1. The study assessed the efficacy of Nitazoxanide, Myrrh Total Oil, and Mirazid in treating Schistosomiasis mansoni infections in mice compared to Praziquantel.
2. Mice were infected with S. mansoni cercariae and treated with the drugs 50 days later. Efficacy was evaluated by examining parasite burden reduction, egg counts in stool and tissues, and biochemical changes.
3. Praziquantel showed the highest reduction in worm burden (up to 97%) and egg counts. Nitazoxanide and Mirazid also significantly reduced parasite burden and egg counts, though not as strongly as Praziquant
Abstract
Objective(s):
Abdominal adhesions are one of the most important problems, occurring after intra-abdominal surgery in more than 90% of cases. This condition is the leading cause of bowel obstruction, infertility, and abdominal/pelvic pain. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been shown to be non-toxic and exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intraperitoneal lavage with GNP solutions on the development of postoperative peritoneal adhesion (PPA).
Materials and Methods:
In the current experimental study, thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of five rats. After a standardized peritoneal injury, GNP solutions in different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 50 and 100 ng/ml) were locally administered through nebulization; normal saline (NS) was administered to the control group. Two weeks later, the rats were sacrificed and cecum and peritoneal samples were harvested for histopathological assessment. Blood samples were obtained to determine serum concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
Results:
The rats treated with GNPs had significantly lower microscopic and macroscopic peritoneal adhesion scores, compared to the control group (P<0.05). Score 5 of macroscopic adhesions was reported in all the rats of the control group, unlike the GNP groups. Furthermore, microscopic adhesions were reported with all rats in the control group, unlike the GNP groups (reported in 0 out of 5 rats in all GNP groups). In addition, serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and VEGF underwent no significant changes.
Conclusion:
Compared to the control group, GNPs decreased the severity of peritoneal adhesions, although they did not alter TNF-α, IL-1β or VEGF serum levels.
مجمل الأنتاج العلمي للدكتورة / كوكب عبد العزيز أحمد من عام 2002 الى عام 2012 Kawkab Abd El Aziz
This document provides a summary of the scientific publications and research supervision of Dr. Ahmed Abdel Kareem Koukab. It lists 36 published papers, supervision of 6 Master's theses and 3 PhD theses conducted between 2002-2012. The papers covered various topics including pathology of bacterial, viral, mycotic diseases and mycotoxins in animals/birds. Other research areas included toxic pathology, pathology of neoplasms, assessment of drug toxicity, and protective effects of natural products. The theses focused on diseases and toxins in different animals. Dr. Koukab also participated in conferences and training courses on teaching skills.
SALMONELLA ARIZOANE: AN UNCOMMON UROPATHOGEN?Nuhu Tanko
Salmonella arizonae is usually an uncommon uropathogen from many studies. But from this study, it was the second most prevalent uropathogen after E.coli.
This study investigated the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and PAR4-induced bladder pain. The key findings were:
1) Activation of PAR1 and PAR4 receptors on urothelial cells triggered the release of MIF both in vitro and in vivo.
2) Intravesical injection of PAR1- or PAR4-activating peptides in mice led to abdominal hypersensitivity 24 hours later, indicating bladder pain, without changes in bladder histology or micturition.
3) PAR4 activation more strongly increased bladder MIF and its receptor CXCR4 levels compared to PAR1 activation.
4) Inhib
Objective: To identify interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the common bile duct of Kunming mice.
Study Design: Common bile ducts obtained from the Kunming mice were prepared for immunohistochemical investigations using the c-kit antibody. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to detect the expression of c-kit in the ICC of the common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed ultrastructure of ICC in the murine bile duct. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot were used to confirm the expression of mRNA specific for the c-kit gene and production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that ICC in the murine common bile duct are c-kit positive and the ICC are located in the tela submucosa and the tunica muscularis of the murine common bile duct and do not connect with each other. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the expression of Kit by ICC in the murine common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed that ICC in the murine common bile duct have long processes, abundant mitochondria, plenty of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), a lot of lysosomes, and dense bodies. The caveolae of ICC are distinctive. At the same time, RT-PCR indicated that the Kunming mice common bile duct expressed mRNA specific for the c-kit gene, and western blot analysis showed the evidence of production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Conclusion: ICC are found in the Kunming mice common bile duct, which is likely to lead to the development of motility study of the common bile duct.
Keywords: common bile duct; electron microscopy; immuno-electron microscopy; interstitial cells of Cajal; intestines; smooth muscle; tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Abdominal adhesions are one of the most important problems, occurring after intra-abdominal surgery in more than 90% of cases. This condition is the leading cause of bowel obstruction, infertility, and abdominal/pelvic pain. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been shown to be non-toxic and exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intraperitoneal lavage with GNP solutions on the development of postoperative peritoneal adhesion (PPA).
Materials and Methods:
In the current experimental study, thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of five rats. After a standardized peritoneal injury, GNP solutions in different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 50 and 100 ng/ml) were locally administered through nebulization; normal saline (NS) was administered to the control group. Two weeks later, the rats were sacrificed and cecum and peritoneal samples were harvested for histopathological assessment. Blood samples were obtained to determine serum concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
Results:
The rats treated with GNPs had significantly lower microscopic and macroscopic peritoneal adhesion scores, compared to the control group (P<0.05). Score 5 of macroscopic adhesions was reported in all the rats of the control group, unlike the GNP groups. Furthermore, microscopic adhesions were reported with all rats in the control group, unlike the GNP groups (reported in 0 out of 5 rats in all GNP groups). In addition, serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and VEGF underwent no significant changes.
Conclusion:
Compared to the control group, GNPs decreased the severity of peritoneal adhesions, although they did not alter TNF-α, IL-1β or VEGF serum levels.
مجمل الأنتاج العلمي للدكتورة / كوكب عبد العزيز أحمد من عام 2002 الى عام 2012 Kawkab Abd El Aziz
This document provides a summary of the scientific publications and research supervision of Dr. Ahmed Abdel Kareem Koukab. It lists 36 published papers, supervision of 6 Master's theses and 3 PhD theses conducted between 2002-2012. The papers covered various topics including pathology of bacterial, viral, mycotic diseases and mycotoxins in animals/birds. Other research areas included toxic pathology, pathology of neoplasms, assessment of drug toxicity, and protective effects of natural products. The theses focused on diseases and toxins in different animals. Dr. Koukab also participated in conferences and training courses on teaching skills.
