This document summarizes information about Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), including its biological sources, geographical sources, morphological characters, chemical constituents, and uses. Valerian roots and rhizomes are commonly used in herbal medicine and contain constituents like volatile oils, alkaloids, and terpenes that have sedative and antispasmodic effects. It is native to Europe and parts of Asia, and its roots and rhizomes are harvested for use as a stimulant, carminative, and sedative in herbal teas, supplements, and perfumes. Microscopic examination of the roots reveals features like papillae, root hairs, starch grains and oil globules.
Secondary metabolite part 4 by poja khanparaPOOJA KHANPARA
This document provides information about secondary metabolites called tannins. It discusses what tannins are, their functions in plants, classification into hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, and pseudotannins. Tests for identifying tannins are described. Examples of medicinal plants containing different types of tannins are given. The document also discusses properties and biological activities of tannins.
Linseed oil is obtained from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum, which is cultivated in various countries like Russia, Canada, USA, and India. The document outlines the cultivation process for linseed, from sowing seeds in October to harvesting in February/March. Commercially, linseed oil is produced using expellers to press the oil from the seeds. Linseed oil is pale yellow, with characteristic odor and pleasant taste, and is used primarily in paints, varnishes, and topical medicines and lotions.
This document summarizes information about castor oil. It discusses that castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant through cold pressing. The main growing regions are India, Brazil, and parts of Asia. It describes the multi-step process of removing the seed coat, pressing the kernels to extract 30% oil, filtering and heating the oil to remove toxins. Finally, it notes that castor oil is used for medicinal purposes as a laxative as well as various industrial applications like coatings, lubricants, and manufacturing plastics.
Terpenoids are secondary plant metabolites derived from isoprene units. They can be classified based on the number of isoprene units as hemiterpenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenoids, and polyterpenoids. Many terpenoids have important biological activities and commercial uses. Common essential oil terpenoids include pinene, cineole, limonene, and menthol. Terpenoids can also be classified based on the number of rings in their structure.
This document provides information about Solanum khasianum, including its biological and geographical sources, cultivation methods, macroscopic features, chemical constituents containing solasodine and alkaloids, and uses where solasodine is extracted and converted to steroidal compounds like testosterone and corticosteroids that have anti-inflammatory, anabolic, and contraceptive properties.
I think it will be helpful for your any type of research or presentation, report etc related to this topic. It is short type presentation by which will not be loss your valuable time.
Thank you.
This document discusses several medicinal balsams including Peru Balsam, Tolu Balsam, Storax Balsam, and Sumatra Benzoin. It provides information on their source plants, method of collection, constituents, uses, and examples of products containing each balsam. The balsams are resinous mixtures containing benzoic acid, cinnamic acid or their esters. They have a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses including as antiseptics, expectorants, and fragrances.
This document summarizes information about Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), including its biological sources, geographical sources, morphological characters, chemical constituents, and uses. Valerian roots and rhizomes are commonly used in herbal medicine and contain constituents like volatile oils, alkaloids, and terpenes that have sedative and antispasmodic effects. It is native to Europe and parts of Asia, and its roots and rhizomes are harvested for use as a stimulant, carminative, and sedative in herbal teas, supplements, and perfumes. Microscopic examination of the roots reveals features like papillae, root hairs, starch grains and oil globules.
Secondary metabolite part 4 by poja khanparaPOOJA KHANPARA
This document provides information about secondary metabolites called tannins. It discusses what tannins are, their functions in plants, classification into hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, and pseudotannins. Tests for identifying tannins are described. Examples of medicinal plants containing different types of tannins are given. The document also discusses properties and biological activities of tannins.
Linseed oil is obtained from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum, which is cultivated in various countries like Russia, Canada, USA, and India. The document outlines the cultivation process for linseed, from sowing seeds in October to harvesting in February/March. Commercially, linseed oil is produced using expellers to press the oil from the seeds. Linseed oil is pale yellow, with characteristic odor and pleasant taste, and is used primarily in paints, varnishes, and topical medicines and lotions.
This document summarizes information about castor oil. It discusses that castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant through cold pressing. The main growing regions are India, Brazil, and parts of Asia. It describes the multi-step process of removing the seed coat, pressing the kernels to extract 30% oil, filtering and heating the oil to remove toxins. Finally, it notes that castor oil is used for medicinal purposes as a laxative as well as various industrial applications like coatings, lubricants, and manufacturing plastics.
