This document provides information on apiary management and beekeeping. It discusses objectives like explaining basics of apiary management and managing bees in different seasons. It also covers topics like bee swarming and its management, uniting two colonies, managing beekeeping records, and managing bee colonies for pollination. Specific techniques covered include colony inspection, cleaning beehives, feeding bees, adding foundation sheets, controlling bee swarming, collecting swarms, uniting colonies, and extracting honey. It also discusses starting a new colony, selecting an apiary site, and establishing a beehive.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
The presentation contains the description about various parts of morphology of the honey bee viz: head, type of mouthpart, abdomen including the legs and wings, and the abdomen.
1. There are five main types of honey bees - the rock bee, eastern bee, European bee, garden bee, and dammer bee. Each type varies in size, habitat, aggressiveness, and annual honey production.
2. Honey bees live in highly organized colonies consisting of a queen, several hundred drones, and thousands of worker bees that fulfill different roles.
3. Honey bees progress through four life stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The queen lays eggs that hatch into larvae in 3 days, and adults emerge 16-24 days later depending on their caste.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on sericulture and silkworm rearing economics. It discusses the history and process of silk production, including the various types of silkworms used (mulberry, eri, muga, tasar, oak tasar). It also summarizes the life cycle of the mulberry silkworm and requirements for rearing, such as temperature, space, and food (mulberry leaves). The document is intended to inform attendees of the seminar on topics within sericulture.
This document discusses different types of silks and species of silkworms. It begins by classifying silkworms taxonomically. The main types of silks discussed are Mulberry silk, Tasar silk, Muga silk, and Eri silk. For each type, it provides the scientific name of the silkworm species, its main host plants, and brief descriptions. It also discusses the life cycle of silkworms from eggs to cocoons. The document serves as an overview of major silkworm species and silk types found in India.
The rearing of silkworms for the production of silk
is called sericulture.
India is the second largest silk producing country in
the world next to China.
Silk is the secretion from the salivary glands which
are found on both sides of the alimentary canal of
silkworm larvae and this secretion hardens into
fine threads called silk.
The document summarizes various diseases that affect honey bees, including those caused by protozoans (Nosema disease), bacteria (American and European foul brood), fungi (chalk brood and stone brood), viruses (Thai sac brood and bee paralysis viruses), mites (tracheal and Varroa mites), and disorders like colony collapse disorder. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, stages of infection, and management strategies for each disease.
life cycle and biology of lack insect. ppt.pptxDharmendrakr4
This document summarizes the morphology and life cycle of lac insects. It describes the key characteristics of male and female lac insects and notes that females are larger, lack eyes and wings, and have piercing/sucking mouthparts. The life cycle is described as taking 6 months and involving an egg, nymph, and adult stage. The nymph is the most active stage, called the crawler. Traditional and modern methods of lac production are also summarized, with the modern method involving dividing plants into parts and harvesting lac from them sequentially.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
The presentation contains the description about various parts of morphology of the honey bee viz: head, type of mouthpart, abdomen including the legs and wings, and the abdomen.
1. There are five main types of honey bees - the rock bee, eastern bee, European bee, garden bee, and dammer bee. Each type varies in size, habitat, aggressiveness, and annual honey production.
2. Honey bees live in highly organized colonies consisting of a queen, several hundred drones, and thousands of worker bees that fulfill different roles.
3. Honey bees progress through four life stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The queen lays eggs that hatch into larvae in 3 days, and adults emerge 16-24 days later depending on their caste.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on sericulture and silkworm rearing economics. It discusses the history and process of silk production, including the various types of silkworms used (mulberry, eri, muga, tasar, oak tasar). It also summarizes the life cycle of the mulberry silkworm and requirements for rearing, such as temperature, space, and food (mulberry leaves). The document is intended to inform attendees of the seminar on topics within sericulture.
This document discusses different types of silks and species of silkworms. It begins by classifying silkworms taxonomically. The main types of silks discussed are Mulberry silk, Tasar silk, Muga silk, and Eri silk. For each type, it provides the scientific name of the silkworm species, its main host plants, and brief descriptions. It also discusses the life cycle of silkworms from eggs to cocoons. The document serves as an overview of major silkworm species and silk types found in India.
The rearing of silkworms for the production of silk
is called sericulture.
India is the second largest silk producing country in
the world next to China.
Silk is the secretion from the salivary glands which
are found on both sides of the alimentary canal of
silkworm larvae and this secretion hardens into
fine threads called silk.
The document summarizes various diseases that affect honey bees, including those caused by protozoans (Nosema disease), bacteria (American and European foul brood), fungi (chalk brood and stone brood), viruses (Thai sac brood and bee paralysis viruses), mites (tracheal and Varroa mites), and disorders like colony collapse disorder. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, stages of infection, and management strategies for each disease.
life cycle and biology of lack insect. ppt.pptxDharmendrakr4
This document summarizes the morphology and life cycle of lac insects. It describes the key characteristics of male and female lac insects and notes that females are larger, lack eyes and wings, and have piercing/sucking mouthparts. The life cycle is described as taking 6 months and involving an egg, nymph, and adult stage. The nymph is the most active stage, called the crawler. Traditional and modern methods of lac production are also summarized, with the modern method involving dividing plants into parts and harvesting lac from them sequentially.
This document discusses various insect and non-insect enemies of honey bees, including the wax moth, wasps, ants, parasitic mites like Varroa destructor, and diseases. It provides details on the nature of damage caused by each enemy, symptoms of infestation or disease, and recommended management practices like removing infested comb, maintaining strong bee colonies, and using approved treatments and chemicals.
This document discusses traditional and modern methods of beekeeping. Under the traditional or indigenous method, bees would build combs in wall cavities or wooden boxes, and honey was extracted by killing the bees or smoking them out and squeezing the honeycombs by hand, resulting in impure honey and a weakened bee colony. The modern method uses movable frame hives, queen excluders to separate the brood chamber from honey supers, and centrifugal honey extractors and uncapping knives to harvest honey without harming bees or combs. Appliances and scientific practices allow for better control, productivity, and humane treatment of bee colonies.
