Personal Development Module 4

1. Personal Development
Module 4:
Mental Health and
Coping with Stress in
Middle and Late
Adolescence

3. Learning Competencies:
➜ Discuss understanding of mental health and
psychological well-being to identify ways to cope with
stress during adolescence;
➜ Identify causes and effects of stress in one’s life; and
➜ Demonstrate personal ways to cope with stress and
maintain mental health

4. Specific Objectives:
➜ Define mental health
➜ Classify the various mental health challenges
➜ Identify support strategies or common mental health
resources
➜ Recognize the causes of stress
➜ Plan strategy that will help the adolescent cope with
stress and be mentally fit

5. Mental Health

7. Self-Esteem and
Body Esteem

8. What is Self-esteem?
➜ According to Mayo Clinic, self-esteem is your overall
opinion of yourself — how you feel about your abilities
and limitations. When you have healthy self-esteem,
you feel good about yourself and see yourself as
deserving the respect of others. When you have low
self-esteem, you put little value on your opinions and
ideas. You might constantly worry that you aren't good
enough.

9. ➜ Self-esteem is how we value and perceive ourselves.
It's based on our opinions and beliefs about ourselves,
which can sometimes feel really difficult to change.
(mind.org.uk)

10. Low self-esteem
Healthy self-esteem

12. What is body esteem?
➜ Body esteem is the facet of self-concept that has been
most consistently associated with weight, and includes
the attitudes, evaluations, and feelings an individual
holds about his or her own body (Williams et al., 2013)
➜ The degree of positiveness with which individuals
regard the various parts of their body and the
appearance of those parts. (American Psychological
Association, 2020)

13. Below, see how good body image and self-
esteem positively impact mental health:

14. Below, see how poor body image and self-
esteem negatively impact mental health:

15. What influences a person’s self-esteem?
➜ Puberty and Development
Teenagers' self-esteem is often affected by the physical
and hormonal changes they experience, especially
during puberty . Teens undergo major changes in their
lives and their self-esteem can often become fragile. They
are usually extremely concerned about how they look and
how they are perceived and accepted by their peers.
Read more: http://www.healthofchildren.com/S/Self-Esteem.html#ixzz78xg9GxDa

16. What influences a person’s self-esteem?
➜ Media images and other outside influences
Our tweens and early teens are a time when we become
more aware of celebrities and media images — as well as
how other kids look and how we fit in. We might start to
compare ourselves with other people or media images
("ideals" that are frequently airbrushed). All of these can
affect how we feel about ourselves and our bodies even as
we grow into our teens.

17. What influences a person’s self-esteem?
➜ Families and School
Family life can sometimes influence our body image. Some
parents or coaches might be too focused on looking a
certain way or "making weight" for a sports team. Family
members might struggle with their own body image or
criticize their kids' looks ("why do you wear your hair so
long?" or "how come you can't wear pants that fit you?").
This can all influence a person's self-esteem especially if
they're sensitive to other peoples' comments.
The greatest struggle of an adolescent is to try to fit-in and
be accepted. This could be a source of stress that if not
properly managed may result to mental health disorders.

18. Mental Health Challenges
➜ ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Even though having
ADHD can make some
things harder, people
who have ADHD are
just as smart as other
people. They can still
do well in school and in
life.

19. Mental Health Challenges
➜ Anxiety (Panic Disorder)
Their daily life can be
scary, but they can get
help, get better and be
okay.

20. Mental Health Challenges
➜ Autism Spectrum Syndrome
Kids who have autism are just as
smart as other kids. They can be
very good at things like math or
music. Just because some things are
hard for kids with autism, they are
not acting mean or weird. Their
brains just work in a different way.
They still make friends and learn
how to work and play with others.

21. Mental Health Challenges
➜ Bipolar Disorder
Having bipolar disorder can
be very tiring and stressful.
Medication can help. Talking
to a mental health
professional, friends and
family can also help
someone with bipolar
disorder to learn how to
manage feelings and live a
healthy life.

22. Mental Health Challenges
➜ Depression
It is good to have family
and close friends to talk
with, who can help
when things are bad.
Furthermore, talking to
a mental health
professional about
these strong feelings
can help.

23. Mental Health Challenges
➜ Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa, also
known simply as
anorexia, is an eating
disorder characterized
by weight loss,
difficulties maintaining
an appropriate body
weight, and an intense
fear of weight gain.