Terpenoids are secondary plant metabolites derived from isoprene units. They can be classified based on the number of isoprene units as hemiterpenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenoids, and polyterpenoids. Many terpenoids have important biological activities and commercial uses. Common essential oil terpenoids include pinene, cineole, limonene, and menthol. Terpenoids can also be classified based on the number of rings in their structure.
This document provides information about Solanum khasianum, including its biological and geographical sources, cultivation methods, macroscopic features, chemical constituents containing solasodine and alkaloids, and uses where solasodine is extracted and converted to steroidal compounds like testosterone and corticosteroids that have anti-inflammatory, anabolic, and contraceptive properties.
I think it will be helpful for your any type of research or presentation, report etc related to this topic. It is short type presentation by which will not be loss your valuable time.
Thank you.
This document discusses several medicinal balsams including Peru Balsam, Tolu Balsam, Storax Balsam, and Sumatra Benzoin. It provides information on their source plants, method of collection, constituents, uses, and examples of products containing each balsam. The balsams are resinous mixtures containing benzoic acid, cinnamic acid or their esters. They have a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses including as antiseptics, expectorants, and fragrances.
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
Glycosides are organic compounds formed from the combination of a sugar and non-sugar component. There are several types of glycosidic linkages including C, O, S, and N linkages. Glycosides are classified based on their chemical nature, therapeutic activity, or linkage. Some important anthraquinone glycosides include aloe, rhubarb, senna, and cascara which are used as laxatives. Upon hydrolysis, these glycosides break down into anthraquinone derivatives like aloe-emodin, emodin, and rhein as well as monosaccharides.
El documento proporciona información sobre diferentes tipos de formulaciones farmacéuticas, incluyendo soluciones, suspensiones, pomadas, emulsiones, geles, detergentes espumosos, espumas y cápsulas. Explica los objetivos, excipientes y consideraciones para cada tipo de formulación, y proporciona ejemplos de fórmulas con activos farmacéuticos y concentraciones específicas.
Salvia officinalis (sage) is a plant from the Lamiaceae family. Its leaves and whole herb are used medicinally. It contains monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. It has anti-diarrheal, anti-obesity, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-cancer, sedative, and anti-menopausal effects. Some compounds are water soluble while others like carnosol are ethanol soluble. Side effects include neurotoxicity, seizures, liver effects, and low blood pressure. It may interact with anti-diabetics, anti-convulsants, sedatives, and analgesics.
Coffee is the dried seed of Coffea arabica or C. liberica plants that are native to Ethiopia. The major suppliers of coffee are Brazil and India. Coffee beans contain caffeine, tannins, oils, and other constituents. Caffeine can be extracted from roasted coffee beans using coffee roasters to recover sublimated caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee contains little caffeine. Caffeine is used as a stimulant and to combat effects of CNS depressants.
Tea is prepared from the leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis, which is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, and Japan. Tea leaves contain caffeine, theobromine, theophyll
This document summarizes the biological evaluation of plant-derived drug molecules digoxin and digitoxin. It discusses that biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical and physical methods alone. The response of a test drug is compared to a standard preparation using living systems, and activity is measured in International Units. Digoxin and digitoxin are cardiac glycosides obtained from Digitalis plants that act as cardio-tonic agents, increasing heart muscle tone, excitability and contractility. Their isolation, biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships, and uses are described.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are complex mixtures of organic compounds extracted from plants. They are typically obtained through hydrodistillation, solvent extraction, expression or other specialized techniques. Volatile oils have several important applications including use in perfumes, cosmetics, flavors, and traditional medicine due to their aromatic properties and biological activities. The specific extraction method used depends on the plant material and desired oil properties.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about PAPAIN. Papain is the dried and purified latex of the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya L., belonging to family Caricaceae. The epicarp adheres to the orange-coloured, fleshy sarcocarp, which surrounds the central cavity. This cavity contains a mass of nearly black seeds. The plant is cultivated in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Hawai, and Florida. The plant is 5–6 m in height bearing fruits of about 30 cm length and a weight up to 5 kg.
