The apostrophe has three main uses: 1) to form possessives, 2) to show contractions, and 3) to form some plural forms. It is used to create possessive forms for singular and plural nouns, especially person names. When forming possessives of plural nouns, the plural is formed first before adding the apostrophe. Contractions allow blending of sounds by omitting letters from verb constructions, with the apostrophe showing the omission. The apostrophe is also used to form plurals of digits and letters.

1. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE The apostrophe has only a handful of uses, but these uses are very important. A misplaced apostrophe can be annoying — not to mention lonely. 1. to create possessives 2. to show contractions 3. to create some plural forms The apostrophe is used:

2. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE The apostrophe is used to create possessive forms for singular and plural nouns, especially nouns referring to people. the mayor ’ s car, my father ’ s moustache Pedrito ’ s sister, Joe Kennedy ’ s habits

3. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE When a noun already ends in “s,” you can decide whether or not to use another “s” after the apostrophe. Charles ’ s car OR Charles ’ car Dumas ’ second novel, Jesus ’ birth, Socrates ’ ideas, Illinois ’ legislature With multisyllabic words, don’t add another “s” after the apostrophe.

4. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE To form the possessive of an inanimate object, we’re usually better off using an “of phrase,” but the apostrophe possessive is not impossible, especially with expressions of time and in personifications. The roar of the greasepaint, the smell of the crowd a year ’ s salary, my heart ’ s desire, your dollar ’ s worth, the paper ’ s conclusion

5. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE To form the possessive of a plural noun, we pluralize first and then add the apostrophe. The Kennedys ’ house The children ’ s playhouse The travelers ’ expectations Notice that with an irregular plural, the apostrophe will come before the “s.”

6. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE A contraction allows us to blend sounds by omitting letters from a verb construction. The apostrophe shows where something is left out. I am a student here = I ’ m a student here. I have been working on the railroad. = I ’ ve been working on the railroad. They could have been great together. = They could ’ ve been great together.

7. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE More contraction examples: Let us go. = Let ’ s go. Who is there? = Who ’ s there? It is Dierdre. = It ’ s Dierdre. REMINDER: It’s is a contraction for “it is”; the possessive of it = its (no apostrophe).

8. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE The apostrophe is also used to form the plural of digits and letters . . . The word Mississippi has four s ’ s. She got three A ’ s and two B ’ s last semester. She dotted all her i ’ s very carefully. . . . and to indicate omission of a number in a date: summer of ’ 99; class of ’ 38

9. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE The mighty apostrophe doesn’t mind being used, but it wants to be used wisely. Use it well and it will be there whenever you need it! You can now review the apostrophe and the other marks of punctuation in the Guide to Grammar and Writing .

10. This PowerPoint presentation was created by Charles Darling, PhD Professor of English and Webmaster Capital Community College Hartford, Connecticut copyright November 1999