24. Symptoms of Anorexia
➜ Behavioral
Behavioral symptoms are
often the first early warning
signs that can be noticed by
loved ones, and they include:
• Talking about weight or
food all the time
• Not eating or eating
very little
• Refusing to eat in front
of others
• Not wanting to go out
with friends
• Making themselves
throw up
• Taking laxatives or diet
pills
• Exercising a lot
➜ Emotional
These symptoms may be
more obvious to the
individual, but like other
symptoms, are often met with
minimization or denial
(especially in adolescents).
Emotional symptoms of
anorexia include:
• Anxiety
• Depression and suicidal
thinking
• Moodiness
➜ Physical
➜ Physical symptoms usually do not
appear right away. They emerge
over time as a result of ongoing
starvation where insufficient
nutrients are supplied and utilized
as the body attempts to conserve
reserves in order to survive.
• Confused or slow thinking
• Poor memory or judgment
• Thin, brittle hair and nails
• Feeling cold all the time
• Feeling faint, dizzy, or weak
• Feeling tired or sluggish
• Irregular periods or never getting a
period
• Dry, blotchy, or yellow skin
• Growth of fine hair all over the body
(called lanugo)
• Severe constipation or bloating
• Weak muscles or swollen joints

25. Mental Health Challenges
➜ Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
Symptoms of bulimia
often result from
purging behaviors
and will differ
depending on the
mode and frequency
of purging.

26. Symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa
Primary Symptoms
• Swollen cheeks or jaw area
• Calluses or scrapes on the
knuckles (if someone is using their
fingers to induce vomiting)
• Teeth that look clear instead of
white and are increasingly
sensitive and decaying
• Broken blood vessels in the eyes
• Acid reflux, constipation, and other
gastrointestinal problems
• Severe dehydration
• Irregular heartbeat (cardiac
arrhythmias)
• Low blood pressure (hypotension)
Behavioral Changes
• Extreme concern about body
weight
• Often going to the bathroom right
after eating
• Exercising a lot, even in bad
weather or when hurt or tired
• Acting moody or sad, hating the
way they look, or feeling hopeless
• Having problems expressing
anger
• Not wanting to go out with
friends or do activities they once
enjoyed

27. Mental Health Challenges
➜ Eating Disorders
Extreme overeating
Marked by eating, and
eating, and eating and
then having feelings
of guilt afterwards.

28. Mental Health Challenges
➜ Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
(PTSD) is a psychiatric
disorder involving
extreme distress and
disruption of daily living
that happens in relation
to exposure of a
traumatic event.
It takes time and hard
work but kids who are
diagnosed with PTSD
can learn ways to
handle their fears and
can live a healthy and
happy lives.

29. Mental Health Challenges
➜ Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental
illness that causes people
to interpret reality
abnormally. It involves a
range of cognitive,
emotional, and
behavioral problems that
impair a child’s ability to
function.

30. Mental Health Issues
Mental health problems affect
1 in 5 young people at any
given time.
Mental health illness is second only to
heart disease as the leading cause of
disability worldwide.
Statistics
The first symptoms of mental
illness generally appear between
the ages of 15-24.

31. Mental Health Issues
An estimated 50% of young
people with mental illness are
not getting help.
Fear of stigma and resulting
discrimination discourages individuals
and families from getting the help
they need.
Statistics
30% of people diagnosed
with mental illness will also
have a substance use
disorder.

32. Stress-vulnerability theory
The stress-vulnerability theory explains why someone
develops a mental illness:
There is a genetic characteristic to mental
illness, but just because a family member
has a mental health problem, it doesn’t
mean that you will too. Sometimes mental
illness happens right “out of the blue”.
Stress can trigger the development of a
mental illness, but stress alone doesn’t
cause the mental illness unless you have a
vulnerability gene.

34. STRESS
➜ Stress, if not checked and put under control negatively
affects our mental health.
➜ In the context of human beings, the strain or stress
makes our mind and body react, it is our stress
response. It is a physiological response to a physical or
psychological threat. It is a normal reaction to anything
that can disturb our balance or equilibrium.

35. STRESS
➜ Hans Selye, an Austrian - Canadian endocrinologist,
associates stress with mental, emotional, and physical
states produced within the organism in response to
stimulus (either internal or external) that is perceived
as a threat (Selye.1976).
➜ Walter Cannon, an American physiologist, calls it the
“fight or flight” syndrome (Canon, 1939).

