This document provides an overview of APA citation and formatting style. It explains how to integrate in-text citations, write reference list entries, and format a paper according to APA style. Key elements include using author-date citations, writing full references with author, date, title and source information, and applying a title page, 1-inch margins, and double-spacing throughout. Digital Object Identifiers and their use in electronic source citations are also covered.

1. APA Documentation Created by Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

2. Learning Outcomes Integrate an APA parenthetical (in-text) citation into the body of your paper. Write a full reference in APA format for an article, book, and Web site. Incorporate knowledge of DOIs into references. Know where to find support materials. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

3. I. APA Basics Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

4. Paper Format 1-inch margins; double-space text Title page contains the paper’s title, writer’s name, and school’s name, double-spaced and centered, plus a “Running head:”at the top left. The Running head with page number appears on every page in the upper right margin. In Word, use the Header & Footer function to set this up. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

5. APA Sample Title Page DNA Problems 1 Running head: DNA PROBLEMS Problems with Collecting DNA Evidence at Crime Scenes Sarah McCarthy Sacramento City College Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

6. In-text Citations Also called parenthetical or internal citations. APA in-text citations contain author’s last name and year of publication: (Smith, 55). They are usually placed at the beginning of a sentence: Jordon and Block (2001) found that incarcerated juveniles had less recidivism when they participated in creative writing courses. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

7. References The Reference list is the final page(s) of your paper. It is entitled References, which is centered at the top of the page. References contain full citations (complete bibliographic information) of sources you referred to in your paper. It contains only material referred to in your paper. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

8. Sample References Page DNA Problems 7 References Bellefeuille, J., Bowen, K., Dixon, P., Hanniman, J., Hillier, E., Lama, D.,…Yamashita, D. (2003). Crime scene DNA collection: Research and practical considerations. Journal of Forensic Identification, 53(6), 729-734. Retrieved from http://www.theiai.org/publications/jfi.php Yount, L. (2007). Forensic science: From fibers to fingerprints. New York: Facts on File, Inc. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

10. Article: author, date, title of article, journal name, volume, issue, pages, DOI (digital object identifier, if available).

11. Web Site: author, date listed on page or n.d. if no date listed, title of Web page, and the phrase Retrieved from with the URL (Internet address) following that. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

12. APA Sample Papers Sample APA Paper with Labeled Parts Sample APA Paper Easy View Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

13. II. Integrating In-text Citations Cite your sources gracefully. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

14. Use Phrases and Action Verbs Use introductory phrases: In a 2002 study,… According to Jones & Feingold, Recent findings (Jones, Jakeman, & Marca, 2002; Lind & Ortega, 2006) indicate that… Use research-oriented verbs such as discovered, proved, indicated, asserted, found, and noted. Garcia (2006) asserts that… Stutz (2009) found that... Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

15. Incorporate with Introductions Introduce authors and their findings in a sentence with publication date in parentheses immediately after authors’ names: In a ground-breaking study, Smith and Stephenson (1987) discovered that prolonged cocaine use creates permanent structural changes in the brain. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

16. Summarize & Cite Summarize key point and cite the source at end of the sentence: Children who were never read to as babies have a more difficult time listening to stories as preschoolers than those who were read to at least 15 minutes per day (Jones, Jakeman, & Marca, 1998). Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

17. More Brief Examples In a 1987 (Smith & Stephenson) study, cocaine was found to create permanent changes in the brain. In a ten-year study, Jones, Jakeman, and Marca (1998) discovered that children… Marcel, Lipman, and Bjork (2009) noted that even when… Janes (2005), Golski (1999), and Rogers (1999) all found that… Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

18. III. Reference List In-text Citations Direct Readers to References. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

19. APA Sample “References” Book (one author): Lockhart, G. (2000). Neurophysiological theory of addiction. New York: Columbia Press. Journal Article, print: Millam, D. (1992). Starting I.V.s: How to develop your venipuncture expertise. Nursing, 22(9), 33-48. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

20. DOI: Digital Object Identifier Articles located in electronic format need an extra element in their reference called a DOI. DOI is a combination of numbers and sometimes letters that create a persistent (permanent) link to an electronic resource. Often listed on the first page of an article or on its abstract page in a library database. If available, copy and paste it into your References. If unavailable, look it up at crossref.org’s Free DOI Lookup or list the journal’s Internet address instead. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

21. DOI on Article’s Title Page Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS DOI

22. APA Sample “References” Journal Article from Database with DOI: Keltner, N., & Wilson, D. (2009). Biological perspectives. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 45(4), 292-296. doi:10.1111/j.1744- 6163.2009.00231.x. No DOI listed in database? Quickly locate DOIs at crossref.org. Mouse over Researchers tab and select Free DOI Name Lookup. Scroll down to Search on Article Title and enter title. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

23. APA Sample “References” Journal Article from database without DOI: Smitherman, T. & Thompson, J. (2002). “Writing Our Stories”: An anti-violence creative writing program. Journal of Correctional Education, 53(2), 77-83. Retrieved from http://static.ashland.edu/centers/gill/edjournal Here, a simple Internet search located the journal’s URL, which was used instead of a DOI. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

24. APA Sample “References” Web Site: Paddock, C. (2009). 15 cigarettes equal one DNA mutation. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/174409.php Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

25. APA Resources The Online Writing Lab at Purdue: APA Formatting and Style Guide American Psychological Association: www.apastyle.orgScroll down to the “Most Popular” section. University of Maryland University College Library Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th Edition, available at libraries and book stores. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS

26. Formatting Tools EBSCOHost databases and others offer citation formatting. Look for the Citation and Cite icons. http://www.noodletools.com Formats citations into APA or MLA styles. http://citationmachine.net Formats citations into APA, MLA, Turabian, and Chicago styles. Double-check the results for accuracy. Margaret Keys, MA, MLIS