SALMONELLA ARIZOANE: AN UNCOMMON UROPATHOGEN?Nuhu Tanko
Salmonella arizonae is usually an uncommon uropathogen from many studies. But from this study, it was the second most prevalent uropathogen after E.coli.
This study investigated the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and PAR4-induced bladder pain. The key findings were:
1) Activation of PAR1 and PAR4 receptors on urothelial cells triggered the release of MIF both in vitro and in vivo.
2) Intravesical injection of PAR1- or PAR4-activating peptides in mice led to abdominal hypersensitivity 24 hours later, indicating bladder pain, without changes in bladder histology or micturition.
3) PAR4 activation more strongly increased bladder MIF and its receptor CXCR4 levels compared to PAR1 activation.
4) Inhib
Objective: To identify interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the common bile duct of Kunming mice.
Study Design: Common bile ducts obtained from the Kunming mice were prepared for immunohistochemical investigations using the c-kit antibody. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to detect the expression of c-kit in the ICC of the common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed ultrastructure of ICC in the murine bile duct. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot were used to confirm the expression of mRNA specific for the c-kit gene and production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that ICC in the murine common bile duct are c-kit positive and the ICC are located in the tela submucosa and the tunica muscularis of the murine common bile duct and do not connect with each other. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the expression of Kit by ICC in the murine common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed that ICC in the murine common bile duct have long processes, abundant mitochondria, plenty of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), a lot of lysosomes, and dense bodies. The caveolae of ICC are distinctive. At the same time, RT-PCR indicated that the Kunming mice common bile duct expressed mRNA specific for the c-kit gene, and western blot analysis showed the evidence of production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Conclusion: ICC are found in the Kunming mice common bile duct, which is likely to lead to the development of motility study of the common bile duct.
Keywords: common bile duct; electron microscopy; immuno-electron microscopy; interstitial cells of Cajal; intestines; smooth muscle; tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit)
The document summarizes research on the metastatic spread of breast cancer cells in mice. Key findings include:
- Line 4T1, a metastatic breast cancer cell line, primarily spreads through hematogenous metastasis to the lungs followed later by the liver. Necropsy found lung and liver nodules.
- Line 66cl4 also metastasized to the lungs and liver but spread more through lymph nodes than 4T1.
- The non-metastatic line 67NR was unable to intravasate and spread, as no clonogenic cancer cells were found in distant organs.
This document discusses various animal models used for research including invertebrate models like Drosophila and C. elegans, rodent models, rabbit models, and large animal models. These models are used to study processes like genetics, development, and disease due to their similarities to humans. Drosophila and C. elegans have been important for discoveries in development and genetics. Rodent models are widely used due to their similarities to humans and short lifespans. Larger animal models are needed for pre-clinical research due to closer mimicry of human physiology. A variety of animal models at different sizes are essential for advancing biomedical research.
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
A total number of 74 coagulase negative Staphylococci were isolated from orthopaedic patients in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. They were further characterized into various Staphylococci species using API STAPH identification kit: Staph xylosus (31.1%), Staph lentus (10.8%), Staph hominis (10.8%), Staph cohnii cohnii (5.4%), Staph epidermidis (4.1%) others were Staph cohnii ureal., Staph hyicus, Staph lugdunensis (2.7% each) Staph caprae , Staph capitis, Staph haemolyticus, Staph scuiri, Staph chromogenes and Staph warneri (1.4% each). Microcossus spp was 8.2% while 13.5% isolates were undetermined. Kirby Baurer disk method was used for the antibiotics susceptibility test, the result showed gentamicin and ciprofloxacin to be most active (96.6%), followed by vancomycin (93.1) and pefloxacin (87.9). The isolates were resistant to ampicillin (96.6), amoxicillin clavulanic acid (65.5%), clindamycin 41.4%). The aim of this study is to classify the coagulase negative Staphylococci isolates into species and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
Memorias Conferencia Científica Anual sobre Síndrome Metabólico 2015 - Programa Científico - Dra. Julia Kzhyshkowska - Jefa del Departamento de Inmunidad Innata y Tolerancia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Heidelberg, Alemania. Miembro del Editorial Board, Revista Immunobiology
Biochemical and Toxicological Investigations of 5-Fluorouracil, Nimesulide, a...BRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of this study was biochemical and toxicological investigations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), nimesulide, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in Wistar rats with hepatocellular carcinoma in. Results showed that DENA increased the level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and total bilirubin which was decreased by the various combinations of 5-FU to normal. On the other hand, DENA resulted in decrease of blood glucose level, DFN decreased more than DF, and DFC showed results similar to DFN, while DFNC led to increased AFP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, and total bilirubin levels to normal. Histopathological evaluations showed normal architecture of tissues of rat liver in normal group. Lesser damage of hepatocytes and low index of necrosis were in pre- and post-treated group of 5-FU+DF, DFN+DFC groups. DFNC treated group exhibited histological features resembling normal control animals.
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression was examined in macrophages in response to Toxoplasma gondii infection and stress. TG2 was expressed in RAW macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells. TG2 expression increased at 3 hours post-infection but decreased at 8 hours. TG2 expression was induced by the stress hormone corticosterone, norepinephrine, and T. gondii infection, with maximum expression observed when infection and norepinephrine were combined. Increased TG2 expression may be detrimental to the host by decreasing anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor beta from macrophages and exacerbating inflammation.
Marios Stylianou_Paper III_Antifungal application of nonantifungal drugs.Marios Stylianou
This study screened 844 drugs from two libraries against Candida albicans to identify previously unknown antifungal activities. 26 drugs showed antifungal activity, including 12 standard antifungal drugs and 7 drugs previously reported to have anti-Candida activity. The screening identified 7 additional drugs with antifungal activity: amonafide, tosedostat, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate, stanozolol, trifluperidol, and haloperidol. Further analysis found these 7 drugs had antifungal activity comparable to the standard antifungal drugs against multiple Candida species. The aminopeptidase inhibitor tosedostat displayed broad antifungal activity, including against Candid
In vivo studies of wound healing and hepatoprotective agentsAdarsh Patil
1) Various in vivo models are used to evaluate wound healing and hepatoprotective activity, including excision wounds, incision wounds, and burn wounds in rats.
