The Durham Report
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The Durham Report was written after Lord Durham was appointed Governor General of British North America in 1838 to deal with prisoners from the 1837 rebellions. In his report, Durham identified the main problems as tensions between legislative councils and assemblies, and racial tensions between French and English populations. He recommended uniting the Canadas, representative government based on population, distinguishing imperial and local jurisdiction, and responsible government based on the British model. These recommendations were gradually implemented over years, starting with the union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1840-41, and culminating in Lord Elgin granting responsible government in the 1840s.
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The Great Migration and push for democracy in British North America are summarized as follows:
1) Poverty and economic troubles in Britain triggered the Great Migration as many British people emigrated to British North America for more opportunities. This influx of colonists created pressure to settle more land.
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Theodore Roosevelt served as President from 1901-1909 and pursued an ambitious agenda of reform and regulation known as the "Square Deal." Some key aspects of his domestic policy included trust-busting like dissolving J.P. Morgan's Northern Securities Company, mediating labor disputes, and passing food and drug regulations. Roosevelt also championed conservation efforts and established 150 national forests. In foreign policy, he sent the Great White Fleet around the world and intervened in Latin America to promote political stability, including encouraging Panama's independence from Colombia to build the Panama Canal.
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Theodore Roosevelt pushed for significant domestic reforms during his presidency from 1901 to 1909. He aggressively enforced antitrust laws, passing regulations like the Pure Food and Drug Act. Roosevelt conserved millions of acres of federal lands and established the National Forest Service. In foreign policy, he took an interventionist approach and helped negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War, winning the Nobel Peace Prize. His successor, William Taft, prosecuted antitrust cases at an even higher rate but was seen as more conservative. Roosevelt split from the Republicans to run as a third party candidate in 1912.
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The document summarizes the establishment of the early English colonies of Jamestown and Plymouth. Jamestown was founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company but faced many hardships including disease, starvation, and conflict with Native Americans. Tobacco eventually became a successful cash crop. Representative government began to take shape with the establishment of the House of Burgesses in 1619. Plymouth was founded in 1620 by English religious separatists seeking freedom to practice their religion. They created the Mayflower Compact to govern themselves and also struggled with starvation and harsh weather in their early years.
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This study guide covers major topics and events in AP US History. It discusses the Aztecs, importance of corn, Christopher Columbus's voyages and their impacts, and the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing control of the Americas between Spain and Portugal. It also summarizes the founding of Jamestown and other early English colonies, the development of the New England colonies and middle colonies, conflicts between the colonies and England over taxation and governance, and the American Revolutionary War.
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The document summarizes the key events and figures leading up to Canadian Confederation in 1867. It describes the three main conferences that took place - the Charlottetown Conference of 1864 which discussed a maritime union, the Quebec Conference later that year which focused on creating a new nation, and the London Conference of 1866-1867 where the British North America Act was signed, uniting the colonies into the Dominion of Canada. It also outlines some of the economic, social, and political causes for Confederation, including defense from outside threats, loss of trade with Britain, and tensions between French and English communities. Sir John A. Macdonald became Canada's first Prime Minister after Confederation was achieved on July 1, 1867.
Summer school history - american history
This document provides an overview of three units covered in a summer school history class: Colonial America, the American Revolution, and the Constitution and early Federal Government. Key points include the origins and societies of Native Americans, European colonization of North America by Spain, France, and England, conflicts between the British and colonists leading to the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the drafting of the Constitution in 1787 which established a strong federal government and Bill of Rights.
AP US History Chapter 3
The document summarizes key events and developments in the English colonies in North America from the late 1600s to the mid-1700s. It discusses the decline of Puritanism in New England, the growth of slavery and plantation economies in the South, and increasing tensions between the colonies and British authorities. It also covers the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment, and influential events like the Zenger trial that helped shape colonial ideas about freedom and rights.
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The Durham Report
- 1. The Durham Report After the Rebellions
- 2. Durham Report • Appointed Governor General of British North America in 1838 • Deal with the 150 prisoners from the rebellions. - He realised that no Canadien jury would ever find them guilty. He got a confession from nine of the principals and he exiled them to Bermuda - he pardoned the remainder. (He had no authority to do this!)
- 3. Durham Report • He made things worse by declaring that Papineau and his aids were to be permanent exiles. • The British government disallowed this and Durham returned to England after only 5 months in the colony
- 4. Durham Report Sources: On his return to England he wrote an incisive albeit racist report on the Canadas identifying the problems. Recommendations: • 1. Friction between the legislative councils and the legislative assemblies was the cause of the rebellions.
- 5. Durham Report Sources: • Racial tensions between French speaking and English speaking populations. Famous comment:
- 6. “I expected to find a contest between a government and a people: I found two nations warring in the bosom of a single state: I found a struggle, not of principles, but of races; and I perceived that it would be idle to attempt any amelioration of laws or institutions until we could first succeed in terminating the deadly animosity that now separates the inhabitants of Lower Canada into the hostile divisions of French and English”
- 7. Durham Report Recommendations • The two Canadas be reunited in a common assembly based upon the principle of rep by pop. • Responsible government based on the British model. • Jurisdiction between imperial and local matters be distinguished.
- 8. Durham Report Outcomes: • The report was generally well received in the Canadas with some obvious voices of concern raised in Lower Canada. It did however take quite a number of years before the changes were implemented.
- 9. Durham Report Outcomes: • Change #1 - Union of the two colonies - 1840-41. Name: The United Colonies of Canada. Upper Canada becomes Canada West - Lower Canada - Canada East. • Change #2 - evolution of Responsible Government.
- 10. • Sydenham (Charles Poulett Thomson) - Unites the Canadas - emphasises economic growth. Union - Equal representation in a single assembly - this gives unbalanced power to the smaller (population) Canada West (400,000) vs Canada East (600,000) died 1841.
- 11. • Bagot - charged with the duty of avoiding Responsible govt. But to get support in the colonies he had to invite two reformers into the Cabinet - Baldwin and Lafontaine - he later brought in more reformers - Bagot died in 1843.
- 12. • Metcalfe - He was instructed to recover power to the governor and cut back the reforms of Bagot. He started to do this but died of cancer before much success.
- 13. • Lord Elgin: Appointed by the reform, free trade ministry of Prime Minister Lord John Russell in Britain - He is granted authority to give Responsible government.
- 14. Responsible Govt. Achieved • Don’t: Durham • Slowly: Sydenham • Barbecue: Bagot • My : Metcalfe • Eels: Elgin
- 15. Responsible Govt. • In 1848 the Reformers won a large majority in the Legislature. • Elgin asked Baldwin and Lafontaine to form a government. • The first test was the Rebellion Losses Bill of 1849, which compensated people for their losses during the rebellions.
- 16. • The Tory opposition was against the bill and Elgin himself opposed it but he signed it nonetheless. This was the first test of Responsible government. • Tory riots broke out in Montreal and Parliament was burned