APA Style Citation Guide
This handout is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (APA), but is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations,
please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
APA requires that information be cited in 2 different ways—within the text and in a reference list at the
end of the paper. The reference list should be on a new page, double spaced, and use the hanging
indent method (all lines after the first one are indented). See also:
‐ Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association, 2010.
‐ Concise Rules of APA Style, 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010.
CITATIONS IN THE TEXT:
APA uses the author‐date method of citation. The last name of the author and the date of publication
are inserted in the text in the appropriate place.
When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author and year. When quoting or summarizing
a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number, as well.
When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40 words, incorporate it into your text and use
quotation marks. If a direct quote is more than 40 words, make the quotation a free‐standing indented
block of text and DO NOT use quotation marks.
One work by one author:
• In one developmental study (Smith, 1990), children learned...
OR
• In the study by Smith (1990), primary school children...
OR
• In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school children…
Works by multiple authors:
When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you reference the work in the text. When a work
has three to five authors cite all the author names the first time the reference occurs and then
subsequently include only the first author followed by et al. For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of
the first author followed by et al. and the year. For example:
• First citation: Masserton, Slonowski, and Slowinski (1989) state that...
• Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989) state that...
Works by no identified author:
When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title).
Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or Web page. Italicize the title of a
periodical, book, brochure, or report. For example:
• The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009).
• The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).
• Treat reference to legal materials such as court cases, statutes, and legislation like works
with no author.
Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation:
Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in the order they appear in the
reference list ( ...
1 CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMER.docxoswald1horne84988
1
CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE (6th Edition)
The REFERENCES page is alphabetized according to the author’s last name. Each reference usually has the
following: author, year of publication, title of book or article (Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle,
or proper nouns), and publication data. If the work has a digital object identifier (doi), use it. You must have a
reference for every source used in your paper. In the examples below, the references are single spaced. For your
references, be sure they are double spaced and if the citation is more than one line indent the remaining lines
by ½ an inch. If a periodical does not use volume numbers, include p. or pp. before the page numbers. This is so the
reader will understand that the numbers refer to pages. Also, don’t use a period at the end of a web address.
SOURCES REFERENCE
BOOKS
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. City, State of
Publication: Publisher.
One author
Goldsworthy, A. (2010). How Rome fell: Death or a superpower. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.
Two to seven authors Fairholme, E. & Pain, W. (1924) A century of work for animals. London, England: J. Murray.
Eight or more
authors
Thatcher, J., Waddell, C., Henry, S., Swierenga, S., Urban, M., Burks... Bohman, P. (2002).
Constructing accessible web sites. Berkeley, CA: Peer Information Inc.
Editor
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority
youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
No Author Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.
E-BOOK
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. Retrieved from and use
the homepage Web Address
Cohen, D.H., Stern, V. & Balaban, N. (1997). Observing and recording the behavior of young children.
Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/
ESSAY OR
CHAPTER IN AN
EDITED BOOK
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of essay. In Editor’s First
Name Initial Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pages). City, State of Publication: Publisher.
Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music
and gender: Perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp.67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
PRINT
BROCHURE
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial or Name of Organization. (Year). Brochure title
[Brochure]. City, State of Publication: Publisher.
Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing
about people with disabilities [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Research and Training Center on
Independent Living.
ONLINE
BROCHURE
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial or Name of Organization. (Year). Brochure title
[Brochur.
1 ASA Format The American Sociological Associatio.docxjoyjonna282
1
ASA Format
The American Sociological Association Style is intended for use by authors preparing
manuscripts for publication in ASA journals. This handout is intended for students who are
instructed to use ASA style when writing research papers. Consult the American Sociological
Association Style Guide for more detailed information (Ref Desk HM 569.A54 2007).
Manuscript Format
• All text (including footnotes & references) must be doubled spaced and in a
12 point type.
• Margins must be at least 1¼ inches on all four sides.
• A separate title page including title of paper, name(s) & institution(s) of authors,
word count for the manuscript (including footnotes and references), title footnote
(includes names, addresses of authors, acknowledgements, credits, and grants).
• If required, on a separate page provide a short (150-200 word) abstract headed
with the title.
• Begin the text of the paper on a separate page headed with the title of the paper.
Citations in Text
• If author’s name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses:
When Chu (1977) studied…
• If the author’s name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses:
When the study was completed… (Jones 1994).
• If the page number is to be included, it follows the year of publication after a colon, with
no space between the colon and the page number:
…as reported by Chavez (1966:16).
• For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text. Afterwards use the
first name and “et al.” For more than three names, use the first author’s last name plus
“et al.” Examples as follow:
Three authors, first in-text citation = (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954)
Three authors, later in-text citations = (Smith et al. 1954)
More than three authors = (Snow et al. 1999)
• Quotations in the text must begin and end with quotation marks. The citation follows the
end-quote mark and precedes the period, as follows:
“In the late 1990s, reported data shows that technologically oriented jobs paid better”
(Hildenbrand 1999:47).
2
Footnotes & Endnotes
• Try to avoid footnotes, but if necessary, use footnotes to cite material of limited
availability or to add information presented in a table.
• Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript
Arabic numerals and included at the bottom of the manuscript page or in a separate
section headed "Endnotes."
Reference List
• References follow the text and endnotes in a separate section headed "References."
• All references cited in the text must be listed and vice-versa.
• Remember: Like all other parts of the manuscript, references should be
double-spaced.
• List references in alphabetical order by author’s last names.
• Use hanging indention (see examples below).
• Invert the author’s name (type it last name first). If there are two or more authors,
invert only the fir ...
Learning ResourcesRequired ReadingsToseland, R. W., & Ri.docxfestockton
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Toseland, R. W., & Rivas, R. F. (2017).
An introduction to group work practice
(8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 11, “Task Groups: Foundation Methods” (pp. 336-363)
Chapter 12, “Task Groups: Specialized Methods” (pp. 364–395)
Van Velsor, P. (2009). Task groups in the school setting: Promoting children’s social and emotional learning.
Journal for Specialists in Group Work
,
34
(3), 276–292.