2) Parameters like wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength and histopathology are measured to assess wound healing.
3) Hepatoprotective activity is evaluated by pre-treating animals with the test substance before inducing liver damage using toxins like CCl4, D-galactosamine, or paracetamol. Liver function is then assessed through serum enzymes and histopathology.
This document discusses a study on the efficacy of Nitazoxanide, Myrrh Total Oil and Mirazid in comparison to Praziquantel in experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni. Mice were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and treated with the drugs at different time points. Parameters like egg counts, worm burden, morphology and development were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed damage to tegument and suckers in Praziquantel and Mirazid treated groups. Hematological and biochemical analyses showed improvement in treated groups. The study concluded that Nitazoxanide and Myrrh Total Oil had significant efficacy against S. mansoni comparable
This document describes the development of multiplex PCR panels to rapidly detect all major gastrointestinal pathogens from a single patient sample in less than 3 hours. A universal extraction method was developed that can simultaneously extract nucleic acids from bacteria, viruses, and parasites from fecal samples. PCR assays were developed that target the major gastrointestinal pathogens and include controls. Clinical testing demonstrated excellent agreement with conventional diagnostic methods and improved performance over some existing molecular assays. The developed assays provide a simplified screening system for comprehensive gastrointestinal pathogen detection directly from patient samples.
Objective: To investigate the changes in the retina due to deltamethrin toxicity and the process in cell inflammation and apoptosis.
Study Design: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as control (n=8) and deltamethrin (n=8) groups. Saline was given to the control group, and 0.5 mL of 5 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to the deltamethrin group for 14 days each. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Retinal tissue was processed for histological examination.
Results: Compared to the control group, MDA levels were high while GSH and CAT levels were low in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological analysis showed spaces between the pigment epithelium, irregularity in the delimiting membrane, degenerated ganglion, cone and bacillus cell, pyknotic nuclei, thinned inner limitation membrane, and thickened vascular wall. The control group showed FAS expression in the pigment layer limiting membranes, in the nuclei of many cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cells in the control group sections. In the deltamethrin group, FAS expression was observed in the inner and outer limiting membranes of the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cell nuclei. In the control group, negative NOS expression in the pigment epithelium and outer limiting membranes, internal limitation membrane, and ganglion cells in the cone and bacillus cell nuclei were observed. In the deltamethrin group, NOS expression was positive in the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus, and ganglion cell nuclei.
Conclusion: We suggest that deltamethrin toxicity induced apoptotic process due to increased inflammation in the retina and may cause visual impairment as a result of neural damage.
Keywords: deltamethrin, FAS, insecticides, NOS, nitric oxide synthase, retina
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The prevalence of Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Aminu ...Premier Publishers
Urinary Tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common causes of hospital visit worldwide. The study intends to find the prevalence of Escherichia coli in Urinary tract infection cases in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. A comprehensive study was conducted on E coli for its prevalence in urine samples, of queried cases of urinary tract infection in patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. Two hundred and fourteen urine specimens comprising of 123(57.5%) females and 91(42.5%) males of all age group were screened for bacteria. Of the 214 samples, 68 representing (31.80%) were culture positive with E. coli having 32(47.06%), Klebsiella spp 18(26.47%), Staphylococcus spp 10(14.70%), Proteus spp 6(8.82%) and Pseudomonas spp 2(2.94%). Out of the 32(47.6%) of E. coli isolated, 22 were from female and 10 were from males, the highest prevalence occurred within the age range of 21-30 with females taking the lead. Antibiogram of the isolated E. coli showed a markedly good sensitivity of ofloxacin (96.87%), nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid (93.70%), colistin phosphate (90.62%) and gentamicin (68.75%). E. coli showed the least sensitivity to ampicillin (18.75%). The frequency of E. coli obtained suggests its high prevalence. And this can be reduced using Flouroquinolones as exhibited by the susceptibility profile in this study.
This research article describes the development of a high-throughput fluorescence-based assay to test inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51, an enzyme essential for the parasite. The assay uses recombinantly expressed T. cruzi CYP51 and allows prioritization of compounds from phenotypic screens that are active against T. cruzi but likely through a mode of action other than CYP51 inhibition. This is important because two drugs in clinical development for Chagas disease that target CYP51, posaconazole and ravuconazole, recently failed in clinical trials. The assay provides a way to diversify the drug discovery portfolio and reduce risk.
The document describes screening methods for new anticancer drugs. It discusses how cancer arises from genetic mutations and different cancer types. Current treatments include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. There is a need for more selective anticancer agents due to drug resistance and side effects. Various in vitro and in vivo screening assays are described to test compounds for cytotoxicity against cancer cells and tumors in animal models. The goal is to develop more effective and safer anticancer drugs.
PUTATIVE DRUG TARGET IDENTIFICATION FOR SEPTIC ARTHRITIS THROUGH DATA MINING ...Jing Zang
Septic arthritis is the purulent invasion of a joint by an infectious agent which produces arthritis. The main organisms having great potential to infect human beings as well as other mammals are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniaeand Streptococcus pyrogens. In Silico comparative analysis ofall the pathways of host Homo sapiens and pathogens was performed by using KEGG and Protein BLAST. 25, 20 and 16 unique pathways were identified for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogensand Streptococcus pneumonia respectively. Out of these we identified 3 enzymes for Staphylococcus aureus, 4 for Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 for Streptococcus pyrogens, which are non-homologous to Homo sapiens proteins. The enzymes essential for survival of the pathogens were found out by DEG database. Further CELLO analysis results showed that 50% enzymes are found to be Extracellular, 25% to be cytoplasmic and 25% to be membranous for Staphylococcus aureus. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, 50% enzymes are found to be Extracellular, 12% cytoplasmic, 13% membranous and 25% as cell wall proteins. 100% enzymes were found to be membranous for Streptococcus pyrogens. Finally the enzymes from DEG were submitted in Drug Bank database to identify approve drug targets. This Data Mining approach found that mostly the enzymes which can act as targets belong to extracellular level in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and membranous in Streptococcus pyrogens. This findings gives an understanding of these enzymes interaction with human protein protein interaction at extracellular and membrane level.