36. STRESS
➜ When you face situations where you feel the demands
outweigh your resources to successfully cope then you
get stressed. These situations are known as stressors.
➜ A stressor is anything that induces a stress response. It
may be physical, mental, emotional, social,
psychological, economic, or even spiritual in nature.

37. Physical Mental Social, emotional
& psychological
Economic Spirituality
Pollution Academic overload Conflicts,
disappointments
leading to feelings
of frustration,
tension, anxiety,
anger or
depression
Losing a job Loss of joy, peace
or tranquility
Congested place Reviewing for
exams
Peer pressure Lack of money Confusion on the
doctrines
High level of noise Running after
deadlines
Bullying No money Conflicting beliefs
Fatigue Debts
Shock Poor financial
management
Trauma
Pain
Causes of Stress

38. Cognitive Symptoms Emotional Symptoms Physical Symptoms Behavioral Symptoms
Memory problems Moodiness Headaches Eating more or less
Inability to concentrate Irritability or short
temper
Back pains Sleeping too much or
too little
Poor judgement Agitation, inability to
relax
Diarrhes or constipation Isolating oneself
Seeing only the negative Feeling overwhelmed Frequent colds Procrastinating
Anxious or racing
thoughts
Sense of loneliness and
isolation
Rapid heartbeat Forgetting or neglecting
obligation
Constant worrying Depression or general
unhappiness
Dizziness
Lack of vigor
Symptoms of Stress

39. Stress Reduction
Methods

40. “
➜ “As long as you look for
someone else to validate who you
are by seeking their approval, you
are setting yourself up for disaster.
You have to be whole and complete
in yourself. No one can give you
that. You have to know who you
are—what others say is irrelevant.”
➜ Nic Sheff

41. References:
Widener University (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sites.widener.edu/caps/mental-health-video-library/
Pngwing (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.pngwing.com/en/free-png-smain/download
Williams, N. A., Fournier, J., Coday, M., Richey, P. A., Tylavsky, F. A., & Hare, M. E. (2013). Body esteem, peer difficulties and perceptions of physical health in
overweight and obese urban children aged 5 to 7 years. Child: care, health and development, 39(6), 825–834.
Canadian Mental Health Association, BC Division. Body image, self-esteem and mental health. Here to help. Retrieved on October 11, 2021 from
https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/infosheet/body-image-self-esteem-and-mental-health
Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego. (2012, March).Body image and self-esteem.https://www.rchsd.org/health-articles/body-image-and-self-esteem/
Du Beat(2017, November 14).Social media and how it impacts our self-esteem.https://dubeat.com/2017/11/social-media-and-how-it-impacts-our-self-esteem/
Kumar, K.(2019,August 19).Does self-esteem matter?.dr kumar psychologist.https://drkumarpsychologist.wordpress.com/2019/08/19/how-you-evaluate-yourself-
learn-more-about-self-esteem/
Mayo Clinic (2020, July 14).Self-esteem check:too low? Or just right?Adult Health.https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/self-
esteem/art-20047976
Renton, C.(2020, December 12).What is panic disorder?.verywell health.https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-panic-disorder-5088442
Renton, C.(2020, December 12).What is depression?.verywell health.https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-depression-5087735
Ackerman, C.E.(2021, January 18). What is self-esteem? A psychologist explains.PositivePsychology.com.https://positivepsychology.com/self-esteem/
Christiansen, S.(2021,February 19. ).What is ADHD?.verywell health.https://www.verywellhealth.com/adhd-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-included-
definition-symptoms-traits-causes-treatment-5084784
Pugle, M.(2021, February 22). What is bipolar disorder?.verywell health.https://www.verywellhealth.com/bipolar-disorder-5090253
Duplin Early College High School (2021, April 15).https://www.duplinschools.net/Page/24036
Cherry, K.(2021, April 24). What is self-esteem?.verywellmind.https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-esteem-2795868
Tull, M.(2021, June 03).What is post-traumatic stress disorder?verywell health.https://www.verywellmind.com/ptsd-in-the-dsm-5-2797324
Pugle, M.(2021, June 07).What is anorexia nervosa?.verywell health.https://www.verywellhealth.com/anorexia-nervosa-5101748

42. Prepared by:
Ms. Joy Dela Peña
Subject Teacher
12-Oct-2021