This document provides an overview of honey bees and apiculture (beekeeping). It discusses the composition of honey bee colonies including the queen bee, drone bees, and worker bees. It describes the life cycle and development of honey bees from eggs to larvae to pupae. Key aspects of beekeeping covered include the history of scientific study of bees, common bee species, honey extraction methods, and bee pasturage (plants used for nectar and pollen).
silk worm is a holo metabolous insect four stages are there in its life cycle. 1. Egg 2. Larva ( 5 instars) 3. Pupa 4. Adult. rearing of silkworms is called sericulture. Moriculture is the science of mulberry cultivation to rear silk worms for silk production. Bombyx mori feed specifically on mulberry leaves, Different types of silk worms. There are five major types of silk of commercial importance, obtained from different species of silkworms which in turn feed on a number of food plants: Except mulberry, other varieties of silks are generally termed as non mulberry silks. India has the unique distinction of producing all these commercial varieties of silk. SILK WORM TYPES ARE:- 1. Mulberry silk worm. 2. Tasar silk worm. 3. Oak Tasar silk worm. 4. Eri silk worm. 5. Muga silk worm. silk gland is modified salivary gland produces silk, The silk of silkworms is secreted by a pair of labial gland, known as silk glands. The silk glands lie ventral to the alimentary canal. In full grown larvae, these occupy most of the body cavity. The silk glands are tubular in shape with different diameters in different regions. Each gland has 3 distinct regions
Sericulture is the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk. India is the second largest producer of silk after China. There are five major types of silkworms reared - mulberry, tasar, oak tasar, eri, and muga. Mulberry silkworm feeds solely on mulberry leaves while others feed on different host plants. Sericulture involves various stages from silkworm egg production to cocoon harvesting. It is an important cottage industry providing livelihoods but also poses some health hazards to workers. Central Silk Board oversees the sericulture industry in India.
Seasonal management of honey bee and pollinators deficit in onionHem Raj Pant
- The document discusses seasonal management of honey bees, focusing on different management practices needed during different seasons like spring, summer, monsoon, winter, etc. to meet the colony's changing needs over the year.
- It also discusses the importance of pollinators like honey bees for crop pollination and seed production. Studies have shown insect pollination, especially by honey bees, can increase onion seed yield, number of seeds per umbel, seed weight, and germination rate compared to no insect or self-pollination.
- The major honey bee species that pollinate onions in Nepal and India include Apis laboriosa, A. dorsata, A. mellifera, A.
This document discusses beekeeping and honey bees in India. It provides classifications of honey bee species found in India, including the rock bee, Indian hive bee, little bee, European bee, and Dammer bee. It describes the characteristics of each species. The document also discusses traditional and modern methods of beekeeping, including typical hive components. It covers honey production processes and the chemical composition and uses of honey. In conclusion, it notes that modern beekeeping involves production of additional bee products beyond honey.
Modern method of apiculture - Apiculture - BeekeepingMuhammad Yousaf
The document discusses the modern methods of apiculture (beekeeping). It describes five key parts: 1) the typical movable hive, which allows beekeeping in different locations; 2) the queen excluder, which prevents the queen from entering the honey storage area; 3) the honey extractor, which uses centrifugal force to remove honey from combs without damage; 4) the uncapping knife, which removes wax seals from honey-filled combs; and 5) other equipment like protective gear for safe bee handling. The typical hive framework includes a stand, bottom board, brood chamber for larvae, supers for extra space, inner cover for ventilation, and a top cover for protection from rain.
This document provides information about grainage facilities and procedures for producing disease-free silkworm eggs on a large scale. Key points include: Grainages produce industrial seeds/eggs for commercial rearing; They are located in cooler areas and have facilities for rearing parental cocoons, sex separation, egg laying and storage; Procedures include rearing parental cocoons, synchronizing moth emergence, separating sexes, pairing and oviposition, and examining mothers for disease; Eggs are processed by soaking, salting to remove infertile eggs, and disinfection before packing. Chawki or young age rearing involves brushing, feeding tender leaves, maintaining optimal temperature and humidity, and increasing bed space as larvae
Beekeeping
- Beekeeping Defination
- History Of beekeeping
- Beekeeping in india
- What is bee hives?
- Commercial Methods of bee rearing
- What is an apiary?
- Beekeeping Equipments
- Seasonal Management Of Honey Bees
A bee colony consists of a queen, thousands of workers, and hundreds of drones. The queen is the largest bee and lays hundreds of eggs per day. Workers are female bees that take care of the hive through various roles like nursing, building wax cells, and foraging. Drones are male bees whose sole purpose is to mate with virgin queens. Workers and drones are dependent on the queen and workers for food, while the queen relies on workers for food and protection.
This document provides an overview of the process of cocoon harvesting and processing for silk production. It discusses the stages of late age worm rearing and cocoon harvesting. It then details the various steps involved in cocoon processing including selection, stifling/drying, sorting, cooking, brushing, reeling, croisure, rereeling, winding, rewinding, doubling, twisting, degumming, bleaching, dyeing, lacing, skeining and book making. The goal is to transform harvested cocoons into raw silk thread through these processing steps.
This document discusses various equipment used in beekeeping, including different types of beehives, protective clothing, tools, and other accessories. It describes Langstroth frame hives, ISI hives, bee veils, gloves, overalls, hive tools, smokers, bee brushes, uncapping knives, honey extractors, queen cages, queen cell protectors, dummy/division boards, comb foundation sheets, division board feeders, queen gates, drone traps, queen excluders, nucleus hives, and pollen traps. Details are provided on the purpose and construction of each item.
This document provides information about sericulture (silk farming). It begins with definitions of sericulture and discusses the history and discovery of silk. It then describes the major types of silkworms and their host plants. The document outlines the three divisions of sericulture production - cultivation of host plants, rearing of silkworms, and reeling of cocoons. Details are provided on the life cycle and rearing of the mulberry silkworm. The document concludes with statistics on global silk production and the role of India's silk industry.
Lac insect, it's natural enemies and their managementAaliya Afroz
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
Introduction
Sericulture, or silk farming, is the rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.