•
Portion explained:
1. Biological Source of Papain
2. Geographical Source of Papain
3. Preparation of Papain
4. Characteristics of Papain
5. Test of Papain
6. Chemical Constituents of Papain
7. Uses of Papain
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
terpenoide; cucurbitacine and its biosynthesis and isolation purification and characterization
This document provides an introduction to essential oils from Young Living Therapeutic Grade. It discusses what essential oils are, how they can be used topically, aromatically, and internally. Popular essential oil blends like Thieves, Peace & Calming, and Joy are described. The document explains how to become a member and access wholesale pricing through starter kits ranging from $40 to $150. Members can participate in an optional autoship program called Essential Rewards to earn points for free oils.
Anthraquinone glycosides are used as laxatives and purgatives. They are absorbed in the small intestine and excreted in the large intestine where they increase motility and produce laxation. Aglycons can cause griping so an antispasmodic is often prescribed. Five common sources are: Aloe, whose active ingredient is barbaloin; Cascara containing cascarosides; Rhubarb with rhein anthrone; Senna with sennosides; and Cochineal, a dye made from dried female insects containing carminic acid.
The document summarizes key information about several plants from the Family Compositae (Asteraceae). It describes their botanical origins, physical characteristics, active chemical constituents and common uses. The plants discussed include Roman chamomile, German chamomile, pyrethrum, santonica, calendula, safflower and arnica. For each one, the summary provides details about their inflorescence structures, floret types and distinguishing microscopic features.
Fennel seed comes from the fennel plant, which is a aromatic perennial herb that can grow over 4 feet tall. There are two main varieties: bitter fennel and Roman fennel. Fennel seeds are oval shaped with ridges and light green to gray in color, around 4-7 mm long. They contain nutrients like carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and fennel oil. When broken down, a fennel seed has an outer pericarp, endosperm, embryo, radicle, and plumule. Fennel seeds can be stored whole or ground in a cool, dry, and dark place for use as a cancer preventative, anti
El documento trata sobre los aceites esenciales, que son compuestos volátiles producidos y almacenados por las plantas. Explica que se pueden clasificar por su consistencia, origen y composición química, y describe algunas de sus propiedades físicas y químicas más importantes, como su volatilidad y que están compuestos principalmente por terpenos y otros compuestos orgánicos. También cubre los diferentes métodos para obtenerlos y algunos de sus usos principales en industrias como la farmacéutica,
The terpenoids sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from terpenoids. Terpenoids are hydrocarbons of plant origin of the general formula (C5H8)n as well as their originated, hydrogen and dehydrogenated derivatives. Plant terpenoids are used for their aromatic qualities and play a role in traditional herbals remedies.
Cucurbitacin is a bitter-tasting principle that can be isolated from members of family Cucurbitaceae, such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and melon (Cucumis melo).
In particular, cucurbitacin and momordicine, which have an intensly bitter taste, are content abundantly in Momordica charantia.
There are more than 18 kinds of cucurbitacin and among them cucurbitacin B is a typical component.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They provide both therapeutic benefits and commercial uses. There are several methods to obtain volatile oils, with steam distillation being the most common. Volatile oils are complex mixtures of terpenes and phenol-derived aromatic compounds. They are classified based on their chemical structure and include hydrocarbon, alcoholic, aldehyde, and phenolic volatile oils derived from many plant parts with various medicinal properties and applications.
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
Glycosides are organic compounds formed from the combination of a sugar and non-sugar component. There are several types of glycosidic linkages including C, O, S, and N linkages. Glycosides are classified based on their chemical nature, therapeutic activity, or linkage. Some important anthraquinone glycosides include aloe, rhubarb, senna, and cascara which are used as laxatives. Upon hydrolysis, these glycosides break down into anthraquinone derivatives like aloe-emodin, emodin, and rhein as well as monosaccharides.
El documento proporciona información sobre diferentes tipos de formulaciones farmacéuticas, incluyendo soluciones, suspensiones, pomadas, emulsiones, geles, detergentes espumosos, espumas y cápsulas. Explica los objetivos, excipientes y consideraciones para cada tipo de formulación, y proporciona ejemplos de fórmulas con activos farmacéuticos y concentraciones específicas.
