Antioxidants are substances which are capable to protect the body from damages caused by free radical. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exists in the body and many of them are derived from plant sources. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the absolute ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark on typhoid fever induced rats. Salmonella typhi infected rats were treated every day between 7 to 9 AM with different doses of plant extract (9.16, 36.5 and 73 mg/kg or oxytetracyclin 20 mg/ kg). After 09 days of treatment, the results show that the different doses of this extract have all contributed to the cure of the infected rats, healing marked by the absence of salmonella in animal’s blood cultured on ss agar. In the other hand, treatment with different doses of plant extract result in a relative and signifi cant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of some blood and tissues antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and POD while the level of alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide as compared to untreated control group animal as compared to the untreated control group animals. Whereas, the level of ALP, MDA and NO were signifi cantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed that the absolute ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark possess antioxidant and antityphoid properties necessary to eradicate the free radical produced during typhoid fever infection.
Preparation and quality control of immunological productsMayur D. Chauhan
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Preparation and quality control of immunological productsMayur D. Chauhan
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Medical parasitology : study of parasites that infect human, diseases caused by them, clinical picture, their diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as controls.
It involves drug development, epidemiological studies and study of zoonoses.
To know various terms related to parasitology.
To know about general parasites and parasitic infections.
To get knowledge about laboratory diagnosis and its importance.
To gain idea about general epidemiological aspects of parasites that affect human.
Apply basic methods of specimen collection , preservation and processing in lab.
To prevent ourselves from these infections and apply control measures.
n-Hexane Insoluble Fraction of Plantago lanceolata Exerts Anti-Inflammatory A...UniversitasGadjahMada
Inflammation is involved in the progression of many disorders, such as tumors, arthritis, gastritis, and atherosclerosis. Thus, the development of new agents targeting inflammation is still challenging. Medicinal plants have been used traditionally to treat various diseases including inflammation. A previous study has indicated that dichloromethane extract of P. lanceolata leaves exerts anti-inflammatory activity in an in vitro model. Here, we examined the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a n-hexane insoluble fraction of P. lanceolata leaves dichloromethane extract (HIFPL). We first evaluated its potency to reduce paw edema induced by carrageenan, and the expression of the proinflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, in mice. The efficacy of HIFPL to inhibit COX-2 was also evaluated in an in vitro enzymatic assay. We further studied the
effect of HIFPL on leukocytes migration in mice induced by thioglycollate. The level of chemokines facilitating the migration of leukocytes was also measured. We found that HIFPL (40, 80, 160 mg/kg) demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities in mice. The HIFPL reduced the volume of paw edema and COX-2 expression. However, HIFPL acts as an unselective COX-2 inhibitor as it inhibited COX-1 with a slightly higher potency. Interestingly, HIFPL strongly inhibited leukocyte migration by reducing the level of chemokines, Interleukine-8 (IL-8) and Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).
Secondary metabolites used to treat infections caused by microbial pathogens. It can cause illness to humans and animals. This study was carried out to screen for potential antimicrobial producing microbes from soil samples collected from different area of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand, India. Dermatophytes are a major group of closely pathogenic fungi that infect skin, hair and nails in humans and animals. In the present study, a trial was done to find out a new antimicrobial agent producing bacteria from soil samples. Antifungal activity of each bacterial isolate against dermatophytic fungus was performed with dual culture and agar well diffusion methods using SDA medium. All the isolated bacterial colonies were observed for primary screening for their anti-dermatophytic activity against the pathogenic species of dermatophytes Trichophyton (MTCC-272), Epidermophyton, (MTCC-465), Microsporum (MTCC-964), Candida albicans, and A. niger were screened by well diffusion methods. Among the total 75 bacterial isolates, only 15 of them were capable of synthesizing antimicrobial metabolites in primary screening. Out of these fifteen isolated bacterial sp. only four Bacterial colonies were found to most potent that was obtained from agricultural region of Srinagar Garhwal, in Uttarakhand found to exhibit the highest antagonistic and anti-dermatophytic activity against most of the used pathogenic dermatophytes in the study. The Physiochemical and biochemical characters of the isolated bacterial species were matched with Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. Then antifungal activity was measured in different pH and temperature range parameter. Thus, isolated strain was given the suggested name PA-4(a), PA-2(a), PA-2 (PK-1), and PA-1(E). This study indicates that microorganisms isolated from agriculture land of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand (India) soil could be an interesting source of antimicrobial bioactive compound.
Key-words- Secondary metabolites, Antibiotic, Soil Bacteria, Dermatophytes, Antagonistic activity
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Medical parasitology : study of parasites that infect human, diseases caused by them, clinical picture, their diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as controls.
It involves drug development, epidemiological studies and study of zoonoses.
To know various terms related to parasitology.
To know about general parasites and parasitic infections.
To get knowledge about laboratory diagnosis and its importance.
To gain idea about general epidemiological aspects of parasites that affect human.
Apply basic methods of specimen collection , preservation and processing in lab.
To prevent ourselves from these infections and apply control measures.
n-Hexane Insoluble Fraction of Plantago lanceolata Exerts Anti-Inflammatory A...UniversitasGadjahMada
Inflammation is involved in the progression of many disorders, such as tumors, arthritis, gastritis, and atherosclerosis. Thus, the development of new agents targeting inflammation is still challenging. Medicinal plants have been used traditionally to treat various diseases including inflammation. A previous study has indicated that dichloromethane extract of P. lanceolata leaves exerts anti-inflammatory activity in an in vitro model. Here, we examined the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a n-hexane insoluble fraction of P. lanceolata leaves dichloromethane extract (HIFPL). We first evaluated its potency to reduce paw edema induced by carrageenan, and the expression of the proinflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, in mice. The efficacy of HIFPL to inhibit COX-2 was also evaluated in an in vitro enzymatic assay. We further studied the
effect of HIFPL on leukocytes migration in mice induced by thioglycollate. The level of chemokines facilitating the migration of leukocytes was also measured. We found that HIFPL (40, 80, 160 mg/kg) demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities in mice. The HIFPL reduced the volume of paw edema and COX-2 expression. However, HIFPL acts as an unselective COX-2 inhibitor as it inhibited COX-1 with a slightly higher potency. Interestingly, HIFPL strongly inhibited leukocyte migration by reducing the level of chemokines, Interleukine-8 (IL-8) and Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).
Secondary metabolites used to treat infections caused by microbial pathogens. It can cause illness to humans and animals. This study was carried out to screen for potential antimicrobial producing microbes from soil samples collected from different area of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand, India. Dermatophytes are a major group of closely pathogenic fungi that infect skin, hair and nails in humans and animals. In the present study, a trial was done to find out a new antimicrobial agent producing bacteria from soil samples. Antifungal activity of each bacterial isolate against dermatophytic fungus was performed with dual culture and agar well diffusion methods using SDA medium. All the isolated bacterial colonies were observed for primary screening for their anti-dermatophytic activity against the pathogenic species of dermatophytes Trichophyton (MTCC-272), Epidermophyton, (MTCC-465), Microsporum (MTCC-964), Candida albicans, and A. niger were screened by well diffusion methods. Among the total 75 bacterial isolates, only 15 of them were capable of synthesizing antimicrobial metabolites in primary screening. Out of these fifteen isolated bacterial sp. only four Bacterial colonies were found to most potent that was obtained from agricultural region of Srinagar Garhwal, in Uttarakhand found to exhibit the highest antagonistic and anti-dermatophytic activity against most of the used pathogenic dermatophytes in the study. The Physiochemical and biochemical characters of the isolated bacterial species were matched with Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. Then antifungal activity was measured in different pH and temperature range parameter. Thus, isolated strain was given the suggested name PA-4(a), PA-2(a), PA-2 (PK-1), and PA-1(E). This study indicates that microorganisms isolated from agriculture land of Garhwal region in Uttarakhand (India) soil could be an interesting source of antimicrobial bioactive compound.