Document:
Group Wiki Project Guidelines (PDF)
Recommended Resources
Holosko, M. J., Dulmus, C. N., & Sowers, K. M. (2013). Social work practice with individuals and families: Evidence-informed assessments and interventions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 1 “Assessment of Children”
Chapter 2 “Intervention with Children”
Discussion: Task Groups
Group work is a commonly used method within school settings. Because peer interaction is important in the emotional and social development of children, the task group can serve as a wonderful therapeutic setting and tool; however, many factors should be considered when implementing this type of intervention.
For this Discussion, read the Van Velsor (2009) article.
By Day 3
Post
your understanding of task groups as an intervention for children. Use the model for effective problem solving to compare and contrast (how to identify the problem, develop goals, collect data). How does this model differ from a traditional treatment group? What are the advantages and possible disadvantages of this model? Describe how you might use this model for adults. What populations would most benefit from this model?
.
LeamosEscribamos Completa el párrafo con las formas correctas de lo.docxfestockton
Leamos/Escribamos Completa el párrafo con las formas correctas de los verbos en paréntesis. Usa el pretérito o el imperfecto.
Yo __1__ (criarse) en el campo, pero mi familia __2__
(mudarse) a la ciudad cuando yo tenía doce años. Hablábamos
aymara en mi pueblo, y mi mamá no __3__ (expresarse) bien en
español. Mis hermanos y yo __4__ (comunicarse) sin problema
porque habíamos estudiado español en el colegio. Con dificultad
nosotros __5__ (acostumbrarse) al estilo de vida.Yo __6__
(preocuparse) por todo. No me __7__ (gustar) el ruido de los
carros. Pero poco a poco, nostros __8__ (asimilar) el modo de
ser de la gente de la cuidad.Yo __9__ (graduarse) de la
universidad hace poco, mi hermano mayor ahora es arquitecto, y
mi hermano menor __10__ (casarse) el mes pasado.
.
More Related Content
Similar to APA Style Citation Guide This handout is based on the 6th .docx
1 CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMER.docxoswald1horne84988
1
CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE (6th Edition)
The REFERENCES page is alphabetized according to the author’s last name. Each reference usually has the
following: author, year of publication, title of book or article (Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle,
or proper nouns), and publication data. If the work has a digital object identifier (doi), use it. You must have a
reference for every source used in your paper. In the examples below, the references are single spaced. For your
references, be sure they are double spaced and if the citation is more than one line indent the remaining lines
by ½ an inch. If a periodical does not use volume numbers, include p. or pp. before the page numbers. This is so the
reader will understand that the numbers refer to pages. Also, don’t use a period at the end of a web address.
SOURCES REFERENCE
BOOKS
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. City, State of
Publication: Publisher.
One author
Goldsworthy, A. (2010). How Rome fell: Death or a superpower. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.
Two to seven authors Fairholme, E. & Pain, W. (1924) A century of work for animals. London, England: J. Murray.
Eight or more
authors
Thatcher, J., Waddell, C., Henry, S., Swierenga, S., Urban, M., Burks... Bohman, P. (2002).
Constructing accessible web sites. Berkeley, CA: Peer Information Inc.
Editor
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority
youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
No Author Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.
E-BOOK
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. Retrieved from and use
the homepage Web Address
Cohen, D.H., Stern, V. & Balaban, N. (1997). Observing and recording the behavior of young children.
Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/
ESSAY OR
CHAPTER IN AN
EDITED BOOK
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of essay. In Editor’s First
Name Initial Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pages). City, State of Publication: Publisher.
Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music
and gender: Perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp.67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
PRINT
BROCHURE
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial or Name of Organization. (Year). Brochure title
[Brochure]. City, State of Publication: Publisher.
Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing
about people with disabilities [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Research and Training Center on
Independent Living.
ONLINE
BROCHURE
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial or Name of Organization. (Year). Brochure title
[Brochur.
1 ASA Format The American Sociological Associatio.docxjoyjonna282
1
ASA Format
The American Sociological Association Style is intended for use by authors preparing
manuscripts for publication in ASA journals. This handout is intended for students who are
instructed to use ASA style when writing research papers. Consult the American Sociological
Association Style Guide for more detailed information (Ref Desk HM 569.A54 2007).
Manuscript Format
• All text (including footnotes & references) must be doubled spaced and in a
12 point type.
• Margins must be at least 1¼ inches on all four sides.
• A separate title page including title of paper, name(s) & institution(s) of authors,
word count for the manuscript (including footnotes and references), title footnote
(includes names, addresses of authors, acknowledgements, credits, and grants).
• If required, on a separate page provide a short (150-200 word) abstract headed
with the title.
• Begin the text of the paper on a separate page headed with the title of the paper.
Citations in Text
• If author’s name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses:
When Chu (1977) studied…
• If the author’s name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses:
When the study was completed… (Jones 1994).
• If the page number is to be included, it follows the year of publication after a colon, with
no space between the colon and the page number:
…as reported by Chavez (1966:16).
• For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text. Afterwards use the
first name and “et al.” For more than three names, use the first author’s last name plus
“et al.” Examples as follow:
Three authors, first in-text citation = (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954)
Three authors, later in-text citations = (Smith et al. 1954)
More than three authors = (Snow et al. 1999)
• Quotations in the text must begin and end with quotation marks. The citation follows the
end-quote mark and precedes the period, as follows:
“In the late 1990s, reported data shows that technologically oriented jobs paid better”
(Hildenbrand 1999:47).
2
Footnotes & Endnotes
• Try to avoid footnotes, but if necessary, use footnotes to cite material of limited
availability or to add information presented in a table.
• Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript
Arabic numerals and included at the bottom of the manuscript page or in a separate
section headed "Endnotes."
Reference List
• References follow the text and endnotes in a separate section headed "References."
• All references cited in the text must be listed and vice-versa.
• Remember: Like all other parts of the manuscript, references should be
double-spaced.
• List references in alphabetical order by author’s last names.
• Use hanging indention (see examples below).
• Invert the author’s name (type it last name first). If there are two or more authors,
invert only the fir ...