Salvia officinalis (sage) is a plant from the Lamiaceae family. Its leaves and whole herb are used medicinally. It contains monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. It has anti-diarrheal, anti-obesity, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-cancer, sedative, and anti-menopausal effects. Some compounds are water soluble while others like carnosol are ethanol soluble. Side effects include neurotoxicity, seizures, liver effects, and low blood pressure. It may interact with anti-diabetics, anti-convulsants, sedatives, and analgesics.
Coffee is the dried seed of Coffea arabica or C. liberica plants that are native to Ethiopia. The major suppliers of coffee are Brazil and India. Coffee beans contain caffeine, tannins, oils, and other constituents. Caffeine can be extracted from roasted coffee beans using coffee roasters to recover sublimated caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee contains little caffeine. Caffeine is used as a stimulant and to combat effects of CNS depressants.
Tea is prepared from the leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis, which is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, and Japan. Tea leaves contain caffeine, theobromine, theophyll
This document summarizes the biological evaluation of plant-derived drug molecules digoxin and digitoxin. It discusses that biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical and physical methods alone. The response of a test drug is compared to a standard preparation using living systems, and activity is measured in International Units. Digoxin and digitoxin are cardiac glycosides obtained from Digitalis plants that act as cardio-tonic agents, increasing heart muscle tone, excitability and contractility. Their isolation, biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships, and uses are described.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are complex mixtures of organic compounds extracted from plants. They are typically obtained through hydrodistillation, solvent extraction, expression or other specialized techniques. Volatile oils have several important applications including use in perfumes, cosmetics, flavors, and traditional medicine due to their aromatic properties and biological activities. The specific extraction method used depends on the plant material and desired oil properties.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about PAPAIN. Papain is the dried and purified latex of the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya L., belonging to family Caricaceae. The epicarp adheres to the orange-coloured, fleshy sarcocarp, which surrounds the central cavity. This cavity contains a mass of nearly black seeds. The plant is cultivated in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Hawai, and Florida. The plant is 5–6 m in height bearing fruits of about 30 cm length and a weight up to 5 kg.
•
Portion explained:
1. Biological Source of Papain
2. Geographical Source of Papain
3. Preparation of Papain
4. Characteristics of Papain
5. Test of Papain
6. Chemical Constituents of Papain
7. Uses of Papain
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
terpenoide; cucurbitacine and its biosynthesis and isolation purification and characterization
This document provides an introduction to essential oils from Young Living Therapeutic Grade. It discusses what essential oils are, how they can be used topically, aromatically, and internally. Popular essential oil blends like Thieves, Peace & Calming, and Joy are described. The document explains how to become a member and access wholesale pricing through starter kits ranging from $40 to $150. Members can participate in an optional autoship program called Essential Rewards to earn points for free oils.
Anthraquinone glycosides are used as laxatives and purgatives. They are absorbed in the small intestine and excreted in the large intestine where they increase motility and produce laxation. Aglycons can cause griping so an antispasmodic is often prescribed. Five common sources are: Aloe, whose active ingredient is barbaloin; Cascara containing cascarosides; Rhubarb with rhein anthrone; Senna with sennosides; and Cochineal, a dye made from dried female insects containing carminic acid.
The document summarizes key information about several plants from the Family Compositae (Asteraceae). It describes their botanical origins, physical characteristics, active chemical constituents and common uses. The plants discussed include Roman chamomile, German chamomile, pyrethrum, santonica, calendula, safflower and arnica. For each one, the summary provides details about their inflorescence structures, floret types and distinguishing microscopic features.
Fennel seed comes from the fennel plant, which is a aromatic perennial herb that can grow over 4 feet tall. There are two main varieties: bitter fennel and Roman fennel. Fennel seeds are oval shaped with ridges and light green to gray in color, around 4-7 mm long. They contain nutrients like carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and fennel oil. When broken down, a fennel seed has an outer pericarp, endosperm, embryo, radicle, and plumule. Fennel seeds can be stored whole or ground in a cool, dry, and dark place for use as a cancer preventative, anti
El documento trata sobre los aceites esenciales, que son compuestos volátiles producidos y almacenados por las plantas. Explica que se pueden clasificar por su consistencia, origen y composición química, y describe algunas de sus propiedades físicas y químicas más importantes, como su volatilidad y que están compuestos principalmente por terpenos y otros compuestos orgánicos. También cubre los diferentes métodos para obtenerlos y algunos de sus usos principales en industrias como la farmacéutica,
The terpenoids sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from terpenoids. Terpenoids are hydrocarbons of plant origin of the general formula (C5H8)n as well as their originated, hydrogen and dehydrogenated derivatives. Plant terpenoids are used for their aromatic qualities and play a role in traditional herbals remedies.