Key-words- Secondary metabolites, Antibiotic, Soil Bacteria, Dermatophytes, Antagonistic activity
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Hydro Alcoholic Extract and Methanol Fra...paperpublications3
Abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate and compare the radioprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) and methanol fraction (MF) of Tamarindus indica pod in mice against electron beam radiation. Animals were treated with 100 mg/Kg body weight of HAE and MF of T. indica for 15 consecutive days before exposing to 6Gy (sublethal dose) whole body EBR. The irradiation of animals resulted in an elevation in lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione, total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. Irradiated group had shown micronucleus in the bone marrow cells. Treatment of mice with HAE and MF before irradiation, reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the irradiated group. Pretreated mice showed a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation followed by elevation in reduced glutathione, total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. It also showed a reduction in the micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells. The findings of our study indicate the protective efficacy of HAE and MF on radiation induced biochemical and chromosomal changes in mice may be due to its free radical scavenging and increased antioxidant levels. It also reveals MF, a better protective agent than that of HAE of T. indica.
Hepato Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on ...ijtsrd
Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
ABSTRACT- Medinilla septentrionalis is shrub, wildly distributed in Nui Ba National park, Lam Dong, Vietnam.
Although there is no scientific publication about the Medinilla septentrionalis as medicinal plant, the plant has been used
for diarrhea treatment by ethnic minorities there. In this study M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract was used to evaluate
antibacterial activity, toxicity and anti-diarrheal activity. The results showed that M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract had
highly antibacterial activity, particularly to diarrhea relating bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp.
and Escherichia coli. The M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract also effectively prevented enteropooling, reduced either
time of charcoal transit in small intestine or defecation in castor oil-induced mice at 63 mg kg–1 body weight. In addition,
no significant toxicity signs and mortality were observed on mice after treating the plant extract up to doses of 10000 mg
kg–1 body weight. The preliminary phytochemical screening of M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract showed the presence
of carbohydrates, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins and steroids. These results
strongly demonstrated that M. septentrionalis ethanolic extract possessed highly anti-bacterial and anti-diarrheal
properties. The results in this study contributed a validation data for the use of M. septentrionalis in diarrheal treatment.
Key-words- Medinilla septentrionalis, Antibacterial activity, Anti-diarrheal activity, Ethanolic extract
Acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract from the s...Jing Zang
Terminalia superba is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Terminalia superba (AETs). The LD50 was determined by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter (1944) and the calculation method of Dragsted and Lang (1957) in mice. The preventive anti-ulcerogenic action of the extract was assessed using four models of gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, indomethacin solution, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress in rats. The LD50 obtained by the oral administration of AETs was 12.2 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. and 12.33 ± 0.87 g/kg b.w. by the graphic method and the calculation method respectively. The administration of AETs intraperitoneally gave 1.97 ± 0.29 g/kg b.w. (graphic method) and 1.93 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. (calculation method) as LD50s. The preventive gastric anti-ulcer study revealed that for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg body weight, EATs significantly (P<0.05)>< 0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba showed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. These results suggested that the preventive anti-ulcer activity of AETs may be due to a cytoprotective effect. The LD50s found indicated that the extract was not toxic and that the phytochemical coumpounds present in EATs could be responsible for its effects. In conclusion, the preventive gastric anti-ulcer and the non toxic effects of the aqueous extract of Terminalia superba could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine to treat abdominal disorder and pains.
Antituberculosis and toxicity assay of ethanolic extract of mimba cortexCut Fatimah
CUT FATIMAH, Uji toksisitas dan uji antituberkolosis ekstrak daun mimba, Fakultas Farmasi, Fakultas Pertanian UTND MEDAN, Sumatera Utara, Dra. Cut Fatimah, Msi.,Apt.
Disinfectants play an important role in health careassociated
infection control by either minimizing or preventing
microorganism dissemination. This article to study the
morphological changes which may be related to the lose of
antibiotic resistance after disinfectant exposure using SEM.
Showed all isolates resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin,
cephalexin, tetracycline, doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol,
trimethoprim cefotaxime and erythromycin, while one of burn
isolates was susceptible for gentamicin, chloramphenicol and
trimethoprim, and 15 of burn, 6 of wound, 5 of ear, and all urine
isolates were susceptible to gentamicin using Kirby-Bauer
method.
The MICs of four common in use disinfectants (Hexatane,
Dettol, Savlon and Povidone – Iodine) were determined for all
isolates. The results showed that the MICs of Hexatane ranged
from (64–512) µg/ml, Dettol (2048–16384) µg/ml,
Savlon (4096:40960)–(32768:327680) µg/ml and for Povidone –
Iodine MICs were (8192–32768) µg/ml. It has been found that
burn and urine isolates were more resistant to disinfectants than
wound and ear isolates. According to the effect of subMICs of
disinfectants at different exposure patterns on antibiotic
resistance, the results showed lose of resistance to tetracycline,
doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime and
trimethoprim in %72, %72, %68, %22, %28 and %36 of isolates,
respectively. The results of SEM micrograph showed normal
morphology and small sized bacteria with nub formation on some
of them when exposed to dettol, and shape changes in cells with
bulging in exposed to Povidone-iodine, while elongation and
deformation were recorded in some cells in exposed to
Savlon(chlorohexidine/ cetrimide) and Hexatane (chlorohexidine/
gluconate), respectively.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Similar to American Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (20)
A 5-year old boy, with an established diagnosis of a topic
dermatitis, previously treated by topical corticosteroids and emollient cream with a good improvement, developed widespread papules on his legs, hands and forearm that appeared 5 months ago.
Methods: Retrospectively, the file records of the patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were examined. Demographic features, Body Mass Index (BMI), the mouth opening, Mallampati score, thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck circumference measurements and videolaryngoscopic examination results were recorded Results: In a total of 140 consecutive patients (58 male, 82 female) were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 35.40 ± 9.78 and the mean BMI of the patients was 44.33 ± 7.52 kg/m2
. The mean mouth opening of the patients was 4.82 ± 0.54 cm
and the mean neck circumference was 43.52 ± 4.66 cm. The mean thyromental distance was 8.02 ± 1.00 cm and the mean sternomental distance was16.58 ± 1.53 cm. Difficult intubation was determined in 8 (5.7%) patients. In logistic regression analysis, age (p : 0.446), gender (p : 0.371), BMI (p : 0.947), snoring (p : 0.567), sleep apnea (p : 0.218), mouth opening (p : 0.687), thyromental distance (p :0.557), sternomental (p : 0.596) and neck circumference (p : 0.838) were not the independent predictors of difficult intubation. However, Mallampati score (p : 0.001) and preoperative direct laryngoscopy findings (p : 0.037) performed in outpatient clinic were the significant
predictors of difficult intubation. Interestingly, all patients with grade 4 laryngoscopy findings had difficult intubation.
Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery has been performed in Mexico since 1989, but no reports about training tendencies exist. We conducted a national survey in 2015, and here we report the results concerning training characteristics during the surgical residence of the respondents. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted through a survey questioning demographic data, laparoscopic training during pre and post surgical residency and other of areas of laparoscopic practice. The sample was calculated and survey piloted before
application. Special interest in this report was placed on type and quality of training received. Data are reported in percentages.
Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is defined as pathological bone formation at locations where bone normally does not exist. The
presence of HO has been found to be a rare complication after stroke in several studies, whereas there are only sporadic references relating HO to Cerebral Palsy (CP) and few for CP and stroke. No effective treatment for HO has yet been found, whereas the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been completely understood. Therefore, increased awareness among physicians is required, as a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment. A case of a male patient with CP, who developed HO on the paretichip joint following an ischemic stroke is presented.
Objectives: To assess the practice of food hygiene and safety, and its associated factors among street food vendors in urban areas of Shashemane, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Ethiopia, 2019.
Methods: Cross-sectional study design was applied from December 28, 2019 to January 27, 2020. Data was collected from 120 food handlers, which were selected by purposive sampling techniques. Information was gathered from interview and field observation by conducting food safety survey and using questionnaires via face to face interview. The collected data was entered using Epi Data 3.1 and finally, it was analyzed using SPSS VERSION 20.
A Division I football athlete experienced acute posterior leg pain while pushing off on the line of scrimmage. Ultrasound (US) showed a midsubstance plantaris tendon rupture, an injury that, to our knowledge, has only been described once before in the medical literature [1]. US was also used to assist with rehab progression and return to previous level of activity, which was achieved three weeks after the injury. While there currently are no guidelines regarding return to sport after this injury, this case demonstrates that once pain is controlled and ROM restored, progression through rehabilitation and return to elite level sport is simply based on symptoms.
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), is a severe disease, representing 5-10% of all reported cases of diabetes worldwide. Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) is a subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus that is largely characterized by the abrupt onset of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hyperglycemia without insulin defi ciency. Viral infections have been hypothesized to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) through the complete and rapid destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Coxsackie viral infection has been detected in islets of 50% of the pancreatic tissue recovered from recent-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients. In this report we have highlighted a case where the patient developed a Group B Coxsackie virus infection culminating in the development of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D).
Methods: Cercariae are released by infected water snails. To determine the occurrence of cercariae-emitting snails in SchleswigHolstein, 155 public bathing places were visited and searched for fresh water snails. Family and genus of the collected snails were determined and the snails were examined for the shedding of cercariae, using a standard method and a newly developed method.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Femoral hernias, comprise 2% to 4% of all hernias in the inguinal region, and occur most commonly in women. Th ey present typically with a mass below the level of the inguinal ligament. The sac may contain preperitoneal fat, omentum, small bowel, or other structures and have a high rate of incarceration and strangulation due to the small size of the hernia neck orifice, requiring emergency surgery. We present the case of a 54-year-old female patient with intestinal occlusion due to incarcerated femoral hernia, repaired by laparoscopic approach, that gave the patient the opportunity to attend her daughter’s wedding the same day.
Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome (sSMC) is a rare genetic condition marked by the presence of an extra chromosome to the 46 human chromosomes. This case report describes a 4 year old child with SSMC on the 46th chromosome. The child presented with delayed speech and language development, seizures and mild developmental delay. Speech and Language evaluation was carried out and management options are discussed.
A catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials that serve a broad range of functions, but mainly catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat disease or perform surgical procedures. Catheters have been inserted into body cavities, ducts, or vessels to allow for drainage, administration of therapeutic fluids or gases, operational access for surgery. Catheters help perform tasks in various systems such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic systems. A dataset of 12 patients with varying “weights” and “heights” was recorded along with the lengths of their catheter tubes. This data set was found from two revered statistical textbooks on linear regression and the Department of Scientific Computing at Florida State University. This data set was not able to be linked to any particular clinical or experimental research studies, but the data set can be used to help catheter manufacturers and medical professionals better decide on what particular catheter lengths to use for patients knowing only their height & weight. These research insights could be helpful to healthcare professionals that have patients with incomplete or no healthcare records
to decide what catheter length to use. The main investigative inquiry that needed to be answered was how does patient weight & height influence catheter length together and separately? We conducted linear regression and other statistical analysis procedures in R program & Microsoft Excel and discovered that this data exhibited a quality called multi collinearity. With multi collinearity, all predictors (2 or more
independent variables) are not significant in an all encompassing linear aggression, but the predictors might be significant in their own individual linear regressions. Individual linear regression analyses were conducted for both patient height & weight to see how much they both contribute to varying catheter length. Patient weight was found to be more impatful than patient height in relationship to catheter length, even though height and weight are a classical example of multi collinearity predictors.
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
Kratom is an herbal product that is derived from Southeast Asian Mitragyna speciose tree leaves [1-10]. This compound is used for many purposes such as stimulation, euphoria, or analgesia [1-10]. It has been recently identified as a drug of abuse by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration [2,8]. Side-effects from this compound have not been well documented. We describe a case of a 36-year-old female who develop nephrotoxicity after taking an herbal supplement. She took kratom as an adjunctive therapy for back pain management. She developed right upper quadrant pain and nausea. Laboratory tests showed elevated liver enzymes without evidence of bile duct obstruction. Liver enzymes normalized several weeks after Kratom discontinuation. We advise clinicians to be vigilant about Kratom’s hepatotoxic potential on patient health.
The assessment, diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients is extremely challenging. Patients often deteriorate whilst being
reviewed and their rapidly changing pathophysiology barrages healthcare professionals with new data. Furthermore, comprehensive assessments must be postponed until the patient has been stabilised. So, important data and interventions are often missed in the heat of the moment. In emergency situations, suboptimal management decisions may cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, standardisation and careful design of documentation (i.e. proformas and checklists) can enhance patient safety. So, I have developed a series of checklist proformas to guide the assessment of critically ill patients. These proformas also promote the systematic recording and presentation of information to facilitate the retrieval of the precise data required for the management for critically ill patients. The proformas have been modifi ed extensively over the last twenty years based on my personal experience and extensive consultation with colleagues in several world-renowned centres of excellence. The proformas were originally developed for use in the intensive therapy unit
or high dependency unit. However, they have been adapted for use by outreach teams reviewing patients admitted outside of critical care areas. The use of these tools can direct eff orts to provide appropriate organ support and provides a framework for diagnostic reasoning.
Systemic Hypertension (HTN) accounts for the largest amount of attributable Cardiovascular (CV) mortality worldwide. There are several factors responsible for the development of HTN and its CV complications. Multicenter trials revealed that risk factors responsible for Micro Vascular Disease (MVD) are similar for those attributable to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) which include tobacco use, unhealthy cholesterol levels, HTN, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, insulin resistance, increasing age and genetic predisposition. In addition, the defective release of Nitric Oxide (NO) could be a putative candidate for HTN and MVD. This study reviewed the risk stratification of hypertensive population employing cardiac imaging modalities which are of crucial importance
in diagnosis. It further emphasized the proper used of cardiac imaging to determine patients at increased CV risk and identify the management strategy. It is now known that NO has an important effect on blood pressure, and the basal release of endothelial Nitric Oxide (eNOS) in HTN may be reduced. Although there are different forms of eNOS gene allele, there is no solid data revealing the potential role of the polymorphism of the eNOS in patients with HTN and coronary vascular diseases. In the present article, the prevalence of eNOS G298 allele in hypertensive patients with micro vascular angina will be demonstrated. This review provides an update on appropriate and justified use of non-invasive imaging tests in hypertensive patients and its important role in proper diagnosis of MVD and CAD. Second, eNOS gene allele and its relation to essential hypertension and angina pectoris are also highlighted.