Species of silkworm
Mulberry silkworm
Tasar silkworm
Muga silkworm
Eri silkworm
Oak silkworm
Giant silkworm
History
Types of silk
Tasar
Eri
Mulberry
Muga
Life cycle
Advantages
Uses
Diseases
Pebrene
Grasserie
Flacherie
Muscardine
Production of silk India
Research Institutes
Artificial production
In vitro culture of embryo
Tissue culture media- Grace’s medium
Cell line production
Nutrition production
Apiculture: introduction, species types and different methods of rearing of beesTehreem Sarwar
Beekeeping involves maintaining honey bee colonies in hives. A beekeeper collects honey and other hive products like beeswax, while also pollinating crops. Humans have kept bees since at least 15,000 years ago, and methods have advanced from crude extraction to modern hives and equipment. Honey bees are social insects that live in colonies and communicate through dances. The main honey bee species are A. dorsata, A. indica, A. mellifera, and A. florea, which differ in size, aggressiveness, and domesticability. Beekeeping provides nutritional and medicinal honey, as well as economic benefits through pollination, wax, and other products.
Beekeeping involves the maintenance of honey bee colonies by humans in order to collect honey and other hive products, pollinate crops, or produce bees for sale. A beekeeper keeps bees in hives located in an apiary and manages the colony to collect honey and wax while providing for the bees' needs. Traditional fixed comb hives are still used in some areas but most modern beekeeping uses movable frame hives like the Langstroth hive, allowing inspection of frames to monitor bee health and harvest honey and wax.
This document provides an overview of beekeeping for beginners in Kentucky. It discusses bee biology and the roles of queens, workers, and drones in the hive. It covers basic beekeeping equipment like hive bodies, frames, and protective gear. It explains how to acquire bees and perform basic operations such as feeding and inspecting hives. The document also discusses seasonal management activities and enemies of bees. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive introduction and reference for anyone interested in starting beekeeping.
This document discusses various insect and non-insect enemies of honey bees, including the wax moth, wasps, ants, parasitic mites like Varroa destructor, and diseases. It provides details on the nature of damage caused by each enemy, symptoms of infestation or disease, and recommended management practices like removing infested comb, maintaining strong bee colonies, and using approved treatments and chemicals.
This document discusses traditional and modern methods of beekeeping. Under the traditional or indigenous method, bees would build combs in wall cavities or wooden boxes, and honey was extracted by killing the bees or smoking them out and squeezing the honeycombs by hand, resulting in impure honey and a weakened bee colony. The modern method uses movable frame hives, queen excluders to separate the brood chamber from honey supers, and centrifugal honey extractors and uncapping knives to harvest honey without harming bees or combs. Appliances and scientific practices allow for better control, productivity, and humane treatment of bee colonies.
This document provides an overview of honey bees and apiculture (beekeeping). It discusses the composition of honey bee colonies including the queen bee, drone bees, and worker bees. It describes the life cycle and development of honey bees from eggs to larvae to pupae. Key aspects of beekeeping covered include the history of scientific study of bees, common bee species, honey extraction methods, and bee pasturage (plants used for nectar and pollen).
silk worm is a holo metabolous insect four stages are there in its life cycle. 1. Egg 2. Larva ( 5 instars) 3. Pupa 4. Adult. rearing of silkworms is called sericulture. Moriculture is the science of mulberry cultivation to rear silk worms for silk production. Bombyx mori feed specifically on mulberry leaves, Different types of silk worms. There are five major types of silk of commercial importance, obtained from different species of silkworms which in turn feed on a number of food plants: Except mulberry, other varieties of silks are generally termed as non mulberry silks. India has the unique distinction of producing all these commercial varieties of silk. SILK WORM TYPES ARE:- 1. Mulberry silk worm. 2. Tasar silk worm. 3. Oak Tasar silk worm. 4. Eri silk worm. 5. Muga silk worm. silk gland is modified salivary gland produces silk, The silk of silkworms is secreted by a pair of labial gland, known as silk glands. The silk glands lie ventral to the alimentary canal. In full grown larvae, these occupy most of the body cavity. The silk glands are tubular in shape with different diameters in different regions. Each gland has 3 distinct regions
Sericulture is the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk. India is the second largest producer of silk after China. There are five major types of silkworms reared - mulberry, tasar, oak tasar, eri, and muga. Mulberry silkworm feeds solely on mulberry leaves while others feed on different host plants. Sericulture involves various stages from silkworm egg production to cocoon harvesting. It is an important cottage industry providing livelihoods but also poses some health hazards to workers. Central Silk Board oversees the sericulture industry in India.
Seasonal management of honey bee and pollinators deficit in onionHem Raj Pant
- The document discusses seasonal management of honey bees, focusing on different management practices needed during different seasons like spring, summer, monsoon, winter, etc. to meet the colony's changing needs over the year.
- It also discusses the importance of pollinators like honey bees for crop pollination and seed production. Studies have shown insect pollination, especially by honey bees, can increase onion seed yield, number of seeds per umbel, seed weight, and germination rate compared to no insect or self-pollination.
- The major honey bee species that pollinate onions in Nepal and India include Apis laboriosa, A. dorsata, A. mellifera, A.
This document discusses beekeeping and honey bees in India. It provides classifications of honey bee species found in India, including the rock bee, Indian hive bee, little bee, European bee, and Dammer bee. It describes the characteristics of each species. The document also discusses traditional and modern methods of beekeeping, including typical hive components. It covers honey production processes and the chemical composition and uses of honey. In conclusion, it notes that modern beekeeping involves production of additional bee products beyond honey.
Modern method of apiculture - Apiculture - BeekeepingMuhammad Yousaf
The document discusses the modern methods of apiculture (beekeeping). It describes five key parts: 1) the typical movable hive, which allows beekeeping in different locations; 2) the queen excluder, which prevents the queen from entering the honey storage area; 3) the honey extractor, which uses centrifugal force to remove honey from combs without damage; 4) the uncapping knife, which removes wax seals from honey-filled combs; and 5) other equipment like protective gear for safe bee handling. The typical hive framework includes a stand, bottom board, brood chamber for larvae, supers for extra space, inner cover for ventilation, and a top cover for protection from rain.
