This document discusses various types and causes of cultural change from multiple perspectives in anthropology. It covers broad societal changes like industrialization and individualism. It also examines changes from internal innovation as well as external contacts through trade, war, colonialism, and globalization. The document also outlines shifts in ethnographic approaches over time from early realism to interpretive and problem-oriented frameworks that consider ethnographies as products within broader global and identity contexts.

1. ANTZ202 Introduction to Culture Meeting 13, April 3, 2007 Changes

2. Notes Global inequalities World system Innovation, creativity Define who we are

3. Tradition and Change Continuity Conservatism Implies change

4. Revolution and Modernity Discontinuity Always keep something

5. Ethnocentrism Lenses through which see world Evaluation

6. Humanitarian Aid Imposed change? Who chooses? “ Why can’t they be more like us?”

7. Some Broad Changes Industrialisation Commercialism Complexification Individualism

8. From Last Week Diversity Social complexity Commercialisation “ West”/”Non-West”

9. Internal Change Independent Invention Original solutions to problems Internal Dynamism Change through social diversity

10. Change Through Contacts Diffusion Spread through borrowing Possibly indirect Acculturation Continuous contact Asymmetrical

11. Contacts Mobility Individuals or groups Trade and Exchange Networks Goods, services, knowledge Specialization Often Equal

12. Uninvited Contacts War Territorial expansion Invasion Colonialism Conquest Unequal deals

13. Globalization Interconnected, interdependent Mutual influences Inequalities Decentralized flow of capital Transnational culture of consumption

14. Mass Media “ Virtual” contact “ Imagined Communities” Nationalism Internationalism

15. Popular Culture Local cultures Erosion Diffusion Adaptation Bollywood Telenovelas

16. Anthropology and Change Humanistic vision Voluntary vs. coerced change Cherish cultural diversity Understanding similarities and differences

17. Changes in Ethnography

18. Armchair Anthropology Second-hand accounts Often non-researchers Displaced context Deductive Universalist

19. Early ethnography Realism Holism (integrated culture) Particularist (culture in own terms) Native understanding Some “Gone Native”

20. Interpretive Anthropology (Geertz) Culture as text Translation Meaningfulness, significance Native voice

21. Ethnographic Crisis “ Writing Culture” (Clifford and Marcus 1986) Question ethnographic realism Question ethnographic present Ethnographies as products

22. Complex Societies Global World Adapt methods Qualitative basis Identities Subjectivities

23. Problem-Oriented Ethnography Issue in broad context Finding solutions Applied anthropology Interdisciplinary