Methods: Two groups were selected by non-probability random sampling technique including case group of 154 patients with
suspected dengue (fever>2days and <10days) and control group of 146 patients with febrile illness other than dengue. Clinical,hematological and serologic markers of cases and control groups were analyzed. The frequency distribution was used to compare categorical serologic markers and paired sample T test was applied for hematologic variables before and after treatment of dengue using SPSS version 21.
Researchers from Utrecht recently published yet another paper on the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)demonstrating an additional failed attempt to understand the importance of qualitative versus quantitative imaging, and anatomic versus physiologic imaging. Th e implications of this failure here cannot be overstated.
Introduction: Stroke is an even more dramatic major public health problem in young people. Goal of the study: Contribute to the knowledge of strokes in young people. Methodology: This was a retrospective study carried out over a period of 02 years (January 2017 to December 2018) including the files of patients aged 18 to 49 years hospitalized for any suspected case of stroke in the Neurology department of the University Hospital
Center of the Sino-Central African Friendship (CHUSCA) of Bangui.
Background: This report describes a unique case of a patient that developed psychotic symptoms believed to be secondary
to a tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. These psychotic symptoms subsequently abated with placement of a
ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case description: 60-year-old female was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility on a psychiatric involuntary commitment petition due to progressive paranoia, homicidal ideation and psychosis. The work up showed a calcified six cm tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. The patient initially rejected treatment but later became amenable to placement of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
(VPS).
More from SciRes Literature LLC. | Open Access Journals (20)
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. American Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
SCIRES Literature - Volume 1 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page -021
INTRODUCTION
Typhoid fever is a global health problem and a systemic infection
caused by Salmonella typhi or Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, with
more than 22 million cases and 216500 deaths estimated annually [1].
This human pathogen bacterium is transmitted indirectly by ingestion
of faecally contaminated food, milk, or water or directly from person
to person, with the strongest burden in developing countries due to
poorsanitaryconditions[2].From10to14daysafterhumaninfection,
the bacterium causes low grade fever, headache, white patches in
the center of tongue, inflammed bones, abdominal pain, agitation,
bloody stool, malaise, loss of appetite, constipation or diarrhea,
bradycardia and myalgia. The fever rises to a high plateau, the spleen
and liver become enlarged, and rose spots on the skin of the abdomen
or chest are seen in rare cases [3]. In order to reduce the prevalence
and the complications of this disease, antibiotics such as ampicillin,
trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole
are used in many countries. Because of the greater resistance to all the
three first line antimicrobials (i.e. chloramphenicol, ampicillin and
co-trimoxazol) [4] and the medullary toxicity of chloramphenicol
which had been for long the drug of choice for the treatment of
typhoid fever [5], it is important to look for the new therapeutic
options. Natural substances in general and particularly medicinal
plants are mostly used worldwide and principally in developing
countries [6]. Since bacterial infection like others produces an acute
inflammation, it’s make the lymphoid tissues stand out from the
surrounding mucosa. Moreover, the entrance of Salmonella into the
body causes the production of superoxide and nitric oxide which react
together to form peroxynitrite, a strong biological oxidant [7] indeed,
during aerobic respiration in most cells, including prokaryotic cells,
reactive oxygen intermediates are produced at low rates. To cope
with oxidative stress, bacteria have evolved protective responses that
enable them to withstand the survive [8]. In addition, large quantities
of reactive oxygen intermediates are produced by phagocytes during
uptake of microorganisms when bacteria interact with an eukaryotic
host [9]. These reactive oxygen species can lead to serious health
problems including sickle cell diseases, atherosclerosis, heart failure,
chronicfatiguesyndrome[10].Thus,ifthebacteriaarepreventedfrom
producing reactive oxygen compounds, it can contribute to efficiently
fight against the microorganisms. On the other hand, antioxidant
compounds such as polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and
carotenoids [11] are thought to prevent chronic complications in
part through their ability to scavenge free radicals [12]. Thus, it may
be interesting to find a medicinal plant with dual antimicrobial and
antioxidant properties [13]. Enantia chlorantha, the subject of our
study, is a plant whose demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of
diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria [14], urinary tract infections,
jaundice [15], diarrhea [16], cough and wounds [17], gastric ulcers
[18], infective hepatitis, rickettsia fever, typhoid fever [19]. This plant
is also known as the African yellow wood. It’s commonly found in the
central and Southern forest zones of Cameroon [13]. Its stem bark is
used in Cameroon for the management of typhoid fever. This study
was designed to assess the antioxidant effect of absolute ethanolic
extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark in the typhoid fever-Induced
Wistar Rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Material: Collection and Identification
The stem bark of Enantia chlorantha was collected in Lekie,
Central region of Cameroon, in March 2014. Identification of the
plant was done at the National Herbarium, in Yaoundé-Cameroon,
using a voucher specimen registered under the reference N°25918/
SRFCAM. The stem bark were air-dried at room temperature
(23 ± 2°C) away from sunlight and milled to coarse particle at the
Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaounde I.
Extract preparation
(100g) of Enantia chlorantha Stem bark powdered were
macerated three times at room temperature (23 ± 2°C) in 1000ml
absolute ethanolic solvent (95% EtOH) for 48 hours, and then filtered
with Whatman paper (N°1). The filtrate was concentrated at 45°C
using a rotary evaporator (Buchi R200) and the obtained volume was
later dried at 40°C. The plant extracts were stored in sterilized bottles
at room temperature until usage.
Animals
Adult males and females Wistar (RjHan: WI) rats of 120 to
140 g and 8 to 9 weeks old used in this study were obtained from
the animal house of the Department of Biochemistry, University
of Dschang, Cameroon for the study. They were kept in rat cages
at room temperature (23 ± 2°C) with free access to rat food and
water. The experiments were performed in accordance with the
ethical guidelines of the Committee for Control and Supervision of
Experiments on Animals (Registration # 173/CPCSEA, of January 28,
2000), India, on the use of laboratory animals.
Experimental design
Animals were randomly grouped into six groups of eight animals
each (males and females) after one week of acclimatization. Except
ABSTRACT
Antioxidants are substances which are capable to protect the body from damages caused by free radical. A variety of free radical
scavenging antioxidants exists in the body and many of them are derived from plant sources. The aim of the present study was to
investigate the antioxidant activity of the absolute ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark on typhoid fever induced rats.
Salmonella typhi infected rats were treated every day between 7 to 9 AM with different doses of plant extract (9.16, 36.5 and 73 mg/
kg or oxytetracyclin 20 mg/ kg). After 09 days of treatment, the results show that the different doses of this extract have all contributed
to the cure of the infected rats, healing marked by the absence of salmonella in animal’s blood cultured on ss agar. In the other hand,
treatment with different doses of plant extract result in a relative and significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of some blood and tissues
antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and POD while the level of alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide as
compared to untreated control group animal as compared to the untreated control group animals. Whereas, the level of ALP, MDA and
NO were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed that the absolute ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark possess
antioxidant and antityphoid properties necessary to eradicate the free radical produced during typhoid fever infection.
