Castes of honey bee
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
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The document discusses lac cultivation and processing in India. It notes that lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects living on certain tree species. India is a major producer of lac-based shellac. Lac cultivation faces risks from lack of technology, poor brood lac availability/quality, and vulnerability of insects to predators/disease. PRADAN works to improve incomes of lac rearers through training and new cultivation techniques. The document provides details on lac insect hosts, inoculation methods, harvesting, processing, uses, and challenges faced in lac production.
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Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
Insect Leg
Insect legs are segmented and consist of 5 segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Legs are modified for different habitats and behaviors, including walking, running, jumping, climbing, digging, grasping, swimming, sticking, basket-like, sucking, and food collecting. The document describes the structure and modifications of each leg type.
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history and introduction, biology hosts pruning of host plants processing of shellac natural enemies of lac insects and their management
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The document discusses lac cultivation and processing in India. It notes that lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects living on certain tree species. India is a major producer of lac-based shellac. Lac cultivation faces risks from lack of technology, poor brood lac availability/quality, and vulnerability of insects to predators/disease. PRADAN works to improve incomes of lac rearers through training and new cultivation techniques. The document provides details on lac insect hosts, inoculation methods, harvesting, processing, uses, and challenges faced in lac production.
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Species of Honeybee
Apis florea (Little honey bee)
Apis dorsata (Gaint honey bee)
Apis laboriosa (Rock bee, cliff bee)
Apis cerana (Asian or indigenous hive bee)
Apis mellifera (European honeybee)
sugarcane pests
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
Sense organs of insects and their structure
Insects have a variety of sense organs that allow them to perceive their environment. These include mechanoreceptors for touch, chemoreceptors for smell and taste, photoreceptors for vision, auditory receptors for hearing, and thermoreceptors and hygroreceptors for temperature and humidity. The main mechanoreceptors are tactile hairs, campaniform organs, and chordotonal organs. Chemoreceptors are located on antennae, mouthparts, tarsi, and other body parts. Photoreceptors include compound eyes, dorsal and lateral ocelli. Auditory receptors include tympanal organs and tactile hairs. Thermoreceptors and hygrorecept
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The document summarizes various diseases that affect honey bees, including those caused by protozoans (Nosema disease), bacteria (American and European foul brood), fungi (chalk brood and stone brood), viruses (Thai sac brood and bee paralysis viruses), mites (tracheal and Varroa mites), and disorders like colony collapse disorder. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, stages of infection, and management strategies for each disease.
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This document discusses various insect and non-insect enemies of honey bees, including the wax moth, wasps, ants, parasitic mites like Varroa destructor, and diseases. It provides details on the nature of damage caused by each enemy, symptoms of infestation or disease, and recommended management practices like removing infested comb, maintaining strong bee colonies, and using approved treatments and chemicals.
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The document discusses bee behavior and communication. It describes different types of bee dances that communicate important information like the location and distance of food sources, the need for swarming or absconding, and warnings of threats. The main dances covered are the round dance for nearby food (<100m), the waggle dance indicating direction and distance of distant food (>100m), and alarm, joy, cleaning, massage, tremble, shake, and whir dances that communicate threats, celebration, requests for grooming, arrival of nectar, and motivation to swarm. Effective bee communication involves the use of chemicals, touch, sound, and sometimes visual cues.
Apiculture types of honey bees and life cycle
1. There are five main types of honey bees - the rock bee, eastern bee, European bee, garden bee, and dammer bee. Each type varies in size, habitat, aggressiveness, and annual honey production.
2. Honey bees live in highly organized colonies consisting of a queen, several hundred drones, and thousands of worker bees that fulfill different roles.
3. Honey bees progress through four life stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The queen lays eggs that hatch into larvae in 3 days, and adults emerge 16-24 days later depending on their caste.
ENTO 332_Lec No.10_Grainage and Chawki and Late age rearing.pptx
This document provides information about grainage facilities and procedures for producing disease-free silkworm eggs on a large scale. Key points include: Grainages produce industrial seeds/eggs for commercial rearing; They are located in cooler areas and have facilities for rearing parental cocoons, sex separation, egg laying and storage; Procedures include rearing parental cocoons, synchronizing moth emergence, separating sexes, pairing and oviposition, and examining mothers for disease; Eggs are processed by soaking, salting to remove infertile eggs, and disinfection before packing. Chawki or young age rearing involves brushing, feeding tender leaves, maintaining optimal temperature and humidity, and increasing bed space as larvae
9 chapter silkworm rearing plan , rearing house plan and equipments
The document discusses optimal environmental conditions for silkworm rearing. It states that a silkworm rearing house must maintain temperature, humidity, ventilation, and other factors at optimal levels for silkworm growth. Descriptions are provided for different stages of silkworm development, including specifications for young age and late age rearing houses. Requirements for facilities, equipment, and design features that control the indoor environment are outlined.
