The document discusses bee behavior and communication. It describes different types of bee dances that communicate important information like the location and distance of food sources, the need for swarming or absconding, and warnings of threats. The main dances covered are the round dance for nearby food (<100m), the waggle dance indicating direction and distance of distant food (>100m), and alarm, joy, cleaning, massage, tremble, shake, and whir dances that communicate threats, celebration, requests for grooming, arrival of nectar, and motivation to swarm. Effective bee communication involves the use of chemicals, touch, sound, and sometimes visual cues.

1. APICULTURE -
BEE BEHAVIOR
AND
COMMUNICATION
Dr. S. N. Bhalerao
Associate Professor
Department Of Zoology
Anantrao Pawar Arts, Commerce & Science College,
Pirangut, Tal. Mulshi, Dist. Pune

2. BEE BEHAVIOR

3. • Honeybee behavior is a phenomenon that is exhibited by
the honeybees in the course of their regular activities in
their colony.
• Some are dependent on external stimuli, whereas, others
are genetically influenced.
• It is very important for a beekeeper to understand and
utilize the bee behavior patterns for better Bee
management.
INTRODUCTION

4. Swarming
• The phenomenon of leaving off colony by the queen & other
members of the colony is known as swarming.
• Increase in bee population causes overcrowding in the hive.
• Thus the worker bees rear additional queens in preparation to
divide and develop other colony.
• Honeybees usually swarm after flowering seasons.
• A swarm consists of a queen, a large number of worker bees and
a few drones.
• It takes place in late spring when there is plenty of food.

5. Prime Swarm & After Swarms
In the prime swarm, about 60% of the worker bees
leave the original hive location with the old queen.
This swarm can contain thousands of bees.
Secondary, after swarms may happen but are rare.
After swarms are usually smaller and are
accompanied by virgin queen.

6. Swarm preparation
The worker bees create queen cups throughout the year.
When the hive gets ready to swarm, the queen lays eggs
into the queen cups.
New queens are raised and the hive may swarm as soon
as the queen cells are capped and before the new virgin
queens emerge from their queen cells.

7. During the swarm preparation, scout bees find a nearby
location for the swarm to cluster.
Scout bees are a smaller group of bees that hang together
and “scout” for a new place for the swarm to move into.

8. Absconding:
In this process entire colony migrates from one
place to another place due to unfavorable climatic
conditions or scarcity of food or destruction of comb
by enemies.
Supercedure :
When the egg laying capacity of the old queen is
lost or she suddenly dies, a new, young queen takes
the position of old queen and it is called as
supercedure.

9. Nuptial flight:
It is an important phase in the reproduction. During
the flight, the virgin queen mates with male in the air.
Thereafter they land to start a new colony or
continue the succession of an existing hived colony.
Fanning:
In this process, to maintain the temperature in the
hive, some worker bees fan their wings to circulate
the air inside the hive. Other worker bees fan from
outside the hive entrance so as to allow fresh air into
the hive.

10. Guarding
• The bee hive is to be protected from various attackers like,
insects, animals and humans.
• For this few worker bees between 14 to 21 days perform the job
to guard the hive.
• The worker bees get developed stings and has venom in it.
• In case of danger, worker bee stings to the enemy.
• They also check the bees of the same colony and allow entry only
to bees of same colony and restrict bees from other colony, if
any.

11. BEE COMMUNICATION

12. The Honey Bee Colony
• A queen honey bee, few drones and thousands of worker bees
live in a colony.
• Thus it shows social organization.
• The worker bees perform various in and outdoor duties of the
colony like..
 Collect and store food.
 Nurse the Larvae and the Queen.
 Maintain temperature of hive for community survival.
 Communicate with each other of same colony.
 Protect colony from intruders.

13. Bee Communication
• Effective modes communications are through various
stimuli such as light, chemical and physical or by
specific sensory organs.
Chemical Communication
• It is developed in social insects, e.g., honeybees for
protection, mating and search for food.
• It is done by using a chemical substance called
Pheromones, secreted from pharyngeal glands.

14. Mechanical communication
Touch
• By touching her partner’s head with the antennae for sharing food
and also to trace forager bee.
Sound
• Forager bees communicate by dancing and by peculiar sound
signals for follower bees.
Optical communication
• This type of communication is rarely used by the honeybees since
the inside of the nest is always dark.
• This type of communication is used by the bees during dances.