Keywords: Enantia chlorantha; Typhoid Fever; Antioxidant Activity; Oxidative Stress
3. American Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
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the animals from group I, the rest were infected by receiving oral
administration of 1 mL of the 1.5x108
CFU of S. typhi preparation.
During the experiment, animals of group I were not infected and
were treated only with DMSO (%), and thus serve as neutral control.
Animal of group II were infected and non-threated (control group)
while those of group VI were treated with oxytetracyclin (positive
control). The remaining group animals were treated after infection
with different doses of E. chlorantha that was 9.16 mg/ kg, 36.5 and 73
mg/ kg respectively for group III, IV and V.
Confirmation after treatment
One milliliter of blood from the treated animals was drawn
from the codal vein every two days of treatment and inoculated on
already prepared SS Agar on petri dishes. The inoculated plates were
incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The counts of emerged colonies (black
color presentation) were used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment.
Dissection and Blood collection
At the end of the experiment, animals were fasted overnight
on the 8th
day of treatment. They were then anaesthetized using
chloroform vapors, dissected and the blood samples were collected
by cardiac puncture in the pain tubes. Serum was obtained by
centrifugation of these tubes at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. Fifteen
percent (15%) homogenate of organs (Liver, kidney, lung, heart and
spleen) were prepared in normal saline solution, and then centrifuged
at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant and sera were used for
the determination of biochemical parameters related to oxidative
stress such as catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD), Malondialdehyde
(MDA), nitric oxide (NO), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and
Alkaline Phosphatase (AP).
BIOCHEMICAL ANTIOXIDANT PARAME-
TERS
Enzymatic parameters
Catalase assay: Catalase level was evaluated in serum and tissue as
described by [20]. Ten microliters of the serum or tissues homogenate
were added into 150 μL of phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Then 40 μl of H2
O2
(50 mM) were also introduced. After 1 minute, 400 μl of potassium
dichromate (5%) prepared in the 1% of acetic acid was introduced in
the reactional solution. The mixture was heated in boiling water for
10 min and cooled immediately. The absorbance was recorded at 570
nm using spectrophotometer “Schimadzu 1501, Japan”. Enzymatic
activity of catalase was inferred by the Beer-Lambert law [21] in
mmol/ min per milliliter of serum or gram of tissue.
Peroxidase assay: Peroxidase level was determined in tissues as
described by [22] with slight modifications. Two hundred and fifty
microliters of serum or organs homogenates were was taken, and to
this were added 500 μl of 10 mM KI solution and 500 μl of 40 mM
sodium acetate. The absorbance of potassium per iodide was read
at 353 nm, which indicates the amount of peroxidase. Then 10 μl of
15 mM H2
O2
was added, and the change in the absorbance in 5 min
was recorded. Enzymatic activity of peroxidase activity was expressed
in μmole/ min per milliliter of serum or gram of tissue by the Beer-
Lambert law [21].
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) assay: SOD activity was
determined in tissue by [23] method with some modifications. To
150 μL of homogenates 1 650 μL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and
200 μL of 0.3 mmol/ L epinephrine was also added. The self-oxidation
of epinephrine was recorded at 480 nm 30 seconds and then, one
minute after its addition by spectrophotometer (Schimadzu 1501,
Japan). The SOD activity expressed as percentage of inhibition was
calculated taking into account that 50% inhibition correspond to one
unit of activity.
Alkaline phosphatase assay: Serum markers namely alkaline
phosphatase level was estimated based on colorimetric method using
commercial kits (IMNESCOWiedtalstr, Germany respectively) and
spectrophotometer “Schimadzu 1501, Japan”.
NON ENZYMATIC PARAMETERS
Estimation of lipid peroxidation
The extent of peroxidation in tissues and serum was assessed
by measuring the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) according to
the method of [24] with some modifications. A total of 0.5 mL of
1% orthophosphoric acid and 0.5 mL of precipitating mixture (1%
thiobarbituric acid, 1% acetic acid) were added to 0.1 mL of tested
sample. The mixture was homogenized and heated in boiling water
for 15 min and cooled immediately. It was then centrifuged at 5000
rpm for 10 min and the absorbance of the supernatant was recorded
at 532 nm using Schimadzu 1501 spectrophotometer, Japan. The
peroxidation in the tissues was calculated based on the molar
extinction coefficient of malondialdehyde (MDA) (153 mM-1
cm-1
),
and expressed in terms of micromoles of MDA/ g of tissue.
Determination of nitrite oxide concentration (NO)
This assay relies on a diazotization reaction that was described by
Griess [25]. With some modifications. The Griess Reagent is made up
of a freshly prepared sulfanilamide and N-1-Napthyl Ethylenediamine
Dihydrochloride (NED) under acidic conditions and protect from
light. To 340μL of the experimental sample, 340 μL of freshly prepared
1% Sulfanilamide in 5% orthophosphoric acid were added and after 5
min of incubation in the dark at room temperature (23 ± 2°C), 340μL
of the NED Solution (0.1% NED in water) were also added. The
resulting solution was well mixed and then incubated away from light
at room temperature for 5 min, protected from light. The absorbance
of the colored azo compound formed was measured at 520 nm within
30 minutes. A standard curve was plotted using nitrite (NaNO2
) (100,
50, 25, and 12.5μM). The results were expressed as Micro molar of
Nitrite Equivalents (μMNE) per gram (g) of tissue or per milliliter
(mL) of blood.
Statistical analysis
Data obtained were expressed as mean ± SEM (standard error
of mean) and were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA
with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0
software. Post hoc analysis using Waller Duncan test was used to
compare means of different groups. A p-value of 0.05 was considered
statistically significant.
RESULTS
In vivo therapeutic test
Infection and treatment: Infected rats presented erect hairs
(a sign of fever) and diarrhea. They looked drowsiness, weak and
were less active. The slender body became more bulky. Trace of
blood and mucus were noted in stool. These symptoms traduced
the establishment of the infection in these animals which was clearly
revealed by the growth of Salmonella colonies on SS agar Petri dishes
after blood culture. The evolution of the bacterial load in the blood of
test animals during the experiment is summarized in (Figure 1). It can
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be noted from this figure that the bacteria load increase exponentially
during the first three day following the infection. During the first two
days following the treatment there were a slightly increased in blood
bacteria load. The bacteria load in negative control was significantly
high (p < 0.05) at the end of the treatment as compared to that of
rats receiving different doses of extract, despite of the slight decrease
observed on the 6th
day of the experiment. The healing effect of E.
chlorantha extract was observed from the seventh day, as there was a
significant and dose-dependent decrease of bacterial load in infected
animals under treatment. Animal receiving oxytetracyclin and 73mg
of E. chlorantha extract were the first recovery in both males and
females groups.
ANTIOXIDANT PARAMETERS
Effect of the treatment on Enzymatic Antioxidant
Parameters
Tissues and serum catalase activities: (Table 1) shows the
evolution of the activity of the heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and
serum catalase (CAT) with different treatments. It can be noted that
infection has resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the activity
of heart and spleen catalase both in males and females rats. In the
serum and other organs the difference was not Significant (p < 0.05)
when compared to the neutral control. Animals receiving the extract
of E. chlorantha stem bark showed relative and significant increase of
Catalase activity as compared to the negative control group animals.