This document provides information about grainage facilities and procedures for producing disease-free silkworm eggs on a large scale. Key points include: Grainages produce industrial seeds/eggs for commercial rearing; They are located in cooler areas and have facilities for rearing parental cocoons, sex separation, egg laying and storage; Procedures include rearing parental cocoons, synchronizing moth emergence, separating sexes, pairing and oviposition, and examining mothers for disease; Eggs are processed by soaking, salting to remove infertile eggs, and disinfection before packing. Chawki or young age rearing involves brushing, feeding tender leaves, maintaining optimal temperature and humidity, and increasing bed space as larvae
Beekeeping
- Beekeeping Defination
- History Of beekeeping
- Beekeeping in india
- What is bee hives?
- Commercial Methods of bee rearing
- What is an apiary?
- Beekeeping Equipments
- Seasonal Management Of Honey Bees
A bee colony consists of a queen, thousands of workers, and hundreds of drones. The queen is the largest bee and lays hundreds of eggs per day. Workers are female bees that take care of the hive through various roles like nursing, building wax cells, and foraging. Drones are male bees whose sole purpose is to mate with virgin queens. Workers and drones are dependent on the queen and workers for food, while the queen relies on workers for food and protection.
This document provides an overview of the process of cocoon harvesting and processing for silk production. It discusses the stages of late age worm rearing and cocoon harvesting. It then details the various steps involved in cocoon processing including selection, stifling/drying, sorting, cooking, brushing, reeling, croisure, rereeling, winding, rewinding, doubling, twisting, degumming, bleaching, dyeing, lacing, skeining and book making. The goal is to transform harvested cocoons into raw silk thread through these processing steps.
This document discusses various equipment used in beekeeping, including different types of beehives, protective clothing, tools, and other accessories. It describes Langstroth frame hives, ISI hives, bee veils, gloves, overalls, hive tools, smokers, bee brushes, uncapping knives, honey extractors, queen cages, queen cell protectors, dummy/division boards, comb foundation sheets, division board feeders, queen gates, drone traps, queen excluders, nucleus hives, and pollen traps. Details are provided on the purpose and construction of each item.
This document provides information about sericulture (silk farming). It begins with definitions of sericulture and discusses the history and discovery of silk. It then describes the major types of silkworms and their host plants. The document outlines the three divisions of sericulture production - cultivation of host plants, rearing of silkworms, and reeling of cocoons. Details are provided on the life cycle and rearing of the mulberry silkworm. The document concludes with statistics on global silk production and the role of India's silk industry.
Lac insect, it's natural enemies and their managementAaliya Afroz
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
Introduction
Sericulture, or silk farming, is the rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.
Species of silkworm
Mulberry silkworm
Tasar silkworm
Muga silkworm
Eri silkworm
Oak silkworm
Giant silkworm
History
Types of silk
Tasar
Eri
Mulberry
Muga
Life cycle
Advantages
Uses
Diseases
Pebrene
Grasserie
Flacherie
Muscardine
Production of silk India
Research Institutes
Artificial production
In vitro culture of embryo
Tissue culture media- Grace’s medium
Cell line production
Nutrition production
Apiculture: introduction, species types and different methods of rearing of beesTehreem Sarwar
Beekeeping involves maintaining honey bee colonies in hives. A beekeeper collects honey and other hive products like beeswax, while also pollinating crops. Humans have kept bees since at least 15,000 years ago, and methods have advanced from crude extraction to modern hives and equipment. Honey bees are social insects that live in colonies and communicate through dances. The main honey bee species are A. dorsata, A. indica, A. mellifera, and A. florea, which differ in size, aggressiveness, and domesticability. Beekeeping provides nutritional and medicinal honey, as well as economic benefits through pollination, wax, and other products.
Beekeeping involves the maintenance of honey bee colonies by humans in order to collect honey and other hive products, pollinate crops, or produce bees for sale. A beekeeper keeps bees in hives located in an apiary and manages the colony to collect honey and wax while providing for the bees' needs. Traditional fixed comb hives are still used in some areas but most modern beekeeping uses movable frame hives like the Langstroth hive, allowing inspection of frames to monitor bee health and harvest honey and wax.
This document provides an overview of beekeeping for beginners in Kentucky. It discusses bee biology and the roles of queens, workers, and drones in the hive. It covers basic beekeeping equipment like hive bodies, frames, and protective gear. It explains how to acquire bees and perform basic operations such as feeding and inspecting hives. The document also discusses seasonal management activities and enemies of bees. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive introduction and reference for anyone interested in starting beekeeping.
Re-queening feral or aggressive hives can replace undesirable traits by introducing a more docile queen. Nervous, defensive bees that are overly runny or drippy should be re-queened. It is best to re-queen sooner rather than later when hives are still establishing. Using a nucleus hive is the most successful re-queening method. Moving the brood chamber away removes aggressive foragers, allowing easier queen detection. Finding and introducing the new queen can require patience and creativity with very defensive hives showing heavy African traits.
Commercial beekeeping involves rearing honey bees to collect honey and other hive products like beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly. It is important for pollinating about 1/3 of global food crops. European honey bees are commonly used as they are easy to handle and produce large amounts of honey. Beekeeping includes maintaining hives, providing bees with sugar syrup when flowers are scarce, inspecting hives to monitor the queen and activity, and collecting hive products once honey is packed into frames. Protective beekeeping suits and regular maintenance are needed to safely practice apiculture.
This document summarizes five important species of honey bees: the rock bee, Indian hive bee, little bee/dwarf bee, European/Italian bee, and Dammer/stingless bee. It provides details on the characteristics of each species such as size, honey production, and domesticability. Additional sections cover the anatomy of a bee hive, roles of queen/worker bees, bee diseases, history of beekeeping, and applications of honey and beeswax.
This document discusses apiculture, or beekeeping. It describes the different types of honey bees, the roles of workers, drones and queens in a bee colony. Indigenous and modern methods of beekeeping are explained, along with common beekeeping equipment like hives, honey extractors, and protective gear. Products from beekeeping like honey and wax are outlined, along with their various uses.
Beekeeping is the maintenance of bee colonies, commonly in man-made hives, by humans. A beekeeper keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produce (beeswax, propolis, flower pollen, bee pollen, and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or produce bees for sale to other beekeepers.