1. The study investigated the preventive and curative effects of Artemisia absinthium extract on acetaminophen- and CC14-induced hepatic damage in mice and rats.
2. Pretreatment with the plant extract prevented the rise in serum transaminase levels caused by acetaminophen and CC14, indicating a protective effect against hepatic injury.
3. Post-treatment with the extract after acetaminophen administration restricted hepatic damage, but had no effect on CC14-induced hepatotoxicity. The extract also prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep, suggesting inhibitory effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Semen of Male Patients with Infertility Attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria by Muhammad Ali in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000519.php
The document summarizes research on the metastatic spread of breast cancer cells in mice. Key findings include:
- Line 4T1, a metastatic breast cancer cell line, primarily spreads through hematogenous metastasis to the lungs followed later by the liver. Necropsy found lung and liver nodules.
- Line 66cl4 also metastasized to the lungs and liver but spread more through lymph nodes than 4T1.
- The non-metastatic line 67NR was unable to intravasate and spread, as no clonogenic cancer cells were found in distant organs.
This document discusses various animal models used for research including invertebrate models like Drosophila and C. elegans, rodent models, rabbit models, and large animal models. These models are used to study processes like genetics, development, and disease due to their similarities to humans. Drosophila and C. elegans have been important for discoveries in development and genetics. Rodent models are widely used due to their similarities to humans and short lifespans. Larger animal models are needed for pre-clinical research due to closer mimicry of human physiology. A variety of animal models at different sizes are essential for advancing biomedical research.
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
A total number of 74 coagulase negative Staphylococci were isolated from orthopaedic patients in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. They were further characterized into various Staphylococci species using API STAPH identification kit: Staph xylosus (31.1%), Staph lentus (10.8%), Staph hominis (10.8%), Staph cohnii cohnii (5.4%), Staph epidermidis (4.1%) others were Staph cohnii ureal., Staph hyicus, Staph lugdunensis (2.7% each) Staph caprae , Staph capitis, Staph haemolyticus, Staph scuiri, Staph chromogenes and Staph warneri (1.4% each). Microcossus spp was 8.2% while 13.5% isolates were undetermined. Kirby Baurer disk method was used for the antibiotics susceptibility test, the result showed gentamicin and ciprofloxacin to be most active (96.6%), followed by vancomycin (93.1) and pefloxacin (87.9). The isolates were resistant to ampicillin (96.6), amoxicillin clavulanic acid (65.5%), clindamycin 41.4%). The aim of this study is to classify the coagulase negative Staphylococci isolates into species and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
Memorias Conferencia Científica Anual sobre Síndrome Metabólico 2015 - Programa Científico - Dra. Julia Kzhyshkowska - Jefa del Departamento de Inmunidad Innata y Tolerancia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Heidelberg, Alemania. Miembro del Editorial Board, Revista Immunobiology
Biochemical and Toxicological Investigations of 5-Fluorouracil, Nimesulide, a...BRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of this study was biochemical and toxicological investigations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), nimesulide, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in Wistar rats with hepatocellular carcinoma in. Results showed that DENA increased the level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and total bilirubin which was decreased by the various combinations of 5-FU to normal. On the other hand, DENA resulted in decrease of blood glucose level, DFN decreased more than DF, and DFC showed results similar to DFN, while DFNC led to increased AFP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, and total bilirubin levels to normal. Histopathological evaluations showed normal architecture of tissues of rat liver in normal group. Lesser damage of hepatocytes and low index of necrosis were in pre- and post-treated group of 5-FU+DF, DFN+DFC groups. DFNC treated group exhibited histological features resembling normal control animals.
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression was examined in macrophages in response to Toxoplasma gondii infection and stress. TG2 was expressed in RAW macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells. TG2 expression increased at 3 hours post-infection but decreased at 8 hours. TG2 expression was induced by the stress hormone corticosterone, norepinephrine, and T. gondii infection, with maximum expression observed when infection and norepinephrine were combined. Increased TG2 expression may be detrimental to the host by decreasing anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor beta from macrophages and exacerbating inflammation.
Marios Stylianou_Paper III_Antifungal application of nonantifungal drugs.Marios Stylianou
This study screened 844 drugs from two libraries against Candida albicans to identify previously unknown antifungal activities. 26 drugs showed antifungal activity, including 12 standard antifungal drugs and 7 drugs previously reported to have anti-Candida activity. The screening identified 7 additional drugs with antifungal activity: amonafide, tosedostat, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate, stanozolol, trifluperidol, and haloperidol. Further analysis found these 7 drugs had antifungal activity comparable to the standard antifungal drugs against multiple Candida species. The aminopeptidase inhibitor tosedostat displayed broad antifungal activity, including against Candid
In vivo studies of wound healing and hepatoprotective agentsAdarsh Patil
1) Various in vivo models are used to evaluate wound healing and hepatoprotective activity, including excision wounds, incision wounds, and burn wounds in rats.
2) Parameters like wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength and histopathology are measured to assess wound healing.
3) Hepatoprotective activity is evaluated by pre-treating animals with the test substance before inducing liver damage using toxins like CCl4, D-galactosamine, or paracetamol. Liver function is then assessed through serum enzymes and histopathology.
This document discusses a study on the efficacy of Nitazoxanide, Myrrh Total Oil and Mirazid in comparison to Praziquantel in experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni. Mice were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and treated with the drugs at different time points. Parameters like egg counts, worm burden, morphology and development were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed damage to tegument and suckers in Praziquantel and Mirazid treated groups. Hematological and biochemical analyses showed improvement in treated groups. The study concluded that Nitazoxanide and Myrrh Total Oil had significant efficacy against S. mansoni comparable
This document describes the development of multiplex PCR panels to rapidly detect all major gastrointestinal pathogens from a single patient sample in less than 3 hours. A universal extraction method was developed that can simultaneously extract nucleic acids from bacteria, viruses, and parasites from fecal samples. PCR assays were developed that target the major gastrointestinal pathogens and include controls. Clinical testing demonstrated excellent agreement with conventional diagnostic methods and improved performance over some existing molecular assays. The developed assays provide a simplified screening system for comprehensive gastrointestinal pathogen detection directly from patient samples.
Objective: To investigate the changes in the retina due to deltamethrin toxicity and the process in cell inflammation and apoptosis.