Learning ResourcesRequired ReadingsToseland, R. W., & Ri.docxfestockton
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Toseland, R. W., & Rivas, R. F. (2017).
An introduction to group work practice
(8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 11, “Task Groups: Foundation Methods” (pp. 336-363)
Chapter 12, “Task Groups: Specialized Methods” (pp. 364–395)
Van Velsor, P. (2009). Task groups in the school setting: Promoting children’s social and emotional learning.
Journal for Specialists in Group Work
,
34
(3), 276–292.
Document:
Group Wiki Project Guidelines (PDF)
Recommended Resources
Holosko, M. J., Dulmus, C. N., & Sowers, K. M. (2013). Social work practice with individuals and families: Evidence-informed assessments and interventions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 1 “Assessment of Children”
Chapter 2 “Intervention with Children”
Discussion: Task Groups
Group work is a commonly used method within school settings. Because peer interaction is important in the emotional and social development of children, the task group can serve as a wonderful therapeutic setting and tool; however, many factors should be considered when implementing this type of intervention.
For this Discussion, read the Van Velsor (2009) article.
By Day 3
Post
your understanding of task groups as an intervention for children. Use the model for effective problem solving to compare and contrast (how to identify the problem, develop goals, collect data). How does this model differ from a traditional treatment group? What are the advantages and possible disadvantages of this model? Describe how you might use this model for adults. What populations would most benefit from this model?
.
LeamosEscribamos Completa el párrafo con las formas correctas de lo.docxfestockton
Leamos/Escribamos Completa el párrafo con las formas correctas de los verbos en paréntesis. Usa el pretérito o el imperfecto.
Yo __1__ (criarse) en el campo, pero mi familia __2__
(mudarse) a la ciudad cuando yo tenía doce años. Hablábamos
aymara en mi pueblo, y mi mamá no __3__ (expresarse) bien en
español. Mis hermanos y yo __4__ (comunicarse) sin problema
porque habíamos estudiado español en el colegio. Con dificultad
nosotros __5__ (acostumbrarse) al estilo de vida.Yo __6__
(preocuparse) por todo. No me __7__ (gustar) el ruido de los
carros. Pero poco a poco, nostros __8__ (asimilar) el modo de
ser de la gente de la cuidad.Yo __9__ (graduarse) de la
universidad hace poco, mi hermano mayor ahora es arquitecto, y
mi hermano menor __10__ (casarse) el mes pasado.
.
Leadership via vision is necessary for success. Discuss in detail .docxfestockton
Leadership via "vision" is necessary for success. Discuss in detail the qualities that a leader must exhibit in order to be considered visionary and, further, how these qualities may be learned and developed. Provide research and share insight on the determination of a specific leadership theory associated with leadership via vision. Cite your posting in proper APA format and ensure that your posting provides a minimum of 5 paragraphs.
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Learning about Language by Observing and ListeningThe real.docxfestockton
Learning about Language by Observing and Listening
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking
new landscapes, but in having new eyes. Marcel Proust
The UCSD experience encompasses academic as well as social learning. Therefore, we learn not only from our courses, but from the people we meet on campus and the experiences we have with them. Life is a journey of self-discovery. As individuals, we are constantly seeking to determine who we are and where we belong in the world. Throughout this process, language is both a bridge and a barrier to communication and human growth.
The general subject matter for this essay is language or language communities. The source of your information will be what you observe and hear by listening to others. The goal is to do a project based on what our own minds can comprehend from diligent observation, note-taking, and reasoning. You should arrive at a reasoned (not emotional) conclusion. The conclusion/result of your experiment is your thesis and should be presented in the opening paragraph in one sentence. Secondary material should not be brought into this essay. Thus, this is not an essay that needs to be the result of academic texts or online sources. The research is what you see and how you interpret what you see and hear. It will be up to you to determine what particular focus your essay will take and wahat meaning you wish to convey to your reader. Do the exploratory writing activities on pages 73-76. These activities will guide you through an analysis of some of the reflections you completed in the first part of your book. Once you determine your focus, you will use the information you have already gathered and additional information you will research to clarify your ideas and provide evidence for the points you wish to make.
If you prefer a more direct prompt, the suggested topics listed below might be helpful to you. Choose one of the following topics to establish a focus and direction.
1) From your observations and conversations, what assumptions and stereotypes do we make about people based on language and behavior? What did you learn from the experiment?
2) You may examine body language as well as verbal language. Explore nonverbal communication in a group. What conclusions can you come to regarding the group based on nonverbal behavior?
3) Did you observe language differences between men and women here at UCSD Notice the ways in which men and women treat one another. Observe the language you hear on campus.
How do women greet one another? How do men greet each other? Do not just note the similarities or differences. Explain and interpret the information.
4) Observe and identify a code language on campus, on your job, or in your personal arena. How is language used? Is it effective? Analyze.
5) Have you become keenly aware of code switching? Who utilizes this language? In your observations and conversations, did you find code switching to be an acceptable form of lang.
Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic Spanish Language Edit.docxfestockton
Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic Spanish Language Edition
The Ages and Stages Questionnaires-Social Emotional (ASQ-SE)
Learning Accomplishment Profile-3 (LAP-3)
Mullen Scales of Early Learning
Purpose of the screening-what can an early childhood professional do with the results? What should happen next?
.
Learning about Language by Observing and ListeningThe real voy.docxfestockton
Learning about Language by Observing and Listening
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking
new landscapes, but in having new eyes. Marcel Proust
The UCSD experience encompasses academic as well as social learning. Therefore, we learn not only from our courses, but from the people we meet on campus and the experiences we have with them. Life is a journey of self-discovery. As individuals, we are constantly seeking to determine who we are and where we belong in the world. Throughout this process, language is both a bridge and a barrier to communication and human growth.