You have opened a hive and found queen cells. First of all, don’t panic and, whatever you do, on NO account adopt the Dalek strategy of ‘exterminate them, exterminate them’! It did not work for the Daleks - they lost out to Dr Who every time - and it will not work for you. Destroying queen cells to prevent swarming never has been and never will be a successful method of swarm control. If you destroy one lot of queen cells the bees will immediately make some more and will probably swarm earlier than normal in their development - often before the first cells are sealed. If you destroy queen cells twice you run the risk of the colony swarming and leaving behind no provision for a new queen.
The document summarizes the morphology, life cycle, and colony organization of honey bees. It also describes the traditional and modern methods of beekeeping.
1) Honey bees have three body parts - a head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains antennae and mouthparts. The thorax contains legs and wings. The abdomen contains a sting and glands.
2) A honey bee colony contains one queen, thousands of workers, and hundreds of drones. The queen lays fertilized and unfertilized eggs which become workers or drones. Workers perform tasks like cleaning, feeding larvae, guarding, and foraging.
3) Modern beekeeping uses movable frame hives to allow extraction of honey
This document provides an overview of basic beekeeping. It discusses keeping honey bees for honey production, pollination, or interest in nature. Beekeeping can be done almost anywhere in the US with protective equipment in case of allergic reactions to stings. The document then describes honey bee biology, including the roles of workers, drones, and the queen. It also outlines three common bee strains - Italian, Caucasian, and Carniolan bees. The needs of honey bees for shelter, nectar, pollen, propolis, and water are explained. Finally, it provides tips for getting started in beekeeping including timing, hive configurations, and considerations for purchasing an existing hive or package of bees.
mortalidad delas abejas si el ácido oxálico se aplica en temporada de frío. Posiblemente esto se deba aque las abejas mojadas no resisten bien al frío nocturno. Por lo cual se debería aplicar solamente cuando la temperatura no este inferior a 10ºC en la noche. Por otra parte, investigadores europeos mencionan que el ácido oxálico tiende a reducir la duración de vida de las abejas de invierno Esto significa que en clima templado, si se aplica este producto en otoño, puede haber problemas de despoblación en la primavera siguiente. En México y la mayor parte de américa, no se presenta el invierno drástico de los climas templados. Según nuestra experiencia, nunca ha habido problemas consecutivos al manejo de este producto, por lo cual se puede usar en Los resultados han sido muy buenos, debido a que se hace el tratamiento en épocas de invierno, que es el momento justo en el que la reina no se encuentra poniendo huevos, debido a las bajas temperaturas. Con este tipo de tratamientos se asegura eliminar cerca de 99% de la población de Varroa.
En México el fenómeno de invernación de las colonias no se produce, ya que existe cría todo el año. Esta gran diferencia hace que el combate contra Varroa no sea solo de una vez al año sino que se tiene que tratar por lo menos dos veces al año.
cualquier temporada. Sin embargo, por la falta de información, recomendamos a los apicultores de clima templado (particularmente sur de Chile y Argentina) no aplicar el ácido oxálico en otoño, sino solo en primavera, cuando las abejas no necesitan vivir por un largo tiempo.
This document provides an overview of basic beekeeping. It discusses keeping honey bees for honey production, pollination, or interest in nature. Beekeeping can be done almost anywhere with the right protective equipment, as bee stings can cause allergic reactions. The document then describes honey bee biology, including the roles of workers, drones, and the queen. It also discusses common bee strains in the US and the needs of honey bees, including shelter, nectar, pollen, propolis, and water. Finally, it provides guidance on getting started with beekeeping in the spring and describes methods for obtaining bees, such as packages, nucs, or complete hives.
This document provides definitions for many beekeeping terms. It defines anatomical parts of bees like the abdomen and body regions. It also defines beekeeping equipment, bee diseases, roles of bees in the colony, and processes involved in beekeeping like honey extraction. Key terms defined include hive, frames, queen, drones, larvae, pollen, honey, wax, beekeeping tools and more. It is a glossary of common beekeeping terminology.
This document provides information about assisting beekeeping operations. It discusses beekeeping tools and materials needed like bee suits, hives, and smokers. It also outlines standard beekeeping procedures such as colony inspection, transferring colonies, supering hives to add space, harvesting honey, and feeding bees supplements. Key safety practices are identifying hazards and wearing protective clothing. The document aims to inform people assisting beekeepers about common beekeeping tasks and how to properly handle bees and equipment.
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Honey bees live in well-organized colonies and produce honey from collecting pollen and nectar. They are social insects with different roles, including a queen, workers, and male drones. Honey bees display defensive behaviors to protect their nests but can only sting once. Their behavior and social structure allow them to survive harsh winter conditions through food storage and clustering for warmth.
This document discusses seasonal management of honey bee colonies. It outlines the honey flow seasons and dearth periods for different regions. During honey flows, beekeepers should provide space for honey storage and confine queens. During dearth periods, colonies must be fed sugar syrup, pollen supplements, and substitutes. The document also details management strategies for different seasons, including preventing swarming, equalizing colony strength, and providing winter insulation.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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2. OBJECTIVES
explain the basics of apiary
management;
manage bees in different seasons;
learn bee swarming and its
management;
unite two colonies;
manage beekeeping records;
manage bee colonies for pollination.
3. MANAGEMENT OF COLONIES
Colony Inspection
Inspect the beehives at least once in a week during the honey-flow seasons preferably
during the morning hours to observe the presence of healthy queen, brood development,
storage of honey and pollen, presence of queen cells, bee strength, growth of drones and
presence of bee enemies like wax moth, mites and diseases.
Cleaning in Beehive
Clean hive in the following sequence: roof, super chamber, brood chambers and
bottom board. Use thin knife to scrape and destroy eggs of wax moth laid in slits or cracks of
beehive.
Feeding Bees with Sugar Syrup
Provide sugar syrup (1 part sugar and 1 part water)
to feed bees during dearth period.
Feed all the colonies in the apiary at the same time to
avoid robbing particularly in dearth period.
4. Addition of Artificial Comb Foundation Sheets
Comb foundation sheets are thin sheet of beeswax with the cell bases of worker cells
embossed on both sides in the same manner as they are produced naturally by honey bees.