Mounting
The document provides information about the life cycle and rearing process of silkworms. It discusses the identification of ripened worms, different mounting methods to transfer worms to frames for cocoon spinning, factors to maintain ideal environmental conditions during spinning, and harvesting of cocoons. The key stages covered are mounting mature silkworms using various techniques like picking, self-mounting, or shaking shoots; maintaining temperature, humidity, and ventilation during spinning; and harvesting cocoons 5-7 days after the start of spinning.
Bee pasturage
Definition of BEE PASTURAGE
Bee Forage
Pollen
Nectar
Propolis
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This document summarizes the morphology and life cycle of lac insects. It describes the key characteristics of male and female lac insects and notes that females are larger, lack eyes and wings, and have piercing/sucking mouthparts. The life cycle is described as taking 6 months and involving an egg, nymph, and adult stage. The nymph is the most active stage, called the crawler. Traditional and modern methods of lac production are also summarized, with the modern method involving dividing plants into parts and harvesting lac from them sequentially.
Mouth parts of Insect
The document summarizes the different types of insect mouthparts based on their structure and function. It describes 8 main types: 1) biting and chewing, 2) piercing and sucking (bug type), 3) piercing and sucking (mosquito type), 4) chewing and lapping, 5) rasping and sucking, 6) mandibulosuctorial, 7) sponging, and 8) siphoning. Each type has a distinct structure of the mouthparts that determines how the insect feeds, such as biting solid food, piercing and sucking liquids, lapping nectar, or siphoning plant fluids.
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Method of Beekeeping
This document discusses traditional and modern methods of beekeeping. Under the traditional or indigenous method, bees would build combs in wall cavities or wooden boxes, and honey was extracted by killing the bees or smoking them out and squeezing the honeycombs by hand, resulting in impure honey and a weakened bee colony. The modern method uses movable frame hives, queen excluders to separate the brood chamber from honey supers, and centrifugal honey extractors and uncapping knives to harvest honey without harming bees or combs. Appliances and scientific practices allow for better control, productivity, and humane treatment of bee colonies.
Digestive system in insects
The document discusses the digestive system of insects. It notes that insects have different digestive structures depending on whether they feed on solid foods or liquids. The main parts of the insect digestive system are the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut includes the mouth, esophagus, crop, and gizzard. The midgut is where most digestion occurs through enzymes secreted by epithelial cells. The hindgut absorbs water and nutrients before waste is excreted through the anus. Certain insects also have symbiotic microbes or structures like a filter chamber that aid their digestion.
Recent metods of pest control
This document discusses recent methods of pest control, including anti-feedants, insect attractants, insect repellents, genetic control, and insect growth regulators. Anti-feedants inhibit insect feeding without impairing appetite. Insect attractants use chemicals like pheromones and food lures to draw insects towards traps. Genetic control methods include sterile male release technique and inducing sterility through chemicals or radiation. Insect growth regulators interfere with insect growth and development by mimicking or blocking hormones like juvenile hormone and ecdysone. Overall, the document provides an overview of various modern biological and chemical pest control techniques.
Sericulture; Rearing and Economics
This document provides an overview of a seminar on sericulture and silkworm rearing economics. It discusses the history and process of silk production, including the various types of silkworms used (mulberry, eri, muga, tasar, oak tasar). It also summarizes the life cycle of the mulberry silkworm and requirements for rearing, such as temperature, space, and food (mulberry leaves). The document is intended to inform attendees of the seminar on topics within sericulture.
economic importance of insects
This document discusses beneficial and injurious insects. It begins by describing several commercially beneficial insects that produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk. It then discusses different categories of beneficial insects including those used for pollination, as predators of other insects, as parasites of harmful insects, and as decomposers. The document also notes several crops that depend on insect pollination. It concludes by describing several categories of injurious insects including disease transmitters, household pests, and those that damage domestic animals and crops.
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ENTO 332_Lec No.10_Grainage and Chawki and Late age rearing.pptx
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9 chapter silkworm rearing plan , rearing house plan and equipments
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Disease Album of Plant Diseases
This document summarizes various plant diseases affecting important crops like wheat, sugarcane, sunflower, mustard, gram, lentil, linseed, pea, cotton, mango, citrus, grape vine, apple and potato. For each disease, the causal organism, mode of infection and spread, and symptoms are described. Resistant varieties are also mentioned for some diseases. A wide range of fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes are listed as causal organisms of different diseases.
IMPORTANT GOAT BREEDS IN INDIA
1. There are over 20 goat breeds found in India. The major goat farming regions are the northern temperate region, northern western arid and semi-arid region, and southern region.
2. Important goat breeds include the Jamunapari, known for its size and dual meat and milk purpose. The Beetal is considered superior to the Jamunapari for its prolificacy and adaptability. The Sirohi is native to Rajasthan and reared for both meat and milk.
3. Goat breeds are classified according to their functions which include milch breeds known for milk production like the Jamunapari and Mehsana, meat purpose breeds, and dual purpose breeds suitable for both
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Diseases of Sugarcane
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3. The management strategies discussed include cultural practices like using disease-free seed, crop rotation and resistant varieties, physical practices like rogueing of infected plants, and chemical control using pesticides and fungicides.
Diseases of Gram
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www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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land.
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like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
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of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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