A2v2 (flow speed increases when the pipe narrows
or inversely proportional)
A pipe carries water. At one point in the pipe, the radius is
2 cm and the flow speed is 6 m/s. What is the flow rate?
What is the flow speed where the pipe’s radius changes to
1 cm? 7.5 x 10-3
m3
/s; 24 m/s
If the diameter of the pipe increases from 4 cm to 12 cm,
what will happen to the flow speed? 1/9 the flowrate
65. States that energy is conserved for fluid flow
P1 + pgy1 + ½ pv1
2
= P2 + pgy2 + ½ pv2
66. The pressure is lower where the flow speed is
greater (airplanes, hurricanes).
67. Celsius to Fahrenheit
9/5C + 32 = F
Fahrenheit to Celsius
(F-32)5/9 = C
Celsius to Kelvin
C + 273 = K
68. Q = mc∆T (how much heat is added of removed
in the system to change the temperature)
Q = mL (changing phases)
Sp. Heat of water = 4186 J/kg ·C
Rate of heat transfer
( )
L
TkA
t
Q ∆
=
69. TLL o∆=∆ α
• A brass rod 5 m long and 0.01 m in diameter
increases in length by 0.05 m when its
temperature is increased by 500°C. A similar
brass rod of length 10 m has a diameter of 0.02 m.
By how much will this rod’s diameter increase if its
temperature is increased by 1000°C? 4 x 10-4
m
70. An aluminum rod (p = 2.7 x 103 kg/m3 has a radius
of 0.01 m and an initial length of 2 m at a
temperature of 20°C. Heat is added to raise its
temperature to 90°C. Its coefficient of linear
expansion is = 25 x 10-6/°C, the specific heat is 900
J/kg°C, and a thermal conductivity of k = 200 J/s
m°C.
◦ What is the mass of the aluminum rod? 1.7 kg
◦ What is the amount of heat added to the rod? 107,100 J
◦ What is the new length of the rod? 0.0035 m
◦ If we were to use this rod to transfer heat between two
objects one side being at 20°C and the other side at 90°C,
what would the rate of heat transfer be? 2.2 J/s
72. Pv = nRT
Speed of molecules of a gas
In order for the average speed of the molecules in
a given sample of gas to double, what must
happen to the temperature? Since v is
proportional to square root of T, the temperature
must quadruple
m
kT
vrms
3
=
M
RT
vrms
3
=
73. A cylindrical container of radius 15 cm and height
30 cm contains 0.6 mole of gas at 433 K. How
much force does the confined gas exert on the lid
of the container? 35 N
74. Zeroth Law – Heat flows from the warmer object to
the cooler one until they reach thermal equilibrium.
First Law
◦ W = -P∆V
Work is positive when work is done ON the system (volume
id decreaseing
Work is positive when work is done ON the surroundings
(volume is increasing)
WQU −=∆
75.
76.
77.
78. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
THE LAW OF ENTROPY
Heat flows spontaneously from a substance at a
higher temperature to a substance at a lower
temperature and does not flow spontaneously in the
reverse direction.
80. A heat engine draws 800 J of heat from its high
temperature source and discards 450 J of exhaust
heat into its cold-temperature reservoir. How
much work does this engine perform and what is
its thermal efficiency? 350 J; 44%
An inventor proposes a design for a heat engine
that operates between a heat source at 500°C and
a cold reservoir at 25°C with an efficiency of 2/3.
What’s your reaction to the inventor’s claim?
81. 4 types of thermal processes
An isobaric process is a process that occurs at
constant pressure.
An isochoric process is a process that occurs at
constant volume.
An isothermal process is a process that occurs at
constant temperature.
An adiabatic process is a process during which no
energy is transferred to or from the system as heatat.
82.
83. Consider two small spheres, one carrying a
charge of +1.5nC and the other a charge -2.0 nC,
separated by a distance of 1.5 cm. Find the
electric force between them. -1.2 x 10-4
N
2
21
r
qq
kF =
( ) 229
CmN1099.841 ⋅×== ok πε
( )2212
mNC1085.8 ⋅×= −
οε
84.
85. It is the surrounding charges that create the electric field at
a given point.
The electrostatic force points in the direction of
attraction
The electric field always points away from the
positive charge and towards the negative charge.
oq
F
E
=
86. Electric field does not depend on the sign of the
test charge
2
r
q
kE =
87. A charge q = +3.0 nC is placed at a location at
which the electric field strength is 400 N/C. Find
the force felt by charge q. 1.2 x 10-6
N
A dipole is formed by two point charges, each of
magnitude 4.0 nC, separated by a distance of 6.0
cm. What is the strength of the electric field at a
point midway between them? 8.0 x 104
N/C
88. An object of mass 5g is placed at a distance of 2
cm above a charged plate. If the strength of the
electric field is 106
N/C, how much charge would
the object need to have in order for the electrical
repulsion to balance the gravitational pull? 5 x 10-8
C
89. Electric Field Lines Never Cross
Always perpendicular to the surface and point
AWAY from the positive TOWARD the negative
90. Conductors permit the flow of excess charge; they
conduct electricity well (metals)
◦ There can be no electrostatic field within the body of a
conductor. Why?
Insulators do not conduct electricity well. Electrons
do not flow well
A solid sphere of copper is given a negative charge.
Discuss the electric field inside and outside the
sphere.
95. A positive charge q1 = 2 + 10-6
C is held stationary,
while a negative charge q2 = -1 x 10-8
C, is
released from rest at a distance of 10 cm from q1.