Study Design: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as control (n=8) and deltamethrin (n=8) groups. Saline was given to the control group, and 0.5 mL of 5 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to the deltamethrin group for 14 days each. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Retinal tissue was processed for histological examination.
Results: Compared to the control group, MDA levels were high while GSH and CAT levels were low in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological analysis showed spaces between the pigment epithelium, irregularity in the delimiting membrane, degenerated ganglion, cone and bacillus cell, pyknotic nuclei, thinned inner limitation membrane, and thickened vascular wall. The control group showed FAS expression in the pigment layer limiting membranes, in the nuclei of many cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cells in the control group sections. In the deltamethrin group, FAS expression was observed in the inner and outer limiting membranes of the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cell nuclei. In the control group, negative NOS expression in the pigment epithelium and outer limiting membranes, internal limitation membrane, and ganglion cells in the cone and bacillus cell nuclei were observed. In the deltamethrin group, NOS expression was positive in the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus, and ganglion cell nuclei.
Conclusion: We suggest that deltamethrin toxicity induced apoptotic process due to increased inflammation in the retina and may cause visual impairment as a result of neural damage.
Keywords: deltamethrin, FAS, insecticides, NOS, nitric oxide synthase, retina
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The prevalence of Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Aminu ...Premier Publishers
Urinary Tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common causes of hospital visit worldwide. The study intends to find the prevalence of Escherichia coli in Urinary tract infection cases in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. A comprehensive study was conducted on E coli for its prevalence in urine samples, of queried cases of urinary tract infection in patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. Two hundred and fourteen urine specimens comprising of 123(57.5%) females and 91(42.5%) males of all age group were screened for bacteria. Of the 214 samples, 68 representing (31.80%) were culture positive with E. coli having 32(47.06%), Klebsiella spp 18(26.47%), Staphylococcus spp 10(14.70%), Proteus spp 6(8.82%) and Pseudomonas spp 2(2.94%). Out of the 32(47.6%) of E. coli isolated, 22 were from female and 10 were from males, the highest prevalence occurred within the age range of 21-30 with females taking the lead. Antibiogram of the isolated E. coli showed a markedly good sensitivity of ofloxacin (96.87%), nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid (93.70%), colistin phosphate (90.62%) and gentamicin (68.75%). E. coli showed the least sensitivity to ampicillin (18.75%). The frequency of E. coli obtained suggests its high prevalence. And this can be reduced using Flouroquinolones as exhibited by the susceptibility profile in this study.
This research article describes the development of a high-throughput fluorescence-based assay to test inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51, an enzyme essential for the parasite. The assay uses recombinantly expressed T. cruzi CYP51 and allows prioritization of compounds from phenotypic screens that are active against T. cruzi but likely through a mode of action other than CYP51 inhibition. This is important because two drugs in clinical development for Chagas disease that target CYP51, posaconazole and ravuconazole, recently failed in clinical trials. The assay provides a way to diversify the drug discovery portfolio and reduce risk.
The document describes screening methods for new anticancer drugs. It discusses how cancer arises from genetic mutations and different cancer types. Current treatments include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. There is a need for more selective anticancer agents due to drug resistance and side effects. Various in vitro and in vivo screening assays are described to test compounds for cytotoxicity against cancer cells and tumors in animal models. The goal is to develop more effective and safer anticancer drugs.
PUTATIVE DRUG TARGET IDENTIFICATION FOR SEPTIC ARTHRITIS THROUGH DATA MINING ...Jing Zang
Septic arthritis is the purulent invasion of a joint by an infectious agent which produces arthritis. The main organisms having great potential to infect human beings as well as other mammals are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniaeand Streptococcus pyrogens. In Silico comparative analysis ofall the pathways of host Homo sapiens and pathogens was performed by using KEGG and Protein BLAST. 25, 20 and 16 unique pathways were identified for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogensand Streptococcus pneumonia respectively. Out of these we identified 3 enzymes for Staphylococcus aureus, 4 for Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 for Streptococcus pyrogens, which are non-homologous to Homo sapiens proteins. The enzymes essential for survival of the pathogens were found out by DEG database. Further CELLO analysis results showed that 50% enzymes are found to be Extracellular, 25% to be cytoplasmic and 25% to be membranous for Staphylococcus aureus. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, 50% enzymes are found to be Extracellular, 12% cytoplasmic, 13% membranous and 25% as cell wall proteins. 100% enzymes were found to be membranous for Streptococcus pyrogens. Finally the enzymes from DEG were submitted in Drug Bank database to identify approve drug targets. This Data Mining approach found that mostly the enzymes which can act as targets belong to extracellular level in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and membranous in Streptococcus pyrogens. This findings gives an understanding of these enzymes interaction with human protein protein interaction at extracellular and membrane level.
1. The study investigated the preventive and curative effects of Artemisia absinthium extract on acetaminophen- and CC14-induced hepatic damage in mice and rats.
2. Pretreatment with the plant extract prevented the rise in serum transaminase levels caused by acetaminophen and CC14, indicating a protective effect against hepatic injury.
3. Post-treatment with the extract after acetaminophen administration restricted hepatic damage, but had no effect on CC14-induced hepatotoxicity. The extract also prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep, suggesting inhibitory effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Semen of Male Patients with Infertility Attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria by Muhammad Ali in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000519.php
Antischistosomal activity of Mirazid in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni:...Mohammad Aziz
- The study evaluated the antischistosomal activity of Mirazid (MZD) in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.
- Mice treated with MZD at 500 mg/kg for 5 days showed a reduction in fecal egg counts of 69.6% and worm burden of 72% compared to the control group at 4 weeks post-treatment.
- MZD also significantly reduced tissue egg counts in the intestine and liver at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment compared to the control group.
Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indicaAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
Malaria and Antimalarial Drugs and recent Advancement Akhil Nagar
The document discusses advances in anti-malarial therapy. It describes the life cycle and pathogenesis of the malaria parasite Plasmodium. Several classes of antimalarial drugs are discussed, including quinine derivatives like chloroquine, aminoquinolines, antifolates like pyrimethamine, and artemisinin derivatives. Screening methods for antimalarial compounds include in vitro tests measuring parasite growth inhibition using radiolabeled hypoxanthine or microscopy. Drug combinations can help address drug resistance.