The general subject matter for this essay is language or language communities. The source of your information will be what you observe and hear by listening to others. The goal is to do a project based on what our own minds can comprehend from diligent observation, note-taking, and reasoning. You should arrive at a reasoned (not emotional) conclusion. The conclusion/result of your experiment is your thesis and should be presented in the opening paragraph in one sentence. Secondary material should not be brought into this essay. Thus, this is not an essay that needs to be the result of academic texts or online sources. The research is what you see and how you interpret what you see and hear. It will be up to you to determine what particular focus your essay will take and wahat meaning you wish to convey to your reader. Do the exploratory writing activities on pages 73-76. These activities will guide you through an analysis of some of the reflections you completed in the first part of your book. Once you determine your focus, you will use the information you have already gathered and additional information you will research to clarify your ideas and provide evidence for the points you wish to make.
If you prefer a more direct prompt, the suggested topics listed below might be helpful to you. Choose one of the following topics to establish a focus and direction.
1) From your observations and conversations, what assumptions and stereotypes do we make about people based on language and behavior? What did you learn from the experiment?
2) You may examine body language as well as verbal language. Explore nonverbal communication in a group. What conclusions can you come to regarding the group based on nonverbal behavior?
3) Did you observe language differences between men and women here at UCSD Notice the ways in which men and women treat one another. Observe the language you hear on campus.
How do women greet one another? How do men greet each other? Do not just note the similarities or differences. Explain and interpret the information.
4) Observe and identify a code language on campus, on your job, or in your personal arena. How is language used? Is it effective? Analyze.
5) Have you become keenly aware of code switching? Who utilizes this language? In your observations and conversations, did you find code switching to be an accepta.
LEARNING OUTCOMES1. Have knowledge and understanding of the pri.docxfestockton
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Have knowledge and understanding of the principles of Constitutional and Administrative Law, and of the way in which these principles have developed.
2. Deal with issues relating to Constitutional and Administrative Law both systematically and creatively, recognising potential alternative conclusions for particular situations and providing supporting reasons for such conclusions.
3. Demonstrate self-direction and originality in tackling and solving problems relating to Constitutional and Administrative Law.
4. Research primary and secondary sources of Constitutional and Administrative Law.
5. Communicate thoughts and ideas in writing and/or orally, using the English language and legal terminology with care, clarity and accuracy.
6. Manage time effectively.
QUESTION:
A recently elected Government, concerned about rising gun crime by drug dealers, has introduced a Bill into Parliament to bring back the death penalty for any person convicted of causing death by the use of a firearm and which is also related to an illegal drug trade.
Human Rights UK (HRUK), part of a worldwide protest organisation called ‘Global Human Rights’ is opposed to the death penalty in any circumstances. HRUK has many thousands of members across the UK. The organisation is split into county groups and there is a thriving branch of over 1200 members in Penfield.
Sam Jones, the leader of the Penfield branch, has proposed a local demonstration against the Bill to take place on the 1
st
May 2014. The demonstration includes a march from the Town Hall in Penfield City Centre to the local War Memorial followed by speeches from senior members of the organisation.
The Chief Constable of Penfield Police, having been informed of the proposed protest is concerned about rumours that a small counter protest has been organised to disrupt the protest by a far right group opposed to human rights. He has issued a Notice to HRUK and Sam Jones under the Public Order Act 1986 which imposes the following conditions on the HRUK demonstration planned for 1
st
May 2014:-
Notice from the Chief Constable of Penfield Police:
1) any demonstration to be held by the HRUK between 1st March 2014 and 1
st
October 2014 should be held in Penfield Country Park, at least 25 miles from Penfield City Centre;
2) the maximum number of demonstrators shall be 25;
3) the maximum duration of the demonstration shall be 2 hours;
4) there should be no public speeches and;
5) that in the event of any counter demonstration or hostility shown towards HRUK members, the Penfield Police reserve the right to cancel the demonstration immediately
Advise, giving reasons, whether Sam Jones and/or HRUK can use the Human Rights Act 1998 to challenge the decision of the Chief Constable.
.
Leadership Style What do people do when they are leadingAssignme.docxfestockton
Leadership Style: What do people do when they are leading?
Assignment: Leadership Style: What Do People Do When They Are Leading?
Due Week 9 and worth 100 points
Choose one (1) of the following CEOs for this assignment: Ursula Burns (Xerox). Use the Internet to investigate the leadership style and effectiveness of the selected CEO.
Write a five to six (5-6) page paper in which you:
Provide a brief (one [1] paragraph) background of the CEO.
Analyze the CEO’s leadership style and philosophy, and how the CEO’s leadership style aligns with the culture.
Examine the CEO’s personal and organizational values.
Evaluate how the values of the CEO are likely to influence ethical behavior within the organization.
Determine the CEO’s three (3) greatest strengths and three (3) greatest weaknesses.
Select the quality that you believe contributes most to this leader’s success. Support your reasoning.
Assess how communication and collaboration, and power and politics influence group (i.e., the organization’s) dynamics.
Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Analyze the formation and dynamics of group behavior and work teams, including the application of power in groups.
Outline various individual and group decision-making processes and key factors affecting these processes.
Examine the primary conflict levels within organization and the process for negotiating resolutions.
Examine how power and influence empower and affect office politics, political interpretations, and political behavior.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in organizational behavior.
Write clearly and concisely about organizational behavior using proper writing me
.
Leadership Throughout HistoryHistory is filled with tales of leade.docxfestockton
Leadership Throughout History
History is filled with tales of leaders who were brave, selfless, and achieved glorious accomplishments. Your text discusses how leadership theory has been categorized throughout time, from the culture of ancient Egypt thousands of years ago, to the “toolbox” style of today.
The first category, known as the “Great Man” phase, focused on the traits that make an effective leader. This period ranges from circa 450 B.C. to the 1940s, and includes classic examples such as the aforementioned Egyptian period and the expansive influence of the Roman Empire.
The second category, known as the Behavior phase, spanned the 1940s to the 1960s, and focused on determining the types of behavior that leaders utilized to influence and affect others.
The final category is the Situational phase. This line of research began in the 1970s and is still present today. It suggests that leaders have a broad understanding of the various types of leadership styles, and can choose the appropriate one to handle a given situation.
I
n this Journal, discuss each phase, do research and provide examples of influential leaders from each phase, and explain how and why they were so influential.
Your Journal entry should be at least 500 words, and cite appropriate references in APA format.