Cucurbitacin is a bitter-tasting principle that can be isolated from members of family Cucurbitaceae, such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and melon (Cucumis melo).
In particular, cucurbitacin and momordicine, which have an intensly bitter taste, are content abundantly in Momordica charantia.
There are more than 18 kinds of cucurbitacin and among them cucurbitacin B is a typical component.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They provide both therapeutic benefits and commercial uses. There are several methods to obtain volatile oils, with steam distillation being the most common. Volatile oils are complex mixtures of terpenes and phenol-derived aromatic compounds. They are classified based on their chemical structure and include hydrocarbon, alcoholic, aldehyde, and phenolic volatile oils derived from many plant parts with various medicinal properties and applications.
NATURAL PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS METHODSCharan Ingole
This document provides information about natural products and chemical analysis methods. It discusses natural products including their extraction from living organisms. It also describes various extraction methods for medicinal plants such as maceration, infusion, decoction, digestion, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction. Further, it covers techniques for separation and isolation of plant constituents including fractional crystallization, fractional liberation, steam distillation, fractional distillation, and sublimation. The document also discusses factors affecting the collection of medicinal plants and methods for their identification, drying, and storage in an herbarium.
This document summarizes natural product extraction and analysis methods. It discusses the definition of natural products as chemicals produced by living organisms. Common extraction techniques described include maceration, infusion, decoction, digestion, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction. Methods of separation and purification discussed are fractional crystallization, chromatography, and thin layer chromatography. The document also covers plant identification, drying, solvent selection, and various tests to identify classes of compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins.
The document discusses various phytochemical processing techniques including extraction, purification, and case studies. It provides charts classifying extraction methods based on solvent polarity and examples of raw herbal materials. Case studies examine specific processes for producing products like cinnamon oil, tongkat ali extract, soybean powder, curcuminoid, stevia sugar, and pegaga powder.
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
17. Serbest antrakinonlar suda az
erir zor absorbe olur
heterozitler suda kolay erir,
*ince barsaktan absorbe olur
*kana geçer sonra da kalın
barsak çeperinden elimine olur
10-15 dk
18. Etki:Fenolik grup sayısı ve
moleküldeki konumu()
Fenolik grup asetillenirse
1 fenolik grup taşıyan antrakinonlar
etkisiz
2 fenolik grup etkili
3 fenolik grup taşıyanlar ÇOK ETKİLİ
20. Antranoller:
Kalın barsağı irrite eder
Bulantı, kusma
antranol içeren drog 1 yıl
100 OC de 1 saat ısıtma ile
antranol antrakinon haline geçer
21. Tanen ile laksatif etki azalır
Küçük miktar konstipan, yüksek
miktar laksatif
Fermentler heteroziti hidroliz
eder (hidroliz hızı droğun su
miktarı ve ferment miktarı)
22. Antrakinonlar alışkanlık yapmaz
Antron ve antranol redüktör
deri hast. Antiseptik
Örn: KRİZABORİN, Psöriazis,
kuru ekzema, deri mantarları
ALOE veteriner hekimlikte
23.
24. ANTRAKİNONLARIN ELDE EDİLMESİ
pH 3 Sulu Ekstre
+ ETER
ORGANİK FAZ SULU FAZ
+ NaHCO3 +eter
Eterli faz
Serbet karboksilsiz
antrakinonlar
Sulu faz
(+Asit+Eter)
Eterli faz
Serbet karboksilli
antrakinonlar
Sulu faz
25. SULU FAZ +Eter
Eterli faz Sulu faz
+ NaHCO3
Eterli faz
Kombine karboksilsiz
antrakinonlar
Sulu faz
Asit+Eter
Eterli faz Sulu faz
Kombine karboksilli
antrakinonlar
36. Birçok farmakopede iki tip sinameki yaprağı
yazılıdır:
1- Folia Sennae Tinnevelly
2-Folia Sennae Alexandrina
Cassia angustifolia (Leguminosae)
Cassia acutifolia bitkilerinden elde edilmektedir.