Prevalence of Moraxella ovis Infection in Goats under the Ladang Angkat Progr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Survivin Immunoreactivity in the Gastric Mucosa of Rats Feedind with Carpet S...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Survivin has been studied many times because of its overexpression in several types of cancer
including lung, kidney, skin, endometrium, stomach, colon, breast, prostate, over, hematologic, head and neck
cancers, histopathology features and polymorphisms in the promoter region which belongs to the inhibitör of
apoptosis gene family by researchers. There is no study of survivin immunoreactivity in the gastric mucosa of the
rats fed with carpet shell clam grown in the Dardanelles. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of
carpet shell clam fed rats on survivin production in the gastric mucosa. The carpet shell clam given as food to the
rats were removed from the Dardanelles Çardak region. Four groups of rats are included in the study, group 1
(n=6), control group fed with standard rat food, group 2 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat
food daily, group 3 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every two days, group 4 (n=6), 75%
carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every three days. To detect survivin localization in the tissues, the
LAB-SA Detection System was used. Survivin immunoreactivity was detected of epithelial cells in the gastric
mucosa of rats fed with carpet shell clam. After the immunohistochemical staining processing all gastric tissue
samples are evaluated in terms of survivin immunoreactivity with light microscopy and image analysis software.
Survivin immunoreactivity was detected 0% in the first group, 83.33% in the second group, 61.83% in the third
group and 32.67% in the fourth group. There was statistically significant difference between the survivin
immunoreactivity in the gastric gland cells of the rats in the experimental and control groups (p> 0.05). Survivin
production in the gastric mucosa of rats suggests that consumption of carpet shell clam may cause tissue damage.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
This study investigated the multidrug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected from hospitals and tested for S. aureus, which was isolated from 38.8% of samples, primarily from wound swabs. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found high resistance to ciprofloxacin (64.3%), ampicillin (59.5%), and chloramphenicol (54.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in over 92% of isolates. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was highest at 0.6 (23.8%) and 0.5 (19.0%), indicating resistance to multiple drugs. The results demonstrate high multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates from the
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
Histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfa drugs ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
EFFECTS OF IMMUNACE AND IRON DEXTRAN ON ANEMIA AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION OF T. BR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Trypanosomosis has been associated with immunosuppression, anemia and oxidative damage while ImmuneAce and Iron Dextran
possess both immunostimulatory, antioxidative and erythrocytes enrichment effects. This study was designed to assess the effect
ofImmunace, Iron Dextran, Diminazene Aceturate and a combination of Immunace and Iron Dextran on T. brucei experimentally
infected rats to check packed cell volume (PCV) and parasitemiam. . Thirty rats, divided into six groups (A-F) of 5 each period and
were infected with Trypanosoma brucei 3 days post infection.They were treated as follows:3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days post treatment
with 0.02gml-1 immunace, 0.2ml of Iron Dextran, 3.5mg Kg-1 of Diminazene Aceturate and a combination therapy of Iron Dextran
and Immuneace. Haematological parametres were significantly (p<0.05) higher in all infected and treated groups compared to
group E. Hence, overall anti-oxidants capacity mitigated the negative effects observed in the measured parametres in rats better
than single administration..
Keywords: African Trypanosomiasis, parasitemia, trace metals, Anaemia, Iron Dextran and Immunosuppression.
Fostering Intersectoral Collaboration For Control Of Taeniasis And Cysticerco...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes information about controlling Taeniasis and cysticercosis caused by the Taenia solium tapeworm through intersectoral collaboration. It discusses the life cycle and geographical distribution of T. solium, current control strategies including education, mass treatment of humans and pigs, vaccination of pigs, and penning pigs. Effectiveness of these strategies is mixed. The document calls for integrated, multi-agency control programs using tools like the effective TSOL18 vaccine for pigs and oxfendazole treatments, through public and private sector partnerships across human and veterinary medicine. Monitoring and evaluation of coverage and effectiveness is needed for sustainable control programs.
The Importance Of Animal Uses In AnimalsJessica Lopez
This document discusses using bromophenols as potential therapeutics for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bromophenols have been identified as inhibitors of the enzyme tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which is involved in insulin signaling. A series of new bromophenol analogs will be synthesized and tested for PTP1B inhibitory activity using in vitro enzyme assays to elucidate their mechanism of action. Bromophenols occur naturally in marine organisms and have attracted interest as anti-diabetic agents due to their suspected PTP1B inhibitory activity. However, quinone species formed from bromophenols could be toxic, so further study is needed to
Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities on Catunaregum spinosapharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antitumor activities of the methanol extract of Catunaregum spinosa (MECS) in Dalton's ascites lymphoma (DAL) bearing mice. MECS was administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 14 days after tumor inoculation. MECS caused a decrease in tumor volume, viable cell count, and packed cell volume, while increasing lifespan. It also positively impacted hematological and biochemical parameters and increased antioxidant levels. The results suggest MECS has significant antitumor effects in DAL-bearing mice.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Thyroid Gland- Gross Anatomy by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Mohammad aziz,m sc thesis 2014
1. 1
ميحرلا نمحرلا هللا بسم
ارثينوال ونجعلهم ائمة ونجعلهم االرض في اواستضعف الذين علي نمن ان ونريد)٥(ونمكن
نيحذرو اوكان ما منهم وجنودهما وهامان نعوفر يونر االرض في لهم)٦(
كريم قرأن/القصص سورة
By
Dr.Mohammad Aziz
Department of Medical Parasitology
Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University
October 14,2014
2. 2
Study of the efficacy of Nitazoxanide ,
Myrrh Total Oil and Mirazid in comparison
with Praziquantel in experimental
Schistosomiasis mansoni
--------------------------------------------------------
4. 4
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease
caused by the digenetic trematodes of
the genus Schistosoma (blood flukes).
The disease is one of ten tropical
diseases especially targeted for
prevention and control by the special
programs for research in WHO.
5. 5
Etiology of schistosomiasis
• Schistosoma mansoni S.hematobium
• S.japonicum
• S.intercalatum
• S.mekongi
There are some animal or bird schistosome
species may infect human .