The comb foundation sheets are fixed in the empty wooden frames (one in each) so that
bees raise them as worker combs for laying eggs or storing honey, which increases the
honey yield.
Comb foundation for Apis mellifera is designed to fit the Langstroth hive brood frames and
can be cut to fit the super frame. Comb foundation for Apis cerana indica is designed to fit
the Newton hives; it is smaller and has a smaller cell size.
Using comb foundation sheets has a number of advantages-
Comb foundation sheet saves the bee’s time and
energy in building new combs.
It helps in production of straight regular combs which are easy to handle and fits
well in honey extractor.
Combs are stronger and will not be damaged during migration.
Drone production in a hive can be minimized
as the foundation sheets does not have the larger cells needed for drone rearing. When the
bees want to rear drones, they adapt the foundation and make larger cells.
5. Bee Swarming and its Management
Swarming is the natural process of multiplication of honey bee colonies.
In this process the old queen bee accompanies the swarming bees, leaving behind a cross-
section of the old population, having a few queen cells from which the new queen bee emerges.
In case the swarming colony is not managed properly and timely, it may issue secondary and
tertiary swarms and causes great loss to the beekeeper. Sometimes, when bees swarm in the
end of the breeding season the new queen in the mother colony remains unmated and ultimately
bee strength dwindles.
Even if the queen mates after some days, the colony is unable to build up to a desirable strength
for the full exploitation of ensuing main honey flow.
The appearance of drones, queen cells and over-crowded condition in the brood nest are
essential pre-requisites of a swarming colony. The presence of larger cells with coarse surface on
the periphery of the comb also indicates that the colony is going to issue a swarm.
6. Control of Swarming
(a) Preventive measures:
Prevention of swarming in a colony is concerned with the steps that need to be
taken to prevent over-crowding and queen cell construction in the honey bee colony.
(i) Removal of congestion:
To avoid congestion in a colony, the timely and adequate provision of space is the most
important and vital operation to be carried out. As a good beekeeper you should always
remain ahead of bees inproviding the space. The drawn combs if available should be
inserted, otherwise frames with comb foundation sheets be added.
(ii) Reversing:
When the colonies are at super, reversing the chambers (brood chamber with
super and vice versa) is the simplest and easiest method of swarm prevention. It should be
done at fortnightly interval. The queen bee has a tendency to restrict her activities in one
chamber only. Consequently, that chamber usually becomes over- crowded with the brood
and sometimes with food. By reversing the chambers, more space becomes available for
laying. The queen bee in the due course of time will shift to the lower chamber, thus relieving
the immediate congestion and deterring the construction of queen cells.
7. Remedial Measures
(i) Measures such as clipping of queen which involves cutting the wings
of the queen by half especially one wing; caging the queen by putting wire
entrance guard or by placing queen excluder in between bottom board and
brood chamber and destruction of queen cells can delay the swarming but
cannot completely prevent the colony from issuing a swarm.
(ii) The urge of swarming gets subsided by dividing the colonies. You can
make more colonies either for own apiary or to sell them out to beginners.
However, if your aim is not the multiplication, then the divided colonies can
be re-united just before the start of honey flow. By that time the swarming
urge gets subsided. During uniting, the older queen should be killed and new
one which would then lead the colony would show less swarming urge.
8. Collecting Swarms
Collecting honey bee swarms in the spring is an excellent way to replace winter losses,
strengthen weak colonies, or start new ones.
Primary swarms are valuable; they may contain as many as 25,000 bees plus the queen
There are various methods to capture a swarm.
When the swarm first settles down and forms a cluster it is relatively easy to capture the
swarm in a suitable box. Swarms normally cluster on a tree limb, shrub, fence post, or on the
side of a building.
When possible, remove the swarm gently, disturbing the cluster as little as possible, and put
it directly into a hive or enclosed container (a cardboard box with a tight-fitting lid works well)
to transport it to a new hive or location.
If the swarm cannot be cut down, either shake or scrape the bees into a lightweight box.
When a swarm settles in a very high tree or on any other inaccessible structure, it is best to
leave it there. Such swarms may be an after- swarm with one or more virgin queens and
their successful capture can be very difficult. Sometimes you can knock these high swarms
into a bucket at the end of a long pole and then lower it to a collecting box.
The success rate, however, is very low.
9. Once you have successfully captured a swarm, introduce the swarm into your own
equipment by either shaking or dumping the bees into an open hive with several
frames removed or simply by shaking it in front of the hive.
If you are successful in getting the queen with the rest of the swarm, the bees will
adopt the hive. Using drawn combs is better than foundation when introducing
swarms to an empty hive, but one or two drawn combs, preferably with pollen,
brood, and/or honey (from a disease-free colony), combined with foundation also
works.
Precautions: You should follow following precautions while swarming:
Release the swarm in the beehive during evening hours.
Smoke is not recommended to calm a clustered swarm. Smoke will have the
opposite effect on a clustered swarm as many bees will become agitated and fly
about instead of settling down.
The colonies should be kept in shade as shade makes the bees to tolerate lesser
ventilation and overcrowding to some extent.
Bee colonies headed by older queen are more prone to swarming. Efforts to
change the queen in early spring are remunerative in reducing swarming.
10. Uniting Bee Colonies (Newspaper Method)
Remove the outer and inner covers of colonies to be united and put a single sheet of
newspaper on the top bars of strong colony. 4
Make small holes in the newspaper with ansmall pin.
This helps hive odours pass back and forth between the strong colony and then weak one
that you’re about to place on top.
Take the hive body from the weak colony without queen and place it directly on top of the
stronger colony’s hive.
Only the perforated sheet of newspaper separates the two colonies. After two days both the
colonies join into one strong colony.
11. Avoid Spraying of Pesticides when
Crop is in Blooming
Many pesticides are extremely toxic to
honey bees and other beneficial insects.
Honey bees are attracted to blooming
flowers of all plant species. If at all
possible do not spray blooms directly
with pesticides for pest management. If
the pesticide needs to be sprayed, apply
it in the evening hours.
12. Extraction of Honey
The combs, which are completely sealed or two-third capped may be taken out for
extraction of honey and returned to supers after honey extraction. There are four
steps involved in honey extraction.