Bu iki türün kimyasal bileşimi ve özellikleri
birbirine çok yakın olduğundan elde edilen
droglar da hemen tamamen aynı maksatlarla ve
birbirinin yerine kullanılır.
37. C. angustifolia'nın
vatanı Arabistan'dır ve
Yemen ile Somali'de
yabani olarak bulunur.
Hindistan'ın güneyinde
Tinnevelly bölgesinde
kültürü yapılmaktadır
C. acutifolia'nın vatanı
tropik Afrika'dır.
Sudan'da yabani olarak
yetişir ve kültürü
yapılır;
İskenderiye'den ihraç
edilir.
38. Drog elde etmek için dallar, eylül ayında
toplanır ve güneşte kurutulur
meyva ve yaprakçıklar ayrılır
Fructus Sennae
antrasen türevi bileşiklerin miktarı yaprakta
ve meyvada % 2-3
Serbest olarak bilhassa rhein (% 0.05-0.10)
ile bunun yanında az miktarda krizofanol ve
aloe-emodol
39. Antrasenozitlerden en kolay kristallenen,
sarı renkli ve asit reaksiyonlu bir madde
olan sennozit'tir.
Heterozit asit hidrolizle sennidin (aglikon)
yanında 2 molekül glukoz verir.
Sennidin, direin-antron'dur ve iki izomeri
söz konusudur.
47. Cassia fistula (Leguminosae) bitkisinin pulpasıdır.
Tropikal ağaç
Hindistan, Malezya, Brezilya ve Antil'lerde yetişir.
Meyvası 25-30 cm uzunluğunda 2-2.5 cm çapında
silindirik bir legumendir.
Perikarp sert ve odunlu, esmer, çikolata rengindedir.
Meyva enine bölünmüş olup her bölmede bir tohum
bulunur (25-100 adet).
Taze meyvada bu tohumlar siyahımsı renkte, tatlı
lezzette bir pulpa içindedir. Kullanılan kısım
meyvanın bu pulpasıdır.
48. Pulpanın % 50 si pektin, müsilaj ve şekerden
ibaret bir glusitler karışımıdır.
Antrasenik maddeler % 1.5-3 arasındadır. Bilhassa
serbest olarak bulunan bu antrasenik maddeler
arasında en çok rheine rastlanır.
Sennozit A ve B nin homologları da tespit
edilmiştir.
5-10 g lık dozlarda laksatif olarak kullanılır
Lezzeti iyi olduğundan bilhassa çocuklara verilir.
53. Bu drog bazı Aloe türlerinin (Liliaceae) yapraklarından
çıkarılan bir usaredir. 200 kadar Aloe türü olduğu
halde eczacılıkta ancak 3-4 tanesinden yararlanılır.
Bunlardan en çok bilinenler Aloe ferox ile Aloe vera'dır.
Afrika'da yetişmekte olan bu bitkilerin, uzun etli ve
kalın yaprakları bir buket oluşturur. Yapraklarının
kutikulası kalın ve kenarları dikenlidir.
Aloe ferox, bilhassa güney Afrika'da yetişmekte olup
yapraklarının boyu 15-50 cm’dir ve yaprakların hem
kenarları hem de alt ve üst yüzü dikenlidir. Kırmızı
renkli çiçek açar.
54.
55. Aloe vera (A. vulgaris = A. barbadensis) bir kültür
bitkisidir ve daha çok kuzey Afrika'da yetiştirilir. Bu
bitkinin yaprakları yalnız kenarda dikenlidir ve sarı
renkte çiçek açar.
Drog, toplanan yaprakların ezilmesiyle elde edilen
usarenin kendi kendine uçmaya bırakılması suretiyle
hazırlanır. Böyle elde edilen Aloe koyu renkli ve opak
olup kırılışı pürtüklü ve unludur (Aloe hepatica).
A. vera'dan elde edilen Aloe'ye Barbada veya Çuraçao
aloesi adı da verilir. Aloe droğunu elde etmek için
vakumda yoğunlaştırılan usarenin ince damlalar
halinde,püskürtülerek kurutulması da mümkündür.
Böyle elde edilen drog koyu kırmızı renkli ince bir
tozdur
56.
57. Aloe ferox'tan elde edilen droğa "Kap aloesi" adı
verilir.