Tissues and serum peroxidase activities and serum alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) activities: The evolution of the activity of the
heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and serum peroxidase as well as
serum ALP activity is presented in (Table 2). It can be observed from
this that there is a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in liver’s peroxidase
activity of infected females rats as compare to neutral control.
However, there was a relative and slight increase in peroxidase activity
of those receiving different doses of extract/ oxytetracyclin as well as
neutral control when compared with the negative control animals.
The increase was significant (p < 0.05) in the female’s heart receiving
73mg/ kg of extract and the male’s serum receiving 9.16 mg/ kg of
extract as compared to negative control. This table also showed that
infection resulted in a significant increase of male and female ALP
activity as compared with neutral control. Nevertheless, treatment
Figure 1: Effect of E. chlorantha extract on males and females blood salmonella load
Table 1: Evolution of the tissues and serum catalase activity with different treatment.
Doses (mg/kg)
Catalase (μmol/min/g of tissue or μmol/min/ml of serum)
Heart Lungs Liver Spleen Kidney Serum
Females
N 0.008 ± 0.001ab
0.039 ± 0.010ab
0.010 ± 0.003a
0.079 ± 0.0165abc
0.050 ± 0.0232a
0.365 ± 0.017a
9.16 0.005 ± 0.001ab
0.044 ± 0.008ab
0.009 ± 0.002a
0.112 ± 0.004c
0.037 ± 0.001a
0.415 ± 0.021a
36.5 0.004 ± 0.001a
0.048 ± 0.006ab
0.011 ± 0.005a
0.094 ± 0.015bc
0.024 ± 0.005a
0.377 ± 0.039a
73 0.014 ± 0.005c
0.084 ± 0.032b
0.028 ± 0.004a
0.044 ± 0.018a
0.030 ± 0.005a
0.408 ± 0.017a
Oxy 0.010 ± 0.005bc
0.038 ± 0.006ab
0.017 ± 0.009a
0.060 ± 0.011ab
0.040 ± 0.003a
0.378 ± 0.041a
Neg 0.002 ± 0.000a
0.023 ± 0.005ab
0.007 ± 0.002a
0.041 ± 0.006ab
0.054 ± 0.016a
0.328 ± 0.049a
Males
N 0.007 ± 0.002ab
0.032 ± 0.003a
0.023 ± 0.009b
0.034 ± 0.005abc
0.027 ± 0.005a
0.411 ± 0.040a
9.16 0.004 ± 0.001a
0.032 ± 0.004a
0.003 ± 0.001a
0.044 ± 0.003bc
0.019 ± 0.005a
0.405 ± 0.019a
36.5 0.011 ± 0.005b
0.032 ± 0.009a
0.005 ± 0.001a
0.045 ± 0.004c
0.025 ± 0.003a
0.358 ± 0.016a
73 0.008 ± 0.004ab
0.036 ± 0.001a
0.007 ± 0.003a
0.026 ± 0.004a
0.021 ± 0.002a
0.371 ± 0.014a
Oxy 0.005 ± 0.003a
0.027 ± 0.008a
0.004 ± 0.002a
0.031 ± 0.005abc
0.017 ± 0.004a
0.411 ± 0.025a
Neg 0.003 ± 0.001a
0.029 ± 0.004a
0.007 ± 0.004a
0.026 ± 0.005ab
0.020 ± 0.003a
0.317 ± 0.037a
N: neutral control; Neg: negative control; Oxy: Oxytetracyclin; values of this table are expressed as Means ± SD of four determinations. Values with different letters
in the same column and the same sex are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent decrease in
female rats as compare to the neutral control. In the other hand, there
is a slight difference between neutral and negative control in males
rats.
Tissues and serum SOD activities: The effect of the treatment on
Blood and tissues SOD activity is summarized in (Table 3). It reveals
that infection resulted in significant (p < 0.05) decrease of heart and
lungs SOD activity in male and female rats. However, concerning
lungs, this decrease was noted only in male rats. Apart from these
variations, there was a relative but not significant change in the
animals receiving different doses of extract.
Effect of treatment on Non Enzymatic Parameters
Tissues and serum MDA activities: It can be noted from the
(Table 4) that, apart from the significant increases of male serum
malondialdehyde activity, no other significant variation was noted,
either in male or female rats. Although not significant, treatment has
resulted decreases of tissues malondialdehyde level in experimental
animals.
Tissues and serum NO activities: (Table 5) present the
concentration of NO in the tissues and serum of experimental rats. It
showed that infection caused an increase in the tissues and serum NO
of all the animals when compared with neutral control. This increase
is significant (p < 0.05) in negative control male’s spleen rats as
compared to other group. The administration of different doses of E.
chlorantha stem bark extract in those animals result in a significant (p
< 0.05) decrease in the level of heart female’s and male NO receiving
73mg/ kg and oxytetracyclin. As far as lung and liver NO is concern,
this decrease was observed in animal receiving E. chlorantha extract
at 9.16 (lung) and 9.16 and 72 mg/ kg (liver). The change in the other
tissue and serum are not Significant (p > 0.05).
In vivo therapeutic test: It is well known that typhoid fever
infection is characterized by diarrhea or constipation, abdominal
pain, intestinal hemorrhage. The establishment of the infection was
revealed by the above symptoms and also the anorexia and asthenia.
This suggested that bacteria have challenged the non-specific defense
Table 2: Effect of treatment on ALP activity and total peroxidase in tissues and serum.
Doses (mg/kg)
Total peroxidase (μmoL/min/g of tissue or μmoL/min/mL*10-2
of serum)
ALP (UI/L)
Heart Lungs Liver Spleen Kidney Serum
Females
N 0.021 ± 0.003a
0.078 ± 0.004ab
0.044 ± 0.011b
0.067 ± 0.017ab
0.121 ± 0.013a
0.115 ± 0.007a
53.42 ± 11.47a
9.16 0.018 ± 0.001a
0.084 ± 0.011ab
0.034 ± 0.009ab
0.090 ± 0.008b
0.127 ± 0.003a
0.117 ± 0.003a
71.34 ± 16.31c
36.5 0.027 ± 0.005ab
0.069 ± 0.013ab
0.030 ± 0.004ab
0.075 ± 0.019ab
0.111 ± 0.014a
0.112 ± 0.013a
66.86 ± 7.51bc
73 0.041 ± 0.008b
0.091 ± 0.012ab
0.033 ± 0.005ab
0.071 ± 0.007ab
0.124 ± 0.005a
0.111 ± 0.012a
51.00 ± 12.87a
Oxy 0.022 ± 0.005a
0.108 ± 0.008b
0.027 ± 0.017ab
0.081 ± 0.023b
0.142 ± 0.005a
0.104 ± 0.008a
36.53 ± 13.25ab
Neg 0.018 ± 0.008a
0.051 ± 0.018a
0.019 ± 0.007a
0.036 ± 0.012a
0.119 ± 0.008a
0.124 ± 0.014a
95.46 ± 19.75d
Males
N 0.010 ± 0.004ab
0.091 ± 0.016a
0.024 ± 0.006a
0.060 ± 0.008a
0.114 ± 0.012a
0.114 ± 0.006ab
79.95 ± 21.11ab
9.16 0.021 ± 0.003b
0.092 ± 0.007a
0.023 ± 0.010a
0.055 ± 0.005a
0.121 ± 0.004a
0.138 ± 0.012b
80.30 ± 19.94ab
36.5 0.006 ± 0.001a
0.098 ± 0.003a
0.036 ± 0.015a
0.066 ± 0.018a
0.139 ± 0.004a
0.101 ± 0.011ab
86.16 ± 17.78ab
73 0.015 ± 0.004ab
0.101 ± 0.004a
0.029 ± 0.009a
0.091 ± 0.011a
0.141 ± 0.004a
0.122 ± 0.012ab
36.19 ± 12.91a
Oxy 0.015 ± 0.004ab
0.096 ± 0.010a
0.046 ± 0.009a
0.089 ± 0.017a
0.128 ± 0.012a
0.104 ± 0.002ab
43.77 ± 4.821a
Neg 0.008 ± 0.003ab
0.091 ± 0.009a
0.016 ± 0.005a
0.052 ± 0.008a
0.107 ± 0.014a
0.094 ± 0.013a
142.7 ± 13.46b
C: Control; Oxy: Oxytetracyclin; values of this table are expressed as Means ± SD of four determinations. Values with different letters in the same column and the
same sex are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Table 3: Effect of treatment on serum and tissues superoxide dismutase.