Step 1: Open the Hive
Step 2: Remove bees from the frames which are selected for extraction
Step 3: Uncap the cells of honey comb
Step 4: Extract the Honey by using honey extractor
Step 5: Strain and bottle the honey
13. Artificial Bee rearing (Apiary), Beehives – Newton and
Langstroth box
A beehive is a rectangular wooden box filled with moveable wood or plastic frames, each of
which holds a sheet of wax or plastic foundation.
The bees build cells upon the sheets of foundation to create a complete honeycomb.
Foundation comes in two cell sizes:
(i) worker foundation, which enables the bees to create small, hexagonal worker cells
and
(ii) drone foundation, which allows the bees to build much larger cells for drones.
The bottom box, known as brood chamber contains the queen and most of the bees and the
upper boxes or supers contain just honey.
The young nurse bees produce wax flakes to build honeycomb using the artificial wax
foundation as a starting point, after which they may raise brood or deposit honey and pollen
in the cells of the comb.
You may choose a beehive depending upon the bee species, cost, ease of production and
expected returns.
14. Different types of bee hives were in use in various parts of our country. They are pot hive,
nucleous hive, single walled and double walled Dadant hives, British standard hive,
Langstroth hive, Indian Standard Industries (ISI) hive, Jeolikote hive and Newton hive.
Beehives may be divided into three types:
Fixed comb hives: These are traditional hive, which include structure made of cylindrical
bark and log hives and various other hives of many different forms and materials.
Movable-comb hives: These are the top- bar hives, where bees build their comb attached to
a top bar that can be lifted out of the hive. They have no frames.
Movable-frame hives: A modern beehive is known as the movable frame hive. These hives
have movable frames which hold the wax sheets that serve as a starting point for the bees to
build honeycomb. The top wooden box consists of honey while the bottom box consists of
queen bee and the other worker bees.
A beehive is selected keeping in view the
race of bee to be reared. A standard movable frame hive
has the following major parts:
15. Stand: To support bottom board.
Bottom board: It is floor of the hive having an entrance for bees. On this board brood
chamber rests.
Brood chamber: Chamber used for rearing of brood. Frames are placed in this chamber on
which bees raise combs. The dimensions and number of frames vary with the type of hive. A
wooden dummy board is used to limit the size of brood chamber and is placed at the end of
brood frames.
Frame: Each frame consists of a top bar, two side and a bottom bar. Inner aspect of the top
bar has a groove for fixing comb foundation sheet. Side bar has 4 holes for wiring the frame. The
frame holds a comb.
Dimensions of hive: In general for A. melliferawe use Langstroth hive (named after L.L.
Langstroth) and for A. cerana, BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) hive A and B type. In 1995,
BIS introduced C-type hive based on Langstroth hive, for A. melifera. Well seasoned wood of
“Kail, “Toon”, teak or rubber can be used for making good quality bee hives. Wood having
strong smell is not used.
Super: Dimensions may be same as that of brood chamber or half of it (depending on type of
bee hive). This is the chamber where bees store surplus honey.
Inner cover: A board which acts as a partition between brood/super chamber and the roof .
Top cover: A type of lid acting as roof placed over inner cover.
16. Nucleus hive: Small bee hive for keeping 4-6 frames. These are
used for mating of queens and division of colonies
Observation hive: Small hive with glass sides so as to observe
movements and behavior of bees
17. Selection of sites
LOCATING AN APIARY
You must carefully select the area where you can locate your hives. The selected site should be
close to your house for easy and regular supervision. There are several factors you should
consider while selecting a site to place beehives.
Apiary should be located in areas of sufficient sources of nectar and pollen yielding plants.
Bees usually forage within a 2-3 km radius of their hives, so make sure there are food
sources within that radius.
The site should be dry without dampness. High relative humidity will affect bee flight and
ripening of nectar.
Easy access to an apiary site throughout the year, with a hard path down to the apiary.
Apiary should be established away from roads and other busy places.
A flat site is easier to place hives.
Apiary should not be located in animal grazing areas because beehives may be toppled.
The site should receive sun rays in morning and evenings and shade during hottest
part of the day.
18. The site should be sheltered from wind, so that foragers don’t struggle to land at the hive
entrance and the roof stays on. A hedge provides good cover against the wind.
Clean fresh running water should be available in the apiary or nearby apiaries.
Dense foliage cover can make hives too wet and cold; however some shade in the afternoon
helps the bees to work less to cool the hive or even dying from heat exhaustion or collapsing
honey combs. Hence, avoid placing hives under dense foliage.
Enclose the apiary with a barrier of some sort, such as a hedge or fence to force the
bees to fly in above head height.
Avoid establishment of apiaries in poor drainage areas and heavy pesticide use areas.
Keep the area around the hives clear of tall weeds or grass. Cut grass and weeds –don’t use
spray of any kind.
The distance between two hives should be atleast 3 meters.
An apiary should not have more than 25-40 hives. If too many hives are placed into an
apiary the bee colonies compete with each other.
Facing the hive entrance to the East is the best way to get the most work out of bees as they
usually fly from morning until early afternoon. If the bees see the sun early, they will start
work earlier.
19. STARTING A COLONY
Normally a bee colony with 5 frames full of bees having sealed brood and immature brood,
especially with eggs and young queen should be used to start hiving.
Following tips may be useful to you:
1. Make preparations: Before setting up an apiary, you should be ready after undergoing
proper training, buying new equipments, assembling new hives with the help of an expert,
ordering new colonies well in advance, etc.
2. Start small: Two or four colonies are ideal number for a beginner to keep for one or two
year. Expand the colonies as you gain experience.
3. Execute work: When the package of bees arrives, your hives should be on the site.
Prepare a work schedule and follow strictly.
Suitable season for starting beekeeping coincides with mild climatic conditions and availability of
bee flora in plenty. Normally, spring (February-April) and post-monsoon (September -
November) seasons are the best periods to start beekeeping.
20. ESTABLISHMENT OF A BEEHIVE
A new beehive may be established by following ways:
Capturing a Swarm of Bees
To establish a bee colony, bees can be obtained by transferring a wild nesting colony to a
hive or attract a passing swarm of bees to occupy it.