Find the kinetic energy change of charge q2 when
it’s 1 cm from q1. 0.016 J
96. Let Q = 2 x 10-8 C. What is the potential at a
Point P that is 2 cm from Q? 900 V
How much work is done as a charge moves along
an equipotential surface? 0
BAo
AB
AB
r
kq
r
kq
q
W
VV −=
−
=−
r
kq
V =
97.
98. Capacitors are storage devices for electricity.
q = CV
Parallel plate capacitors
d
A
C oκε
=
99. A 10 nF parallel plate capactior holds a charge of
50μC on each plate. What is the electric potential
difference between the plates? If the plates are
separated by a distance of 0.2 mm, what is the
area of each plate? 5000 V; 0.23 m2
102. I = q/t (Amps, A)
The direction of the current is taken to be the
direction that a positive charge would move
103. Resistors are devices that control current
R = V/I (Ohm’s Law)
Notice that if the current is large, the resistance is
low. If the current is small, the resistance is high.
Resistivity:
A
L
R ρ=
resistivity in units of ohm·meter
104. A wire of radius 1mm and length 2 m is made of
platinum (resistivity = 1 x 10-7
Ω•m). If a voltage of
9 V is applied between the ends of the wire, what
will be the resulting current? 140 A
105. IVP =
( ) RIIRIP 2
==
R
V
V
R
V
P
2
=
=
106. Combining Resistors
◦ Series (one after the other):
Add as normal
◦ Parallel (side by side):
Add as inverse
Same voltage applied across each device
+++= 321 RRRRS
+++=
321
1111
RRRRP
109. Combining Capacitors
◦ Series (one after the other):
Add as inverse
◦ Parallel (side by side):
Add as normal
C = q/V
+++= 321 CCCCP
+++=
321
1111
CCCCS
110.
111.
112.
113. Field lines travel away from the North poles and
travel toward the South poles.
X X X X X ● ● ● ● ●
X X X X X ● ● ● ● ●
X X X X X ● ● ● ● ●
X X X X X ● ● ● ● ●
(into the page) (out of the page)
114. The magnetic force always remains
perpendicular to the velocity and is directed
toward the center of the circular path.
( )θsinvq
F
B
o
=
115. Right Hand Rule #1 (for positive charges)
◦ Thumb – Direction particle is traveling
◦ Index – Direction of Magnetic Field
◦ Middle – Direction of Magnetic Force
If the charge is NEGATIVE, the force is the
opposite direction
122. In the drawing, one cycle is shaded in color.
The amplitude A is the maximum excursion of a particle of the medium from
the particles undisturbed position.
The wavelength is the horizontal length of one cycle of the wave.
The period is the time required for one complete cycle.
The frequency is related to the period and has units of Hz, or s-1
.
T
f
1
=
123. Sound travels faster through solids, then liquids,
then gases.
λ
λ
f
T
v ==
Lm
F
v =
124. LONGITUDINAL SOUND WAVES
The area of condensation is
the region of compression
with increased air pressure
The area of rarefaction is
the region behind the
condensation with
decreased air pressure
129. Law of Reflection
◦ Incident angle is the same as the reflected angle
n = c/v
Snell’s Law – relates the angle of incidence and
the angle of refraction
If n2<n1, light bends AWAY from the normal. If
n2>n1, light bends TOWARD the normal.
2211 sinsin θθ nn =
130. A beam of light in air is incident upon a piece of
glass striking the surface at an angle of 30
degrees. If the index of refraction of the glass is
1.5, what are the angles of reflection and
refraction? 60°; 35°
131. Critical Angle - The angle of incidence at which
the angle of refraction is 90°. No light is refracted
out and the beam is refracted along the surface.
◦ If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle,
no beams of light are refracted.
21
1
2
sin nn
n
n
c >=θ
135. Concave Mirrors
1. An incident ray parallel to the axis that is reflected through the
focal point
2. An incident ray that passes through the focal point and
reflected parallel
3. An incident ray that strikes the vertex is reflected at an equal
angle to the axis
Convex Mirrors
1. An incident ray parallel to the axis is reflected away from the
focal point
2. An incident ray directed towards the focal point is reflected
parallel to the axis
3. An incident ray that strikes the vertex is reflected at an equal
angle to the axis
140. An object of height 4 cm is placed 30 cm in front
of a concave mirror whose focal length is 10 cm.
◦ Where’s the image? 15 cm
◦ Is it real or virtual? real
◦ Is it upright or inverted? inverted
◦ What the height? -2cm
141. An object of height 4 cm is placed in front of a
convex mirror whose focal length is -30cm.
◦ Where’s the image? – 12 cm
◦ Is it real or virtual? virtual
◦ Is it upright or inverted? upright
◦ What’s the height of the image? 2.4 cm
142. Converging lenses cause rays of light to converge
to a focal point.
Diverging lenses cause rays of light to diverge
away from the focal point
143. Converging Lenses
◦ Incident ray parallel to the axis is refracted through the
focal point.
◦ Incident rays pass through the center point of the lens.
Diverging Lenses
◦ An incident ray parallel to the axis is reflected away from
the focal point
◦ Incident rays pass through the center point of the lens.
147. An object of height 11 cm is placed 44 cm in front
of a converging lens with a focal length of 24 cm
◦ Where’s the image? 53 cm
◦ Is it real or virtual? real
◦ Is it upright or inverted? inverted
◦ What’s the height of the image? -13 cm
148. An object of height 11 cm is placed 48 cm in front
of a diverging lens with a focal length of -24.5 cm.
◦ Where’s the image? -16 cm
◦ Is it real or virtual? virtual
◦ Is it upright or inverted? upright
◦ What’s the height of the image? 3.7 cm