Design of cosmetic products for body odor. what is body odor causes of body odor the biology behind body odor prevention of body odor natural remedies cosmetics for body odor properties of deodorants and antiperspirants deodorants- formula and mechanism of action, manufacturing process antiperspirants - formula and mechanism of action deodorants vs antiperspirants quality control tests perfumes when to consult a doctor references

1. DESIGN OF COSMECEUTICAL
PRODUCTS FOR BODY ODOR
Under the Guidance of Dr.S.Janaki Devi
Presentedby- G.BrijithaVP21PHAR0100011
DEPARTMENTOFPHARMACEUTICS

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CAUSES
• BIOLOGY BEHIND BODY ODOR
• PREVENTION
• NATURAL REMEDIES
• COSMETICS USED FOR BODY ODOR
• DEODORANTS
• ANTIPERSPIRANTS
• PERFUMES
• WHEN TO CONSULT DOCTOR?

3. WHAT IS BODY ODOR?
Body odor is a fairly common issue that can affect a person’s
quality of life.
Body odor is an umbrella term for natural smells originating from
an individual.
It occurs due to bacterial processes in sweat and not due to sweat
itself.
The human body can produce a range of substances that carry a
smell, known as odorants and are important for regular bodily
function.
Body odor usually becomes more evident during puberty, as
hormones and sweat glands become more active at that time.
Body odor is most likely to occur in the following places: feet,
groin, armpits, genitals, pubic and other hair, belly button, anus,

4. CAUSES OF BODY ODOR
• Sweating is the main cause of body odor as it contains organic substances and the bacteria
present on the skin surface starts breaking down these into acids.
• Some common skin bacteria that produce body odor include members
of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium genera.
• Poor hygienic habits results in foul smell.
• Stress and anxiety at times result in underarm odor since the body sweats profusely in case
of stress.
• Obesity and certain medical conditions like overactive thyroid, gout, menopause, kidney or
liver illness , diabetes also cause body odor.
• Factors like the food, exercise, genetics, hormones or medications can also affect body odor.
• Some sulphur rich foods -Onions, Garlic, Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Red meat and other
common dietary triggers like Monosodium glutamate (MSG),Caffeine, cumin, Hot sauce or
spicy food, Alcohol.
• A condition called Hyperhidrosis makes a person sweat excessively. People with this
condition may be more susceptible to body odor.

5. BIOLOGY BEHIND BODY ODOR
• Figure shows how body odor occurs with sweat and bacterial action (biology behind body
odor)

6.  Eccrine glands also called true sweat glands predominantly regulate body
temperature through perspiration.
 They secrete salts and water that reach skin through coiled ducts when the
nervous system senses the body heat.
 Apocrine glands start to function at puberty and secrete sweat through hair
follicles in the underarms and groin.
 These glands produce a viscous, protein-rich sweat that is odorless. However,
as bacteria break down the abundance of proteins, they will produce odorant
molecules (eg, Isovaleric acid) in greater concentrations, causing characteristic
body odor.
 As apocrine glands are present in large amount in armpit region it is assumed
that they are more responsible for armpit odor.

7. PREVENTION
Taking the following steps may help control body odor-
• Washing: Keep your skin clean by taking a daily shower regularly with antibacterial soap and
to dry the body thoroughly.
• Shaving: Keep your armpits shaved, so sweat evaporates quickly and doesn’t have as much time to
interact with bacteria as hair is a breeding ground for bacteria.
• Using antiperspirants: Antiperspirants can reduce the intensity of a person’s body odor by
sweat volumes and altering the amount and activity of odor-causing bacteria
• Wash the clothes regularly, wear clean clothes and also loose-fitting clothing made of cotton.
• Try removing overly smelly foods from your diet like Garlic, onions and alcohol.
• Reduce your stress levels.
• Prescription medicines may prevent sweating.
• Small injections of Botulinum toxin (like Botox®) in your armpits can temporarily block sweating.