.
Lean Inventory Management1. Why do you think lean inventory manage.docxfestockton
Lean Inventory Management
1. Why do you think lean inventory management can decrease transportation, capital expenses, and inventory storage?
2. List some products in your personal or family "inventory." How do you manage them? (For instance, do you constantly run to the store for milk? Do you throw out a lot of milk because of spoilage?) How can lean inventory change your way of managing these SKUs?
3. Identify a goods-producing or service-providing organization and discuss how it might make aggregate planning decisions.
4. Provide an argument for or against adopting a chase strategy for a major airline call center.
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Leadership varies widely by culture and personality. An internationa.docxfestockton
Leadership varies widely by culture and personality. An international organization with locations in several countries must balance the local customs and cultures with those of the primary culture of the organizations’ headquarters. Using the Germany as the headquarters of an international Internet retail organization serving the USA and Canada research and discuss the differences that leaders would have to navigate in approach and adapting to different standards of behavior and culture within the countries.
.
Leadership is the ability to influence people toward the attainment .docxfestockton
Leadership is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals. The changing of the environment in which most organizations are operating has significantly influenced leadership systems in recent years, and has contributed to a shift in how we think about and practice leadership.
Analyze how leadership is changing in today’s organizations, including Level 5 leadership, servant leadership, and transformational leadership. Please discuss in 200-250 words.
.
Lawday. Court of Brightwaltham holden on Monday next after Ascension.docxfestockton
Lawday. Court of Brightwaltham holden on Monday next after Ascension Day in the twenty-first year of King Edward (A.D. 1293).
The tithingman of Conholt with his whole tithing present that all is well save that William of Mescombe has stopped up a . . . [the word is indecipherable in the manuscript, but Maitland thinks it is a watercourse] wrongfully. Therefore he is in mercy (12 d.). Also they say that Edith of Upton has cut down trees in the enclosure and the seisin of the lord contrary to a prohibition, and they say that she has no property and has fled into foreign parts, (amercement, 12 d.).
Adam Scot is made tithingman and sworn to a faithful exercise of his office.
John son of Hugh Poleyn enters on the land which Randolph Tailor held saving the right of everyone and gives for entry-money 4 marks and will pay 1 mark at Michaelmas in the twenty-second year of King Edward, 1 mark at Christmas next following, 1 mark at Easter, and 1 mark at Michaelmas next following, and for the due making of all these payments the said Hugh Poleyn finds sureties, to wit, Adam Scot, John Gosselyn, William of Mescombe, John Gyote. And because the said John is a minor the wardship of the said lands and tenements is delivered to his father the said Hugh Poleyn until he be of full age, on the terms of his performing the services due and accustomed for the same. Also there is granted to the said Hugh the crop now growing on the sown land, and the heriot due on this entry, for a half-mark payable at Michaelmas next on the security of the above-named sureties.
(a) Hugh Poleyn gives the lord 2 s. that he may have the judgment of the court as to his right in a certain tenement in Upton which J. son of Randolph Tailor claims as his right. And upon this the whole township of Brightwaltham sworn along with the whole township of Conholt say upon their oath that Hugh Poleyn has better right to hold the said tenement than anyone else has, and that he is the next heir by right of blood.
(The Conholt case as to the tenure of Edith wife of Robert Tailor according to the inquest made by the jurors. One Alan Poleyn held a tenement in Conholt upon servile terms and had a wife Cristina by name. The said Alan died when Richard was the farmer [of the manor]. Thereupon came the friends of the said Cristina and procured for her a part of the land by way of dower making a false suggestion and as though [the land] were of free condition, and this was to the great prejudice of the lord Abbot. Upon this came one Richard Aleyn and espoused the said Cristina and begot upon her one Randolph. Then Richard died, and the said Cristina of her own motion enfeoffed Randolph her son of the said tenement. Then Cristina died, and Randolph being in seisin of the said tenement espoused Edith the present demanding; and after Randolph's death Edith married Robert Tailor. Now you can see and give your counsel about the right of the said Edith. And know this, that if I had at hand the court-rolls of the.
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. There .docxfestockton
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. There are several examples of disastrous public relations fallout that have occurred when companies have outsourced work to other nations. When determining where to move offshore as a company, the leaders of the organization must make several decisions.
Using course theories and current multinational organizations that have locations in several countries, convey your own thoughts on the subject and address the following:
What leadership considerations must an organization weigh in selecting another country to open a location such as a manufacturing plant?
How might leaders need to change leadership styles to manage multinational locations?
What public relations issues might arise from such a decision?
How would you recommend such a company to demonstrate their social responsibility to their headquarters country as well as any offshore locations?
.
Last year Angelina Jolie had a double mastectomy because of re.docxfestockton
Last year Angelina Jolie had a double mastectomy because of results from a genetic test. Describe the science of the test and the reason for her decision. Do you agree with her choice, and do you agree with her decision to go public about her choice?
1 page essay with at least 1 reference
.
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. Ther.docxfestockton
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. There are several examples of disastrous public relations fallout that have occurred when companies have outsourced work to other nations. When determining where to move offshore as a company, the leaders of the organization must make several decisions.
Using course theories and current multinational organizations that have locations in several countries, convey your own thoughts on the subject and address the following:
What leadership considerations must an organization weigh in selecting another country to open a location such as a manufacturing plant?
How might leaders need to change leadership styles to manage multinational locations?
What public relations issues might arise from such a decision?
How would you recommend such a company to demonstrate their social responsibility to their headquarters country as well as any offshore locations?
Please submit your assignment.
This assignment will be assessed using the rubric provided
here
.
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials.
.
Leaders today must be able to create a compelling vision for the org.docxfestockton
Leaders today must be able to create a compelling vision for the organization. They also must be able to create an aligned strategy and then execute it. Visions have two parts, the envisioned future and the core values that support that vision of the future. The ability to create a compelling vision is the primary distinction between leadership and management. Leaders need to create a vision that will frame the decisions and behavior of the organization and keep it focused on the future while also delivering on the short-term goals.
Respond to the following:
Assess your current leaders. These leaders could be those at your current or previous organizations or your educational institutions.