UrinaryIntestinal
6. 6
Oviposition commences 4-7 weeks post infection
adult worm passing eggs
egg into fresh water
cercariae
miracidia
penetrate into the body of the snail
(intermediate host)
Schistosomes are characterized by a complex life cycle involving two phases;
1-sexual phase in which sexual reproduction by adult worms in humans (definitive host),
2-asexual phase in specific aquatic snails (intermediate host,Biomphalaria species).
Life cycle and Biology of S.mansoni
8. 8
Source of infection: infected humans.
Mode of infection : skin penetration by
cercariae .
three major factors are responsible for the
occurrence of schistosomiasis:
1. The method of disposal of human excreta
2. The presence of the snail intermediate host
3. The contact of human with cercaria-infested
water.
10. 10
In 2012 ,at least 249 million people required
preventive treatment for Schistosomiasis,
only 42 million have been treated (WHO).
on revising the global burden of
schistosomiasis ; there was about 280,000
deaths per year in sub-Saharan Africa alone
where 130,000 per year due to hematemesis
from S. mansoni .
12. 12
• Fenwick (2011) reported that prevalence for
Schistosomiasis in allover the country was
less than 0.5 % .
• WHO (2011) found only 20 villages in the
whole country had prevalence (3-9%).
• But higher prevalence rates than previously
reported were present in some areas in Egypt
as in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate , the
prevalence rate was (16 %) among School-
children (Khalil 2013).
• Taman et al., (2014) found the prevalence rate
(26%) in a survey on fishermen in Al-Manzala
lake.
13. 13
• The main immunopathology of the disease is
granuloma formation in the liver and other tissues.
• Chronic schitosomiasis is manifested by periportal
fibrosis) .
Hepatosplenomegaly .
Portal hypertension.
Esophageal varices .
Pulmonary hypertension
Cor pulmonale
Neuroschistosomiasis
Infertility
Pathological Aspects of Schistosomiasis Mansoni
Complications of Schistosomiasis Mansoni
15. 15
The Current Antischistosomal Therapy of
Schistosomiasis Mansoni depends on:
• Praziquantel is the drug of choice which is
available all-over the world since 1980 .
• Mirazid is present only in Egypt since 2002 .
The aim of chemotherapy is to reduce
the morbidity in the infected human
16. 16
• The antiparasitic activity of PZQ was observed in the early
1970s at the laboratories of Bayer and E.Merck, Germany.
• PZQ has been investigated, both experimentally and
clinically against schistosomiasis with higher degrees of
trustability regarding its efficacy .
17. 17
Advantages of praziquantel in treatment of
schistosomiasis:
PZQ is characterized by
- high efficacy,
- excellent tolerability,
- few and transient side effects,
- simple administration,
- competitive cost.
- The drug is equally suited for individual or
large scale treatment .
So PZQ deserves to be included in the WHO
model list of essential drugs .
18. 18
-----------------------------------------------
Mirazid is a pharmaceutical natural
preparation from purified oleoresin extract of
Commiphora molmol (Myrrh).
It introduced to the Egyptian market in the
form of soft gelatin capsules by Pharco
pharmaceuticals .
Each capsule contains 300 mg.
(Reg.No.21655/2002).
19. 19
-MZD has been launched as a safe drug of natural
origin.
-The drug has been investigated, both experimentally
and clinically against schistosomiasis with controversy
regarding its efficacy .
20. 20
* The fear for possible emergence of drug
tolerance or appearance of new resistant
strains to PZQ especially with reinfection and
re-treatment makes the search for new
antischistosomal drugs an essential target
* The process of Drug Discovery and
Development of novel antischistosomal agents
either chemically designed or naturally is
continously performed.
Novel Treatments of Schistosomiasis
under research
22. 22
A considerable number of these agents
were tested and proved promising anti-
schistosomal activities , the majority of
them were consigned to the museums of
history, but few succeeded in reaching
more advanced developmental phases of
clinical trials without reaching the
consumer in the real life .
23. 23
Experimental S.mansoni infection of
laboratory animals has frequently been used
to study the anatomical, pathological and
physiological features of schistosomiasis in
humans as well as for the study of immunity
and chemotherapy .
Mice have tended to be the animals of choice
because of their easy availability, high
fertility and susceptibility to experimental
infection.
24. 24
AIM OF THE WORK
The aim of the study is to assess efficacy of
Nitazoxanide, Myrrh Total Oil and Mirazid
in comparison with Praziquantel in
treatment of S.mansoni -infected mice.
26. 26
120 mice were randomly allocated
through infected groups (100 mice,G1-G5)
and non-infected group (20 mice,G6).
27. 27
Mice infection
• infected B.alexandrina snails
were obtained from TBRI.
• snails were exposed to white
fluorescent light for a period of
30-60 min to release cercariae
(shedding).
Each mouse was exposed
separately to about 100
S.mansoni cercariae by
paddling technique.
• 100 mice were infected and
Hygeinically housed .
28. 28
Stool examination was performed 50 days
post-cercarial infection to investigate the
presence of S.mansoni eggs.
29. 29
Group1: infected and treated orally with MZD 500
mg/kg bw/day for 5 consecutive days .
Group 2: infected and treated orally with MTO 18 mg
/kg bw/day for 3 consecutive days .
Group 3: infected and treated orally with NTZ 100
mg/kg bw /day for 7 consecutive days .
Group 4: infected and treated orally with PZQ 500
mg/kg bw /day for 2 consecutive days .
Group 5: infected and non-treated (+control G).
Group 6: normal non-infected and non-treated
(-control G).
Mice were sacrificed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment
30. 30
Evaluation of drug efficacy was based on the following parameters :
I.Parasitological Studies :
a-Fecal egg counts (eggs were counted every other day starting
2 days post-treatment and continued till mice sacrifice ).
b-Worm burdens, sexes and lengths
c-Tissue egg counts (liver and intestine)
d-Oogram patterns.
2.Scanning Electron Microscpic Study:
3.Hematological Studies :(CBC).
4.Biochemical studies:
- liver functions tests (ALT,AST and ALP) .
- kidney functions tests (urea and creatinine)
- Cholinesterase level
32. 32
The % of change between treated and non-treated
groups was calculated as follow:
% change in treated =
Mean values in non-treated(c) - Mean values in treated (t) × 100
Mean values in non-treated (c)
41. 41
• PZQ showed a pronounced tegumental damage in the form
of rupture of tubercles and loss of spines in wide areas in
male worms.