Doses (mg/kg)
SOD activity (μmol/g of tissue or μmol/ml of serum)
Heart Lungs Liver Spleen Kidney Serum
Females
N 0.194 ± 0.007b
0.200 ± 0.004ab
0.202 ± 0.004a
0.211 ± 0.035a
0.204 ± 0.001a
0.193 ± 0.010a
9.16 0.199 ± 0.003b
0.200 ± 0.005ab
0.202 ± 0.009a
0.198 ± 0.015a
0.192 ± 0.022a
0.292 ± 0.057b
36.5 0.202 ± 0.001b
0.286 ± 0.171b
0.203 ± 0.031a
0.200 ± 0.004a
0.206 ± 0.008a
0.297± 0.096ab
73 0.208 ± 0.011b
0.230 ± 0.039ab
0.201 ± 0.006a
0.198 ± 0.004a
0.205 ± 0.004a
0.214 ± 0.015a
Oxy 0.203 ± 0.066b
0.199 ± 0.001ab
0.187 ± 0.014a
0.245 ± 0.083a
0.203 ± 0.011a
0.204 ± 0.004a
Neg 0.186 ± 0.011a
0.176 ± 0.022a
0.193 ± 0.009a
0.186 ± 0.029a
0.221 ± 0.045a
0.204 ± 0.001a
Males
N 0.205 ± 0.009b
0.205 ± 0.007b
0.195 ± 0.022ab
0.199 ± 0.009a
0.228 ± 0.046b
0.221 ± 0.014ab
9.16 0.204 ± 0.011b
0.202 ± 0.004b
0.200 ± 0.006ab
0.191 ± 0.001a
0.203 ± 0.019ab
0.359 ± 0.091b
36.5 0.200 ± 0.004b
0.211 ± 0.015b
0.190 ± 0.023ab
0.197 ± 0.009a
0.182 ± 0.037ab
0.279 ± 0.079ab
73 0.199 ± 0.009b
0.206 ± 0.001b
0.202 ± 0.003ab
0.211 ± 0.014ab
0.192 ± 0.013ab
0.201 ± 0.005a
Oxy 0.187 ± 0.015b
0.206 ± 0.004b
0.692 ± 1.033c
0.204 ± 0.007a
0.190 ± 0.006ab
0.199 ± 0.002a
Neg 0.081 ± 0.078a
0.170 ± 0.008a
0.186 ± 0.014a
0.195 ± 0.004a
0.125 ± 0.077a
0.190 ± 0.003a
N: neutral control; Neg: negative control; Oxy: Oxytetracyclin; values of this table are expressed as Means ± SD of four determinations. Values with different letters
in the same column and the same sex are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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mechanism of rats, and have proliferated in animals organs after
having invaded the blood system [26]. The marked reduction of
bacteria load in culture media after administration of various dose of
E. chlorantha stem bark extract confirmed the antimicrobial potency
of the plant and therefore suggests its efficacy in the treatment of
typhoid fever. This reduction may be due to the combined action of
the extract and immune system since slight decreases of bacteria load
was also noted in negative control group animal [26]. Rats treated at
dose 73 mg/ kg bw of extract recovered almost at the same period as
those treated with oxytetracyclin. The results demonstrate that this
plant possess compounds endow with antibacterial activity. In fact,
E. chlorantha stem bark was report to possess flavonoids, phenol
and alkaloids, which have already shown several pharmacological
properties including antibacterial properties [27].
Antioxidant test: Bacterial infections in living cells result in
a releasing of toxins whose metabolism may lead to an increased
formation of highly reactive molecules that can cause oxidative
damage to the entire body [8]. Typhoid fever induced by Salmonella
typhi is due to the formation of the active metabolite (superoxide
radical). The antioxidant defense mechanisms include enzymatic
and non-enzymatic antioxidants play a crucial role in sustaining the
physiological levels of O2
and H2
O2
and eradicating the peroxides
generated from bacterial infection and inadvertent exposure to toxic
drugs. Any natural medications with antioxidant profiles may help
maintaining health. Among the antioxidants are enzymes such as
catalase and peroxidase [29,30]. The increases in the level of catalase
in animal receiving different doses of plant extract suggest that this
plant extract possess catalase-like compounds which have contributed
to the rapid break down of hydrogen peroxide produced during
Table 4: Effect of treatment on membrane lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in the serum and tissues.
Doses (mg/kg)
Malondialdehyde (μM/g of tissue or μM/ml of serum)
Heart Lungs Liver Spleen Kidney Serum
Females
N 2.557 ± 0.494a
3.342 ± 1.895a
2.781 ± 0.351a
5.787 ± 1.947a
5.092 ± 1.958a
3.986 ± 0.106a
9.16 2.983 ± 0.212abc
4.352 ± 1.688a
4.867 ± 0.323ab
7.649 ± 1.525a
6.527 ± 1.640a
4.281 ± 0.125abc
36.5 3.701 ± 0.907bc
4.374 ± 1.721a
3.477 ± 0.741ab
6.146 ± 1.347a
6.976 ± 1.470a
4.967 ± 1.114bc
73 2.849 ± 0.823ab
4.687 ± 2.458a
3.117 ± 1.387ab
6.438 ± 2.313a
6.258 ± 0.970a
5.719 ± 0.469ab
Oxy 2.759 ± 0.134ab
4.127 ± 0.617a
4.038 ± 0.792ab
9.308 ± 2.661a
6.617 ± 1.425a
5.555 ± 0.406ab
Neg 3.880 ± 0.447c
5.293 ± 1.320a
5.720 ± 1.938b
9.914 ± 2.584a
6.101 ± 1.912a
6.241 ± 0.998c
Males
N 1.772 ± 0.636a
3.387 ± 1.751a
3.095 ± 0.808a
5.810 ± 1.138a
7.155 ± 2.791a
4.444 ± 0.544a
9.16 3.566 ± 1.820ab
4.845 ± 0.572a
4.150 ± 0.420a
7.088 ± 1.232a
8.075 ± 1.407a
5.718 ± 1.038b
36.5 3.095 ± 0.693ab
4.172 ± 0.588a
3.611 ± 1.159a
6.931 ± 1.952a
7.223 ± 1.205a
5.654 ± 1.131b
73 2.848 ± 0.476ab
3.723 ± 0.883a
3.095 ± 0.274a
7.783 ± 2.831a
6.056 ± 2.247a
5.032±0.184ab
Oxy 2.759 ± 0.423ab
5.002 ± 1.590a
4.195 ± 1.865a
7.200 ± 2.005a
7.851 ± 2.299a
6.078 ± 0.289b
Neg 4.418 ± 1.537b
5.653 ± 2.072a
4.531 ± 1.462a
7.873 ± 2.990a
8.88 ± 1.098a
7.254 ± 0.537c
N: neutral control; Neg: negative control; Oxy: Oxytetracyclin; values of this table are expressed as Means ± SD of four determinations. Values with different letters
in the same column and the same sex are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Table 5: Effect of the treatment on Nitric oxide (μmole/g of tissue or μmole/ml of serum) in the serum and tissues.