How effective are they at creating and communicating the organization vision?
How effective are they at developing a strategy and communicating it throughout the organization?
How effective are they at upholding the values of the organization?
Support your positions with specific examples or by citing credible sources.
.
Law enforcement professionals and investigators use digital fore.docxfestockton
Law enforcement professionals and investigators use digital forensic methods to solve crimes every day. Locate one current news article that explains how investigators may have used these techniques to solve a crime. Explain the crime that was solved, and the methods used to determine how the crime was committed. Some examples of crimes solved may include locating missing children, finding criminals who have fled the scene of a crime, or unsolved crimes from the past that have been solved due to the use of new techniques (such as DNA testing).
Your written assignment should be 3-4 paragraphs in your own words and should include a reference citation for your source of information.
.
LAW and Economics 4 questionsLaw And EconomicsTextsCoote.docxfestockton
LAW and Economics 4 questions
Law And Economics
Texts
Cooter, Robert and Thomas Ulen. 2011. Law and Economics. Sixth Edition. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley
(Chapter 1-4)
Polinksky, A. Mitchell. 2011. An Introduction to Law and Economics. Fourth Edition. New York: Aspen Publishers.
(Chapters 1-2)
Posner, Richard A. 2007. Economic Analysis of Law. Seventh Edition. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
(Chapter 1)
2.) Discuss the adverse impacts of monopoly upon market outcomes. Discuss the impact of government’s monopoly power over coercion.
6.) Suppose the local government determines that the price of food is too high and imposes a ceiling on the market price of food that is below the equilibrium price in that locality. Predict some of the consequences of the ceiling.
10.) Consider the right to smoke or to be free from smoke in the following situations:
1. smoking in a public area.
2. smoking in hotel rooms.
3. smoking in a private residence.
4. smoking on commercial airline flights.
In which situations do you think the transaction costs are so high that they
preclude private bargaining. In what cases are they low enough to allow private
bargains to occur? Explain your answer
14.)From an economic point of view, why is stare decisis an important rule of
decision making for the courts?
.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
APA Style Citation Guide This handout is based on the 6th .docx
1. APA Style Citation Guide
This handout is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Man
ual of the American Psychological
Association (APA), but is not a comprehensive guide. For all ru
les and requirements of APA citations,
please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association.
APA requires that information be cited in 2 different ways—
within the text and in a reference list at the
end of the paper. The reference list should be on a new page, do
uble spaced, and use the hanging
indent method (all lines after the first one are indented). See al
so:
‐ Publication Manual of the American Psychological Associatio
n, 6th ed. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association, 2010.
‐ Concise Rules of APA Style, 6th ed. Washington, DC: Americ
an Psychological Association, 2010.
CITATIONS IN THE TEXT:
APA uses the author‐date method of citation. The last name of t
he author and the date of publication
are inserted in the text in the appropriate place.
When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author a
nd year. When quoting or summarizing
a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph num
ber, as well.
When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40 wo
2. rds, incorporate it into your text and use
quotation marks. If a direct quote is more than 40 words, make t
he quotation a free‐standing indented
block of text and DO NOT use quotation marks.
One work by one author:
• In one developmental study (Smith, 1990), children learned...
OR
• In the study by Smith (1990), primary school children...
OR
• In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school children…
Works by multiple authors:
When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you refer
ence the work in the text. When a work
has three to five authors cite all the author names the first time t
he reference occurs and then
subsequently include only the first author followed by et al. For
6 or more authors, cite only the name of
the first author followed by et al. and the year. For example:
•
First citation: Masserton, Slonowski, and Slowinski (1989) state
that...
• Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989) state that...
Works by no identified author:
When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words o
f the reference entry (usually the title).
Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, chapte
r, or Web page. Italicize the title of a
3. periodical, book, brochure, or report. For example:
•
The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Me
dical Miracles,” 2009).
•
The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 200
7).
•
Treat reference to legal materials such as court cases, statutes, a
nd legislation like works
with no author.
Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation:
Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should
be listed in the order they appear in the
reference list (i.e., alphabetically, then chronologically).
•
Several studies (Jones & Powell, 1993; Peterson, 1995, 1998; S
mith, 1990) suggest that...
Specific parts of a source
Always give the page number for quotations or to indicate infor
mation from a specific table, chart,
chapter, graph, or page. The word page is abbreviated but not ch
apter. For example:
•
4. The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chap
ter 6), but later analysis showed
it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999, p. 85).
If, as in the instance of online material, the source has neither v
isible paragraph nor page numbers, cite
the heading and the number of the paragraph following it. This
allows the reader to locate the text in
the source. For example:
•
The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s beds
ide manner (Smith, 2006,
Hospital Experiences section, para. 2).
CITATIONS IN A REFERENCE LIST:
In general, references should contain the author name, publicati
on date, title, and publication
information. Include the issue number if the journal is paginated
by issue.
For information obtained electronically or online include the D
OI:
DOI ‐ a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content
and provide a persistent link to its
location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the firs
t page of the electronic journal article
near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation,
no other retrieval information is needed.
Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxx
If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home pa
ge URL of the journal or of the book or
report publisher. Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a
5. URL across lines; do not add a period
after a URL, to prevent the impression that the period is part of
the URL.
In general, it is not necessary to include database information.
Do not include retrieval dates unless the
source material has changed over time.
Book:
Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide to everything
and then some more stuff. New
York, NY: Macmillan.
Gregory, G., & Parry, T. (2006). Designing brain‐compatible lea
rning (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Corwin.
Chapter of a Book:
Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker &
L. A. Ratner (Eds.),
Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative guide to a
cculturation and ethnicity
(pp. 53‐76). New York, NY: Greenwood.
Journal Article with DOI:
Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's ey
e. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635‐
647. doi:10.1037/0278‐6133.24.2.225
6. Journal Article without DOI (when DOI is not available):
Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy cri
sis. Journal of Social Issues, 37, 1‐7.
Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E‐journal of Ap
plied Psychology, 2, 38‐48.
Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo
Online Newspaper Articles:
Becker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairie farmers reap conservation'
s rewards. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Encyclopedia Articles:
Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross‐cultural psychology. In R. J. Corsi
ni (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology
(Vol. 1, pp. 319‐327). New York, NY: Wiley.
Developmental genetics. (2005). In Cambridge encyclopedia of
child development. Retrieved
from http://0‐
www.credoreference.com.library.muhlenberg.edu:80/entry/cupc
hilddev/developmenta
l_genetics
Technical and Research Reports (often with corporate authors) :
7. Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001, March 15). 2001 Annual Re
port. Retrieved from
http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/2000/index.htm
Book Reviews:
Dent‐Read, C., & Zukow‐Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling know
ing? [Review of the book
Models of cognitive development, by K. Richardson]. American
Journal of Psychology, 114, 126‐
133.
NOTE: For articles that have a DOI, see Journal Article with D
OI example.
Data Sets:
Simmons Market Research Bureau. (2000). Simmons national co
nsumer survey [Data file].
New York, NY: Author.
Reprint from Another Source:
• Citation in the text:
(Newton, 1998/1999).
• Reference List Citation:
8. Newton, W. (1999). Return to Mars. In C. Mari (Ed.), Space Ex
ploration (pp. 32‐ 41). New York,
NY: H.W. Wilson. (Reprinted from National Geographic, pp. 2‐
26, August 1998).
APA Style: Avoiding Bias in Language
Sensitivity to labels. A person in a clinical study should be calle
d a "patient," not a "case." Avoid
equating people with their conditions, for example, do not say "
schizophrenics," say "people diagnosed
with schizophrenia." Use the term "sexual orientation," not "sex
ual preference." The phrase "gay men
and lesbians" is currently preferred to the term "homosexuals."
To refer to all people who are not
heterosexual, the manual suggests "lesbians, gay men, and bisex
ual women and men" (see APA, 2001, p.
67).
Do not characterize people as victims (e.g., a "stroke victim"), u
se a descriptive term such as "people
who have had a stroke." Avoid the terms "challenged" and "spec
ial" unless the population referred to
prefers this terminology (e.g., Special Olympics). As a rule, use
the phrase "people with _______" (for
example, "people with AIDS," not AIDS "sufferers" or "victims
").
Avoid gender stereotypes. For example, the manual suggests rep
lacing "An American boy's infatuation
with football" with "An American child's infatuation with footb
9. all" (see APA, p. 66).
•
The term "gender" refers to culture and should be used when ref
erring to men and women as
social groups, as in this example from the Publication Manual: "
sexual orientation rather than
gender accounted for most of the variance in the results; most g
ay men and lesbians were for it,
most heterosexual men and women were against it" (APA, 2001,
p. 63).
•
The term "sex" refers to biology and should be used when biolo
gical distinctions are emphasized,
for example, "sex differences in hormone production."
An ethnic label can be perceived as a slur if not managed correc
tly. For example, persons of
acknowledged Spanish heritage in the New World may prefer C
hicano (Chicana), Hispanic, Latino,
Mexican, Mexican American, and so on. Historically, there are
no "American Indians," only members of
specific nations, tribes, villages, and bands. The term Native A
merican is inclusive of American Indians,
Pacific Islanders, and Alaskan Natives. Specific group names ar
e more informative, such as Hopi or
Lakota.
•
Color. Capitalize Black and White when the words are used as p
roper nouns to refer to social
groups. Do not use color words for other ethnic groups. In racial
references, the manual simply
recommends that we respect current usage. Currently both the te
rms "Black" and "African
10. American" are widely accepted, while "Negro" and "Afro‐Ameri
can" are not. These things
change, so use common sense.
•
Hispanic. The terms Hispanic, Latino, and Chicano are preferre
d by different groups. The safest
procedure is use geographical references; use "Cuban American
" if referring to people from
Cuba.
•
Asian. The term Asian American is preferable to Oriental, and a
gain the manual recommends
being specific about country of origin, when this is known (for
example, Chinese or Vietnamese).
The manual specifies that hyphens should not be used in multiw
ord names such as Asian
American or African American.
•
Indigenous. Some people from northern Canada, Alaska, eastern
Siberia, and Greenland often
(but not always!) prefer Inuk (singular) and Inuit (plural) to "Es
kimo." But some Alaska natives
are non‐Inuit people who prefer to be called Eskimo, while othe
rs are Athabaskans of an entirely
different heritage. Difficulty may be avoided by using geograph
ical references. For example, in
place of "Eskimo" or "Inuit" one could use "indigenous people f
rom northern Canada, northern
Alaska, eastern Siberia, and Greenland."
Age. In referring to age, be specific about age ranges; avoid ope
11. n‐ended definitions like "under 16" or
"over 65." Avoid the term elderly. Older person is preferred. Th
e AMA (American Medical Association)
Manual of Style (1997, p. 263) uses these definitions:
•
Neonates or newborns are persons from birth to 1 month of age.
• Infants are children [sic] aged 1 month to 1 year.
•
Children are persons aged 1 to 12 years. . . . They may also be r
eferred to as boys or girls.
•
Adolescents are persons aged 13 through 17 years; also teenager
s, adolescent boys, or
adolescent girls.
•
Adults are persons over 18 years and are referred to as men or w
omen.
DO NOT use . . . When you can use . . .
ethnic labels (e.g., Hispanic)
geographical labels (e.g., Mexican Americans if from Mexico)
"men" (referring to all adults) "men and women"
"homosexuals" "gay men and lesbians"
"depressives" "people with depression"
•
In general, call people what they want to be called, and do not c
ontrast one group of people
12. with another group called "normal." Write "we compared people
with autism to people without
autism" not "we contrasted autistics to normals."
APA Style: Writing Tips
A. Typing
1. Your papers must be typed or printed on a computer.
2.
Set the typewriter or word processor to double space and keep it
there throughout the entire
manuscript.
3.
Use one inch margins on the left, right, top, and bottom of the p
age. These margins are wide in
order to leave room for reviewer's comments.
4.