Collecting honey bee swarms in the spring is an excellent way to replace winter losses,
strengthen weak colonies, or start new ones.
Swarms normally cluster on a tree limb shrub, fence post, or on the side of a building.
Swarms near the ground are relatively easy to capture. When possible, remove the swarm
gently, disturbing the cluster as little as possible, and put it directly into a hive or enclosed
container to transport it to a new hive or location.
Before putting a swarm or even a colony in a prepared hive, it would be beneficial to make
the hive smell familiar by rubbing old brown comb pieces or some bee wax.
If possible, the Queen bee can be captured from a natural swarm and placed under a hive to
attract the other bees.
Feed the hived swarm for a few weeks with sugar syrup for its easy establishment.
21. Purchase a Packaged Bee Colony
The easiest and the best way to start beekeeping is by purchasing a packaged bee colony
from an established beekeeper or a reputed supplier.
A package consists of about 3000-4000 bees. It has a cage with a young mated queen and
two or three worker bees to care for her.
The cage contains sugar candy as a food source. A cage containing sugar syrup is
positioned in the middle of the package for feeding the bees during transportation.
The package bees may not produce a honey crop in the first year. The bees will have to be
fed until the start of the nector flow.
Using Nucleus
A nucleus, popularly known as “nuc”, is a hive of bees comprising two to five frames of comb
instead of the standard 10 frame in a standard hive and smaller in size.
A nucleus usually consists of brood, honey and pollen, a laying queen, and each frame has
adult bees.
Get them inspected for any disease or pest by an expert. If the nucleus colony is strong then
there is a possibility of getting a honey crop in the first year itself.
22. DIVISION OF COLONY
A colony can be divided when it has a large population of bees, brood and appears overcrowded.
The main reasons for dividing colonies are:
1. To increase the number of productive hives.
2. To reduce the size of colonies to discourage swarming.
3. To control mites.
4. To gain income from sale of nucleus colonies.
In the spring, a large colony preparing to
swarm is an excellent time to divide.
Prior to swarming, a colony produces many queen cells on the bottom portion of frames in
the brood area.
Once the queen cells are capped, swarming is imminent. Dividing the colony is one method
to reduce overcrowding in the brood area and to discourage swarming.
To split the colony, you have to move bees and frames of comb physically to another hive in
a different location.
Add a new queen to form the second colony in the new location. This will result in two
smaller colonies, each with its own queen.
23. INSPECTING THE BEE COLONY
Before selecting a bee colony, it is necessary to inspect it. When you inspect the brood
frames, you should look for a healthy brood pattern.
24. SAFETY MEASURES
1. Protect yourself from Sting of Bee
2. Avoid burns
3. Use tools carefully
4. Avoid too much exposure to heat
5. Avoid stress
25. Instruments employed in Apiary
Hive stand: A four legged wooden, metal pipe or angle iron, rectangular support to the hive.
It helps to protect the bottom board from rot and cold transfer
Smoker: The smoker is used to protect beekeepers from bee stings and to control the bees.
Smoke is the beekeeper’s third line of defence
26. Protective Clothing: To protect beekeepers eyes and nose from stings at the time of work near
the apiary, proper cloths are required. As novice beekeepers you should always wear gloves
and a hooded suit or hat and veil. The face and neck are the most important areas to protect,
hence you should wear atleast a veil.
The important clothing and accessories are as follows:
Bee veil: It is a cap made of cloth and wire or fabric net.
It is worn over face for protection against stings.
It should be made up of black nylon netting screen (12-mesh).
Overalls: Also known a bee suit, is a protecting garment
worn loosely over the clothes so that the
bees cannot get under the clothes.
Gloves: Bee gloves are made of tightly-knit cloth (or)
soft leather. They cover the fore arms.
High boots: A pair of gum boots will protect the ankles
and prevent bees from climbing up under trousers.
27. Comb foundation sheet – is made up of wax.
It is artificially provided for the colonies during honey flow season by cutting them to a proper
conical size and attaching them to super frames by means of thread or fibre.
It is a thin sheet of beewax embossed with a pattern of hexagons of size equal to the base of
natural brood cells on both sides.
The size of the hexagon varies with bee species. The sheet is fixed to the frames on fine
wires threaded through holes in the side bars and stretched tight.
A spur or an electrical heating device is used to embed wires into the comb foundation
sheets which are prepared in a comb foundation mill.
The bees construct superstructure of comb cells over the sheet.
28. Dummy division board/Movable wall : It prevents the bees from going beyond it.
Porter bee escape board or super clearer: It is a device which allows the bees to go
through a self closing exit.
Drone excluder or drone trap: It is a rectangular box with one side open. The other side is
fitted with queen excluder sheet. At the bottom of the box there is a space for movement of
worker bees. This device is used at the entrance to reduce the drone population inside the
hive.
Swarm trap: It is a rectangular box used to trap and carry the swarm.
Pollen trap: Pollen trapping screen inside this
trap scrapes pellets from the legs of there turning
foragers. It is set at the hive entrance.
Division Board / Sugar Feeder: the drowning of bees in the sugar syrup.
Hive tool: To separate hive parts and frames glued together with propolis. It is also useful in
scrapping excess propolis or wax and superfluous combs or wax from various parts of the
hive.
Queen excluder: It is made up of perforated zinc sheet.
Prevents the queen from laying eggs in honey combs.
It is also used in producing royal jelly in queen rearing
and in forming multi-queen colonies.
29. Queen Gate: It is a piece of queen excluder sheet. It is fitted on the slot of entrance
gate. It confines the queen inside the hive.
It is useful to prevent swarming and absconding.
It also prevents the entry of bee enemies like wasps into the hive.
Queen Cage: It is a cage made up of wire gauze. It is useful for queen introduction.
Queen Cell Protector: It is a cone shaped structure made
of a piece of wire wound spirally. It fits around a queen cell.
It is used to protect the queen cell, given from a queen
right to a queenless colony until its acceptance by bees.
Bee brush
Decapping knife: wax cappings from the honey comb.
Honey extractor
Embedder
Drip Tray: collect the droppings of honey and wax cappings
Feeders: Used to feed sugar syrup to honeybees during dearth period.