Bu bitkinin yaprakları kesilir, akan usare 24 saat
sonra toplanır. Açık havada 4-5 saat kaynatılarak
suyu uçürulur. Soğuyunca yeşile bakan kahverengi
bir kitle haline geçer. Kırılışı parlaktır.
İnce lam halinde iken ışığı geçirir ve kırmızımsı bir
renk gösterir. Tozu yeşilimsi sarı renkli, lezzeti acıdır.
64. POLYGONACEAE
Rheum palmatum, Rheum officinale
(Palmata seksiyonu)
R. rhaponticum, R. compactum, R.
undulatum, R. emodi, R. ribes
(Rhapontica seksiyonu)
72. Antrasen türevi maddeler rizomun geniş öz kollarında
ve yıldız sistemlerinin öz kısmında kümelenmiştir.
Drog, tanen de ihtiva ettiğinden lezzeti astrenjandır ve
çiğnendiği taktirde, taşıdığı iri billurlardan dolayı
gıcırdar
Kuru Çin reventi totat olarak % 3-5 kadar antrasen
türevi madde ve % 5 kadar da tannoit (kateşol ve
glukogallin) içerir.
Kuru drogta % 0.1-0.2 kadar serbest antrakinon
vardır. Bunlar krizofanol, emodol, fiskiyon, aloe-
emodol ve rein'dir. Asıl etken maddeyi oluşturan, bu
antrakinonların heterozitleridir
77. Rheum rhaponticum
Orijini Hindistan olmakla beraber eskiden beri
Avrupa'da süs bitkisi olarak yetiştirilmekte olan bir
türdür.
Rapontikozit
Bu bitkiden elde edilen rizomlar daha az etken madde
(% 1-3 kadar) içerir. Serbest antrakinonlardan
krizofanol ile emodol elde edilmiştir. Rizomlardan % 5
kadar, rapontikozit adı verilen bir heterozit daha izole
edilmiştir. Rapontikozit hafif östrojenik bir etki
gösterir.
80. Rheum ribes
Bu tür yurdumuzda bulunan tek Rheum türüdür
Van, Elâzığ, Kayseri dağlarında yetişir.
Lübnan ve Filistin'de de yetişmekte olan bu bitkiye
Elâzığ'da Işgın adı verilmekte ve petiolleri, R.
rhaponticum petiolleri gibi ekşi lezzetli bir sebze
olarak kullanılmaktadır.
Bu bitkinin rizomları da antrasen türevi maddeler ve
oldukça fazla miktarda tanen, içerir. Halk arasında
kâbız olarak kullanılır.
84. Rhamnus purshiana (Rhamnaceae) bitkisinin genç gövde
ve dal kabuklarıdır
Antrasenik maddelerin miktarı % 4-5 kadardır. % 0.2-0.8
kadar bulunan serbest antrakinonlardan emodol ile
krizofanol ve bunlara ilâveten aloe-emodol tesbit
edilmiştir.
O-heterozitlerinden bilhassa emodol-antron ile emodol-
oksantron heterozitleri
C-heterozitlerinden aloin ve krizaloin (krizofanol-antron)
bulunmaktadır.
87. Rhamnus cathartica (Rhamnaceae) bitkisinin
meyvalarıdır.
Meyva küçük bir drupadır, olgunlaşınca siyahlaşır,
tabanında sapın artığı vardır
Bu droğun etken maddeleri, antrasen türevleri ve bazı
flavonozitlerdir.
Kuru drog % 0.7-1.4 antrasen türevi maddeler içerir ve
bu maddeler daha çok tohumlarda bulunur.
Pulpada ancak çok az miktarda mevcuttur.
Emodol, frangulozit ve emodin-antranol'ün bir
glikozidi tesbit edilmiştir.
90. Bu drog Rhamnus frangula (Rhamnaceae) bitkisinin
havada kurutulmuş gövde kabuklarıdır
Anadolu'da (İstanbul, Bolu, Bursa, Zonguldak, Rize)
ve Ankara civarında da vardır. Drog Polonya,
Çekoslovakya, Yugoslavya ve Rusya'da elde edilir.
Bitkinin çiçek açma zamanında (mayıs-temmuz) 3
yıllık dalların kabuğu 1-2 cm'lik bantlar halinde
soyularak toplanır.