• Some teguments showed severe erosion or even sloughing of
tegumental membranes exposing the underlying muscle
layers.
Scanning electron micrographs of the tegument of male S.mansoni worms
recovered from infected non-treated mice (A) and PZQ-treated worms (B).
ITR
T
S
T
ITR S
42. 42
* Marked ulceration in the tegument was detected in the
outer surface of female worms after PZQ treatment .
Scanning electron micrographs of the tegument of female S.mansoni
worms recovered from infected non-treated mice (C) and PZQ-
treated worms (D).
S
U
43. 43
• MZD showed mild tegumental damage in male S. mansoni worms
in the form of rupture of tubercles with mild loss of spines and if
present, lost their sharpness .
• There was no obvious deeper effects in the teguments as the
changes were topically confined to the outer surface.
Scanning electron micrographs of the tegument of male S.mansoni worms
recovered from infected non-treated mice (A) and MZD-treated worms (B).
S
T
ITR
T
ITR
S
44. 44
• in the female tegument, There was focal erosion and
ulceration with shrinkage of the outer surface after MZD .
• There was higher sensitivity in the tegumental damages in
males than females.
Scanning electron micrographs of the tegument of female S.mansoni
worms recovered from infected non-treated mice (C) and MZD-treated
worms (D).
S
U
45. 45
• The ventral sucker still intact in MZD-treated
worms.
Scanning electron micrographs of ventral sucker of S.mansoni worms recovered
from infected non-treated mice (E) and MZD-treated mice (F).
VS
VS
46. 46
Scanning electron micrographs of the tegument of male S.mansoni worms
recovered from infected non-treated mice (A) and NTZ-treated worms (B).
* NTZ resulted in mild tegumental damaging effect
manifested only by focal lesions in the inter-tubercular
ridges of male worms.
T
ITRS
T
S
ITR
47. 47
Scanning electron micrographs of the tegument of female S.mansoni worms recovered
from infected non-treated mice (C) and NTZ-treated worms (D).
No effect of NTZ on the tegument of female worms.
s
s
48. 48
• disorganization of the oral suckers of male
worms under NTZ -treatment.
Scanning electron micrographs of oral sucker of S.mansoni worms recovered
from infected non-treated mice (E) and NTZ-treated mice (F).
os
os
49. 49
• loss of spines in the gynecophoric canal in
NTZ-treated worms.
Scanning electron micrographs of the the gynecophoric canal
of S.mansoni worms recovered from infected non-treated mice
(G) and NTZ-treated mice (H).
s
50. 50
• No effect of MTO on the male teguments
Scanning electron micrographs of the tegument of male S.mansoni worms
recovered from infected non-treated mice (A) and MTO-treated worms (B).
S
T
ITR
T
S
ITR
51. 51
MTO resulted in oedematous swelling of both oral
and ventral suckers.
Scanning electron micrographs of the oral sucker of male S.mansoni worms
recovered from infected non-treated mice (C) and MTO-treated worms (D).
OS
OS
VS
59. 59
% change in the total leucocytic counts in S.
mansoni-infected mice under PZQ treatment at different
follow up periods.
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PZQ Non-treated
-10.8
20.7
-17.8
46.9
-48.8
101.2
%ChangeinWBCscount
1w 2w 4w
60. 60
% change in the total leucocytic counts in S.
mansoni-infected mice under MZD treatment at
different follow up periods.
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MZD Non-treated
0.1
20.7
-14.2
46.9
-35.1
101.2
%ChangeinWBCscount
1w 2w 4w
61. 61
% change in the total leucocytic counts in S.
mansoni-infected mice under NTZ treatment at different
follow up periods.
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NTZ Non-treated
1.2
20.7
-6.6
46.9
-22.5
101.2
%ChangeinWBCscount
1w 2w 4w
62. 62
% change in the tota leucocytic counts in S.
mansoni-infected mice under MTO treatment at
different follow up periods.
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MTO Non-treated
2.6
20.7
-2.3
46.9
-9.4
101.2
%ChangeinWBCscount
1w 2w 4w
69. 69
Blood acetylcholinesterase levels in S.mansoni-infected mice
under different treatments at different periods of follow up.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
PZQ MZD NTZ MTO Non-treated Non-infected
9.32
9.93
8.6
8.1
9
10.15
9.8
9.3
9.05
7.5
8
9.989.98
9.5
8.8
7.25
7.57
9.9
BloodAcetylcholinesteraselevel(u/ml)
1w 2w 4w
70. 70
Conclusion:
This study declared that PZQ is still the most important drug in
treatment of schistosomiasis because of its high lethality to
schistosome worms as early as possible after two weeks of
treatment with higher safety margins on blood cells, liver and
kidney functions tests as well as blood AChE activity.
MZD was less effective than PZQ in its antischistosomal activity
but highly safe without adverse haemtological or biochemical
effects on infected treated mice.
NTZ was less effective than PZQ and MZD but with less adverse
health effects .
MTO exerted little antischistosomal activity with lower safety
profile at the selected dose.
71. 71
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Continuity of use of Praziquantel as a standard treatment of
schistosomiasis as the drug is still effective and safe until
production of new antischistosomal agents or vaccines.
2. The haematological profile of PZQ should be re-evaluated as
there is scarcely available literature in this concern.
3. When Mirazid is used as alternative to PZQ for treatment of
S.mansoni infection; adequate doses should be used and
thorough parasitological re-assessment is essential as egg
excretion may continue at a low level.
4. Mirazid and Myrrh total oil are very complex mixture of
compounds so fractionation of them into fine components may
yeild very promising new antischistosomal agents than the very
simple preparation of MZD.
72. 72
5. Short course of treatment in MZD application as in PZQ should
be tested to offer maximum patient compliance.
6. Re-evaluation of cholinesterase activity of MZD in vitro on adult
schistosomes may explore the mechanism of action of the drug.
7. Re-evaluation of NTZ safety in various healthy animal models
with various doses and courses as well as its efficacy in
treatment of schistosomiasis using in vitro and animal models
alone or in combination with PZQ.
8. For experimental discovery of antischistosomal activity of a
substance, adopt WHO criteria to save time and costs, so many
substances may be assessed.