15. Bee uses the dance language to communicate with each other
and direct to the worker bees. Late Karl von Frisch, professor of
Zoology, University of Munich, Germany, interpreted the meaning
of dance movements of honey bees. Type of dances are:
1. Round Dance 2. Waggle Dance
3. Joy Dance 4. Cleaning Dance
5. Massage Dance 6. Alarm Dance
7. Tremble Dance 8. Shake Dance
9. Whir Dance
Bee Language and Communication

16. Round Dance

17. • Bees perform this dance when food source is less than
100m from the hive.
• A bee runs in a small circle that covers a single cell.
• She runs approximately over six adjacent cells and then
suddenly reverses direction, then turns again to her original
course and so on.
• Between two reversals there are often one or two complete
circles.

18. • Dance may be completed after one or two reversals or
may go on to 20 or more times then it stops abruptly.
• Mostly the dance resumes once or twice by the same
bee at the same place or elsewhere in the nest.
• Foragers tend to follow the dancing bee putting their
antennae on her abdomen.
• A drop of nectar from dancing bee can indicate food
flavour.

19. Waggle Dance

20. • This dance is generally performed when source of food is more
than 100 meter away from the hive.
• The bee runs straight ahead for a short distance on the vertical comb
surface and turns round.
• It waggles her abdomen and repeats the dancing and runs another
semi-circle to complete the circle in the opposite direction.
• This is roughly circular dance consisting of two halves “the figure eight”.
• The straight run is emphasized by vigorous shaking of the abdomen
from side to side and usually by a buzzing sound made by the flight
muscle but without noticeable wing beating.
• The waggle dance differs with different species.

21. Hive
Food
Food
• This dance indicates the distance to the food source direction
• Direction is determined by: – straight tail waggle dance that
orients the direction between the sun and the food source.
Waggle Dance
Sun
Sun
Hive

22. Joy Dance (Dorso-Ventral-Abdominal Vibration)
• This dance is observed only when conditions in the hive are
optimum.
• A bee places its front leg on some part of the body of the
other bee and make five or six shaky movement up and down.
• During this dance the bee slightly swings the abdomen side by
side.
• She crawls further and repeats the movement.
• Its done to celebrate the emergence of new queen.

23. Cleaning Dance
• Particles of dust, hairs or other foreign materials on the worker
bee body stimulate the “cleaning dance”.
• This consists of a rapid stamping of legs and a rhythmic
swinging of the body to the sides.
• At the same time, bee rapidly raises and lowers the body and
cleans around the basis of the wings with middle pair of legs.
• Such a shaking dance may be observed anytime in the hive.
• The mandibles are used to clean the thorax and the
abdomen of the dancer.
• As soon as the dancer feels the touch of the cleaner, it
stops dancing.
• Purpose of this dance is to ask another bee for a grooming.

24. Massage Dance
• This dance begins when the bees feel tired and bends its head in a
peculiar way.
• Then the neighboring bees gets excited and immediately
investigate her using the antennae, mandibles and front legs,
cleaning their antennae periodically.
• The bee unfolds the entire tongue, extends the second pair of
legs and constantly cleans the tongue with her front legs
stroking it from above downwards.
• This phenomenon is usually observed during the cold season.
• The purpose of this is to request a massage.

25. Alarm Dance:
• This dance is mainly performed to indicate contaminated
food source and to prepare for offence and defense.
• The bees run in spiral or irregular zigzag manner and vigorously
shake their abdomens sideways.
• Their flight activities drop completely and the neighboring bees
also start to respond.
Tremble Dance:
• Purpose is to inform other bees that a large load of nectar has
arrived in the hive for processing.
• In this dance, the bee walks leisurely and wiggles its legs, causing its
body to quiver and tremble.

26. Shake Dance:
Purpose is to inform house bees to help the foragers to
collect nectar from a particularly rich source. In this
dance, the forager bees shudder in front of one house
bee at a time, to notify up to 20 per minute.
Whir Dance:
Purpose is to motivate the colony to leave the hive and
swarm. In this dance, the bee runs in zigzags, whirs its
wings and shakes its body.

27. THANK YOU