aphasia – language deficit that cannot be attributed to motor, ... other names – verbal dyspraxia, articulatory apraxia, childood speech apraxia

1. Aphasia, Laterlization
Of Speech, Apraxia
Presented To, Sir Ahmer
Iqbal
By Sidra Akhtar
DEPARTMENT OF
PSYCHOLOGY,
PRESTON UNIVERSITY,
ISLAMABAD

2. • Aphasia
• Sings and Symptoms of Aphasia
• Types of Aphasia
• Management of Aphasia
• Lateralization of Speech
• Speech & Hemispharic Dominance
• Split Brain response
• Laterlized Cognitive Processes
• Handedness & Language
• Advantages of Lateralization
• Apraxia
• Types of Apraxia
• Symptoms of Apraxia
• Management of Apraxia
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 2

3. Aphasia
• Aphasia is a neurological
disorder caused by damage
to those areas of the brain
that are responsible for
language (frontal/temporal).
• Aphasia is most commonly
seen in adults who have
suffered a stroke but aphasia
can also result from a brain
tumor, infection, head injury,
or a dementia that damages
the brain
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 3

4. Signs & symptoms
• inability to comprehend language
• inability to pronounce, not due to
muscle
• paralysis or weakness
• inability to speak spontaneously
• inability to form words
• inability to name objects (anomia)
• inability to repeat a phrase persistent
repetition of one syllable, word, or
phrase (stereotypies) paraphasia
(substituting letters, syllables or
words)
• agrammatism (inability to speak
in a grammatically correct
fashion)
• dysprosody (alterations in
inflexion, stress, and rhythm)
incomplete sentences inability to
read
• inability to write limited verbal
output difficulty in naming
speech disorder Speaking
gibberish inability to follow or
understand simple requests
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 4

5. Types of Aphasia
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 5

6. Management Of Aphasia
• Treatment techniques mostly fall under two approaches:
• Substitute Skill Model - an approach that uses an aid to
help with spoken language, i.e. a writing board
• Direct Treatment Model - an approach that targets
deficits with specific exercises
• Visual Communication Therapy (VIC)
• Visual Action Therapy (VAT)
• Functional Communication Treatment (FCT)
• Promoting Aphasic's Communicative Effectiveness
(PACE)
• Melodic intonation therapy (MIT)
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 6

7. Treatment :
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 7

8. 25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 8

9. Lateralization of speech
• The corpus callosum
• The anterior commissure.
• The hippocampal commissure.
• A few other small commissures
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 9

10. Speech & Hemispheric Dominance
• 90% of people are right handed & left hemisphere
dominance for speech
• Others are either right hemisphere dominant or mixed
• Corpus callosum is larger in left handers than right
handers
• Recovery from Injury
• Recovery of speech after brain injury depends on the
damaged hemisphere & how speech is lateralized
• Children with left-hemisphere damage recover more
language than adults with similar damage, but the cause
of the damage is more important with age
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 10

11. Split-brain Responses
• With a severed corpus callosum can point to objects with
the left hand, but not the right
• With visual information presented to the right visual field
can name or describe what is seen
• Right hemisphere: is better than the left at perceiving
emotions in gestures & tone of voice
• With right hemisphere damage can speak with less
inflection & expression
• Right is more adept at compre-hending spatial
relationships
• Also better at perceiving patterns instead of details
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 11

12. • The longitudinal
fissure separates the
human brain into two
distinct cerebral
hemispheres,
connected by the
corpus callosum.
• The hemispheres
exhibit strong, but not
complete, bilateral
symmetry in both
structure and function.
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 12

13. Lateralized cognitive processes
• Language functions such as
grammar, vocabulary and
literal meaning are typically
lateralized to the left
hemisphere, especially in
right handed individuals.
• While language production
is left-lateralized in up to
90% of right-handed
subjects.
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 13

14. Handedness and language
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 14

15. Advantages of brain lateralization
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 15

16. Apraxia
• Apraxia is a motor disorder
caused by damage to the
brain, in which someone
has difficulty with the motor
planning to perform tasks or
movements when asked,
provided that the request or
command is understood
and he/she is willing to
perform the task.
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 16

17. • Apraxia is an acquired disorder of motor planning, but
is not caused by incoordination, sensory loss, or failure
to comprehend simple commands (which can be tested
by asking the person to recognize the correct movement
from a series).
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 17

18. causes
• Damage cerebrum
• ataxia,
• aphasia,
• abulia,
• allochiria,
• Developmental
coordination disorder
(DCD)
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 18

19. • With apraxia of speech a person finds it difficult or
impossible to move his or her mouth and tongue to
speak. This happens, even though the person has the
desire to speak and the mouth and tongue muscles are
physically able to form words.
• Apraxia can occur in a number of different forms. One
form is orofacial apraxia. People with orofacial apraxia
are unable to voluntarily perform certain movements
involving facial muscles. For instance, they may not be
able to lick their lips or wink. Another form of apraxia
affects a person's ability to intentionally move arms and
legs.
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 19

20. Types of Apraxia
• Ideomotor apraxia:
• conceptual apraxia:
• Constructional apraxia
• Oculomotor apraxia
• Constructional apraxia:
• Apraxia of speech
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 20

21. Treatment Of Apraxia
25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 21

22. 25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 22

23. 25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 23

24. 25/04/2015 Preston University Islamabad 24