Havada kurutulur. Yaşlı dalların kabukları fazlaca
tanen taşıdığı için kullanılmaz
91. Etken maddeleri teşkil eden antrasen türevleri % 2-4
kadardır. Serbest olanlar (% 0.05-0.10) emodol ve
krizofanol'dür.
Antrasenozitlerden frangulozit A ve B ile
glukofrangulozit izole edilmiştir. Frangulozit'in
aglikonu emodol'dur ve 6. karbondaki hidroksil
grubunda, bir ramnoz taşır.
Glukofrangulozitte aynı aglikon ve ramnozdan başka,
1.veya 8. karbondaki hidroksile bağlı olarak bir de
glukoz bulunur.
94. Andria araroba (Leguminosae)'den elde edilen bir
drogtur.
Bitki Brezilya ormanlarında yetişen bir ağaçtır. Bilhassa
yaşlı ağaçlarda, geniş şizolizigen salgı cepleri bulunur.
Bu salgı ceplerinin içinde sarı bir toz depolanır ki bu
madde antron ve antranoller bakımından zengindir.
95. Ağaç kesilir, parçalara bölünür ve uzunlamasına yarılır.
Toz edilip elekten geçirilerek, odunlu kısımlardan
kurtarılır ve Araroba (= Goa tozu) elde edilir.
Bu toz benzolle tüketilir ve sonra çözücü kuruluğa kadar
uçurulursa krizarobin elde edilmiş olur.
Bu drog antiseptiktir. Çünkü yüksek miktarda antron ve
antranol taşımaktadır. Antiparazitler etkisinden
yararlanılarak katran yerine kullanılır. Bilhassa
psoriaziste kullanılan bir ilâçtır.
100. Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) bitkisinin çiçekli
dallardır.
Özellikle çiçeklerinde, diantron yapısında olan
hiperisin'ler bulunmaktadır.
hiperisin, hekzahidroksi dimetil heterodiantron'dur.
Diğer hiperisinler, protohiperisin, izohiperisin ve
psödohiperisin'dir.
Hiperisinin purgatif etkisi yoktur. Yorgunluğa ve
mental depresyona karşı tonik ve stimulan olarak
kullanılmıştır
101. Drog zeytin yağı ile su banyosunda 2 saat masere
edilmek suretiyle yara tedavisinde kullanılan bir
preparat hazırlanır. Benzer şekilde hazırlanan bir
halk ilacı "Kantaron yağı" adıyla Türkiye'de de
kullanılmaktadır. Başka bitkilerle birlikte hazırlanan
alkolasından da yara iyi edici olarak yararlanılır.
Ancak bu uygulamada hiperisin'in deriyi güneş
ışınlarına duyarlı kılan (fotosensibilizatör) bir etkisi
olduğu da dikkate alınmalıdır.
H. perforatum'un uçucu yağı antihelmentik etkilidir.
Hiperisin'in kuvvetli antibiyotik etkisi de bulunduğu
bilinmektedir
105. Rubia tinctorum (Rubiaceae) bitkisinin kökleridir.
XVIII. yüzyılda Türkiye'de bu bitkinin geniş çapta
kültürü yapılmakta ve dünya üretiminin 2/3 si
sağlanmaktaydı. Bu kökten elde edilen kırmızı boya
"Edirne kırmızısı" veya "Türk kırmızısı" adıyla
bilinmekteydi. Bugün daha çok sentetik boyalar
kullanılmaktadır.
Kökteki boya maddeleri başlıca alizarin (1,2-
dihidroksiantrakinon) ve purpurin (1,2,4-
trlhidroksiantrakinon) dir.
Alizarin (veya alizaron) bitkide primveroz (glukoz +
ksiloz) ile 2 nci karbon atomundaki hidroksil grubu
üzerinden heterozit meydana getirmiş şekilde
bulunur. Bu heterozide ruberitrik asit adı verilir.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111. Coccionella
Coccus
Kırmız böceği
Coccus cacti böceğinin genç larvalar taşıyan
dişilerinin kurutulmuş gövdeleri
Cactaceae bitkisi Opuntia coccinellifera
Su buharı, eter buharı veya kükürt dumanı
Karminik asit % 10
kırmızı rengi buradan ileri gelir
Karminik asit polifenolik bir antrakinon ile 2.
karbondaki hidroksile bağlı glukozdan meydana
gelmiş bir heterozittir.