Use normal paragraphs in which the first line is indented five ch
aracters for all paragraphs in the
manuscript except the abstract, block quotes, titles and headings
, subheadings, references,
table titles, notes, and figure captions.
5.
Use a 12 point font. In other words, there should be 10 typed ch
aracters per inch.
6. Single space after sentence terminators (i.e., '.', '?', '!').
7.
13. Capitalize the first letter following a colon if the clause followi
ng the colon is a complete
sentence.
8.
Make sure the text is left aligned and not justified. With left ali
gned text, the left margin forms a
straight line and the right margin is ragged. Do not hyphenate (s
plit) words at the end of a line.
9.
Finally, just staple or clip the finished product (do not bother wi
th fancy folders, etc.).
B. Writing in General
1. You must use complete sentences.
2.
The first sentence of a paragraph must be independent (able to s
tand on its own). For example
consider While these studies are important, there is... This sente
nce would be correct in the
middle of a paragraph, but as the first sentence, it should more a
ppropriately read, While
studies of the effects of whatever on whatever else are importan
t, there is...
3. Try not to use slang (e.g., ...put a damper on...).
4. Do not use contractions. That is, instead of it's, use it is.
5.
If you are doubtful about the spelling of a word, do not guess. L
ook up the correct spelling.
Proofread the copy that you submit and do correct minor typogr
14. aphical errors, formatting,
spelling, or even the wording, with a pencil.
C. Style Details in General
1.
Assume you are writing the paper for submission to a scientific
journal.
2.
A lot of the formatting details can be learned by carefully model
ing another APA journal
articleAvoid excessive use of the terms I, me, and my, as well a
s the phrase personally speaking...
3.
Avoid the use of sexist language. For example, consistently refe
rring to a person as
a him or he when it is just as likely for the person to be a she or
a her, is sexist. However,
using (s)heor him/her all of the time can also be awkward. If yo
u phrase it right, you can often
use the word person instead.
4.
Avoid using 'empty words' or words which serve no purpose. Fo
r example, In the Smith (1990)
study it was found that... should read more like Smith (1990) fo
und that...
5.
Generally speaking, use past tense in the abstract, introduction,
and method. Results and
discussion sections can be in the present tense.
15. 6.
Get friends to read it. If they cannot understand it, then it needs
work. If you cannot get a friend
to read it, then try to read it yourself making believe that you ar
e naive.
Write a Response paper in 300ish words and respond
to another student in
approximately 100 words: What is the role of
women in Fup ?
Unsatisfactory Satisfactory Target Exemplary Total
Concept Does not choose one
clear topic/chose
multiple topics
0
Chooses one clear
topic
1
Summary Does not provide
16. developed summary
(e.g., one sentence
definition)
0
Provides summary,
but poor
development and/or
not within succinct
parameters
1
Provides succinct
summary; may be
too broad or too
detailed
2 - 3
Provides succinct
well-developed
17. summary
4
Critique Provides little to no
critique
0
Provides poorly
developed critique
(e.g., list) and/or
seriously conflates
critique with
summary
1
Provides partially
developed critique,
may slightly conflate
critique with
summary
18. 2 - 3
Provides well-
developed thought
provoking critique
4
Application Does not provide
application (e.g., one
sentence mention)
0
Mentions and
application but does
not develop and/or
unclear connection
between concept
and real world
1
Provides partially
developed
application and/or
unclear connection
19. to real world
2 - 3
Provides well-
developed,
accessible application
with clear connection
between the concept
and the real world
4
Future Directions Does not provide any
future directions
0
Mentions future
directions but did not
explain or develop
20. 1
Discusses future
directions, but with
few
details/development,
no development
from readings
2 - 3
Discusses detailed
fully developed
future directions
4
Writing Does not develop
ideas in clear cogent
manner, argument
unclear, ineffective
organization, and/or
multiple grammatical
21. or spelling errors
0
Paragraphs are
organized but not
well connected,
overall organization
of the paper unclear
or illogical, and/or
multiple grammatical
or spelling errors
1
May be lacking in
well-developed
ideas, logical
organization and
flow, transitions,
and/or more than 2
grammatical errors
2 - 3
Well-developed
ideas, logical
22. organization and
flow, well-executed
transitions, no more
than 2 grammatical
or spelling errors
4
APA Format Does not make a
clear attempt at APA
format; missing
citations and/or
references
0
Makes attempt at
APA format with
significant errors
1
Good execution of
APA format with
more than 2 mistakes
23. 2 - 3
Excellent execution
of APA format with
no more than 2
mistakes
4
Total
Summary Vs. Critique
Bright Ideas
The differences between a summary and a critique
While summaries and critiques are relatively easy to write, som
etimes itʹs difficult to tell the
24. differences between one and the other. Itʹs not uncommon for w
riters to lapse or fall into
summarizing (retelling literatureʹs main points in their own wor
ds) when the objective is to
actually write a critical response (evaluating or assessing literat
ure to share their
perspective with their reader). While a brief summary is a part o
f any well‐ written critique,
the major focus of a critical response is offering an analysis of
what you read. In contrast, a
summary simply shortens and restates what you read. To make c
lear the differences
between these two critical components of college writing, you s
hould consider what each
type of writing should or should not do.
A summary does not
• misrepresent what you read
• use irrelevant or unnecessary
details
• analyze or interpret what you
read
• judge or evaluate what you read
A summary does
• restate what you read in your
own words
• present only the main, or
important, details
• maintain a neutral and objective
25. stance
A critique does not
• restate what you read
• cover only the main points of
what you read
• repeat unimportant or irrelevant
details
• have a hostile or overly biased
tone or style
• use slang or overly casual
language
A critique does
• move beyond summary
• assess or analyze what you read
• offer interpretations and
judgments about what you read
• give evidence to support your
evaluation
Both the summary and the critique should be written using the li
terary present tense: the
author writes and third person point of view: he remembers, she
points out, the essay (it) has...
Both kinds of writing should include the title of the piece youʹre
writing about and authorʹs
full name. Subsequent mention of the author should be by last n
26. ame, never first name only.
Both kinds of writing should be carefully proofread and formatt
ed in MLA style or
according to your teacherʹs instructions.