Doses (mg/kg)
Nitric oxide (μmole/g of tissue or μmole/ml of serum)
Heart Lungs Liver Spleen Kidney Serum
Females
N 0.161 ± 0.100ab
1.874 ± 0.385a
0.750 ± 0.224a
1.699 ± 0.623a
5.114 ± 0.762a
2.506 ± 0.287a
9.16 0.342 ± 0.146ab
2.503 ± 0.329a
1.096 ± 0.433a
1.251 ± 0.205a
5.732 ± 1.003a
3.834 ± 0.265a
36.5 0.184 ± 0.075ab
1.623 ± 0.580a
0.609 ± 0.171a
1.399 ± 0.278a
3.922 ± 0.653a
2.944 ± 0.761a
73 0.036 ± 0.003a
2.879 ± 0.985a
0.586 ± 0.120a
0.905 ± 0.164a
5.281 ± 0.476a
2.498 ± 0.731a
OXY 0.039 ± 0.005a
3.337 ± 0.677a
0.869 ± 0.126a
1.229 ± 0.682a
5.662 ± 1.104a
2.401 ± 0.450a
Neg 0.840 ± 0.466b
2.952 ± 0.527a
0.945 ± 0.071a
2.576 ± 1.643a
6.879 ± 1.282a
3.981 ± 1.078a
Males
N 0.355 ± 0.148ab
2.191 ± 0.656a
0.355 ± 0.141a
0.6477 ± 0.135a
4.622 ± 1.133a
2.566 ± 0.158a
9.16 0.441 ± 0.081ab
2.352 ± 0.546a
0.283 ± 0.157a
2.074 ± 0.173b
5.566 ± 0.261a
4.792 ± 0.893a
36.5 0.263 ± 0.088ab
3.206 ± 0.277ab
0.392 ± 0.064a
2.096 ± 1.700b
4.369 ± 1.025a
2.428 ± 0.718a
73 0.168 ± 0.056a
2.694 ± 0.133ab
0.500 ± 0.143a
1.030 ± 0.269b
3.049 ± 1.501a
3.958 ± 0.648a
Oxy 0.095 ± 0.039a
2.982 ± 0.525ab
0.662 ± 0.323a
2.280 ± 1.201b
6.288 ± 0.655a
2.678 ± 0.198a
Neg 0.467 ± 0.255b
4.522 ± 0.690b
1.295 ± 0.520b
2.487 ± 0.561b
6.305 ± 0.910a
5.171 ± 1.407a
N: neutral control; Neg: negative control; Oxy: Oxytetracyclin; values of this table are expressed as Means ± SD of four determinations. Values with different letters
in the same column and the same sex are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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bacterial infection and by negative feedback mechanism contributed
to the inhibition of endogenous production of catalase. Indeed,
catalase is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species, which is a toxic
product of both normal aerobic metabolism and pathogenic ROS
production [31,32].The fact that the administration of the extract of
E. chlorantha has corrected the decrease in the level of heart spleen
and liver catalase induced by the infection could demonstrate that
it has an in vivo antioxidant activity and is capable of ameliorating
the effects of ROS in biologic system [33,34]. Peroxidase (POD) is
widely distributed in all animal tissues, and the highest activity is
found in the red blood cells. It decomposes hydrogen peroxide and
protects the tissues from highly reactive hydroxyl radicals [29,35]. So,
the reduction in its activity in negative control animals might be due
to the number of deleterious effects induced by the assimilation of
superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide [36]. However, the relative
and significant increase observed in animals treated with different
doses of extract of E. chlorantha could explain its healing effect.
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) plays a key role in the detoxification of
superoxide radical, thereby protecting cells from damage induced by
free radicals [37]. The reduction in SOD activity after infection could
be due to the oxidation of catalase enzymes [38]. The increased in
serum and tissues activities of SOD as observed in this study reveals
the in vivo antioxidant activity of the extract. In fact, the rise in SOD
activity level is due to the up regulation of SOD gene to increase
the expression to enhance the defense activity of SOD required to
quench excessively generated superoxide radical [45]. Serum Alkaline
Phosphatase (ALP) acts as a marker of hepatic damages. [28] Have
shown that oxidative stress is linked to the increase in the level of
serum alkaline phosphatase. This elevation indicates cellular leakage
and loss of functional integrity of cell membrane in the liver [39].
So, the significant (P < 0.05) increase in ALP activity of the serum
of infected and non-treated control might be due to increased
synthesis, in presence of increasing biliary pressure [40]. The decrease
of this activity in rats treated with E. chlorantha stem bark could
be due to the healing state of the animals. This result corroborates
the fact that serum level of ALP becomes normal with the healing
of hepatic parenchyma and the regeneration of hepatocytes [41].
The investigation of the direct effect of the plant extract on lipid
peroxidation was done by measuring MDA level. The decrease of
the MDA level in the heart, serum and liver of negative control rats
after the administration of E. chlorantha stem bark extract suggests
that the plant extract could improve the pathological condition of the
rats by reducing lipid peroxidation. Indeed, an increase in the level
of lipid peroxidation products results in increased levels of oxygen
free radicals, which attack the polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell
membranes and cause lipid peroxidation [42]. Nitrite Oxide (NO)
is Known to participate in the regulation of the redox potential of
various cells and might be involved in the protection against or the
production of oxidative stress within various tissues depending on
its concentration. The excess of nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to
generate nitrite and peroxynitrite anions, which act as free radicals
[43]. The significant (P < 0.05) increased in the level of NO in the
spleen of negative control groups of males rats could be explained
by its excessive production to destroy the microorganism. In the
other hand, the decrease observed in the animals treated with the
extract suggests that the extract is able to prevent the alteration of
some biomolecules [44]. phytochemicals analysis of the E. chlorantha
extracts reveals the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids and
triterpenes which are known to possess antioxidant activity [32]. The
antioxidant activity could then be lead to the anti-Salmonella activity
of the ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark.
CONCLUSION
Theantioxidantandanti-lipidperoxidationeffectsoftheethanolic
extract of E. chlorantha may be the rationale behind some of its
folkloric uses and may be responsible for some of its pharmacological
effects. These data suggest that extracts from these plant species should
be further investigated in order to isolate bioactive components
that might function as potential anti-salmonella agents, in order to
minimize the damage caused by excessive oxidant production.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the Cameroon National Herbarium
(Yaounde) for the plant identification. The authors are also thankful
to “Pasteur Centre”, Yaounde, Cameroon for their contribution and
all the staff of the Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial
Substances (LAMAS) of the Department of Biochemistry of the
University of Dschang (Cameroon) and the Biotechnology Center of
the University of Yaounde I for their contribution.
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