8. NATURAL REMEDIES
•Baking soda: Make a paste using baking soda and water. Apply
the paste to your armpits and let it dry. Baking soda balances the
acid on your skin and reduces odors.
•Green tea: Put green tea bags in warm water. Place the soaked
tea bags under your armpits for several minutes a day. Green tea
may help block your pores and reduce sweating.
•Apple cider vinegar: Mix apple cider vinegar with a small amount
of water in a spray bottle. Spray the mixture onto your armpits.
The acid in vinegar helps kill bacteria.
•Lemon juice: Mix lemon juice and water in a spray bottle. Spray
the mixture under your arms. The citric acid in lemon juice kills
bacteria.

9. COSMETICS FOR BODY ODOR
A. DEODORANTS
B. ANTIPERSPIRANTS
C. PERFUMES

10. The Deodorants and Antiperspirants are commonly available in the
form of-
AEROSOLS
STICKS
CREAMS
ROLL-ONS

11. PROPERTIES OF
DEODORANTS AND ANTIPERSPIRANT
• It should not cause any potential skin irritation .
• It should not possess any staining properties as it deteriorates clothing.
• It should have quick drying property.
• It should be dermatologically safe, nontoxic and non allergic .
• Easy to use and adhere well on skin.
• Mask body odor with perfume.
• It should be stable for long shelf life.
• It should possess appropriate texture and rheological properties.
• Absorb perspiration or inhibit the activity of bacteria , which cause body malodour.

12. 1.DEODORANTS
• A deodorant is a substance applied topically, most commonly on the underarms, to
minimize the odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration.
• Deodorants are classified as cosmetics by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) and typically contain an odor-masking fragrance.
• Deodorants are generally formulated into a solid, aerosol or liquid base.

13. DEODORANTS INGREDIENTS
• It is capable of absorbing sweat and prevent smell
ACTIVATED
CHARCOAL
• It is a silicone base that holds ingredients together.
• Used as a substitute for alcohol to prevent stinging sensation.
CYCLOMETHICONE
• It is used to absorb moisture and reduce friction.
TALC
• It is used to prevent the growth of bacteria
• Ex. Triclosan, benzethonium chloride, chlorhexidine acetate
ANTIBACTERIAL-
AGENT

14. INGREDIENT QUANTITY (%w/w)
Ethanol 62.80
Glycerol 7.00
Sodium stearate 9.00
PEG-400 5.00
Triclosan 0.20
Water qs
Fragrance 3.00
Formulation of deodorant stick

15. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DEODORANTS
Deodorants reduce odor in any one of three ways:
• By preventing the action of bacteria on the perspiration.
• By neutralizing or counteracting the odor
• By masking the offensive odor with a pleasant one.
 Deodorants that kill or inactivate bacteria contain antiseptic substances, such as
alcohol, formaldehyde, and boric acid and also Chlorine compounds, e.g.
Hypochlorite and chlorhexidine.
 Neutralization is the chemical reaction to modify low molecular weight fatty acids
excreted from apocrine glands.
Antimicrobial agent is a type of neutralizing agent that distrupts cell barrier ability
leading to deaths of bacterial microbes.
 Masking is accomplished by the use of fragrances and volatile components.

16. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• The equipment used is Silverson emulsifier.
• The vessel is charged with solvents such as alcohol, propylene glycol, glycerine, etc.
or silicones such as dimethicone. This is the oil or “continuous phase.”
• Powder ingredients, such as cetyl alcohol are dispersed into the oil phase.
• The “dispersed phase” is prepared separately, typically it is aqueous (stick
deodorants usually do not contain water, the dispersed phase would also be oil
based).
• The active ingredient is dispersed into this phase. Suspending agents such as
bentonite may be added.
• The phases are combined to form an emulsion.
• Gelling agents or polymers are added to stick products to form structure.
• Fragrance and coloring are added.
• The product is cooled and poured into containers, moulds, etc.

17. • Antiperspirants are the products whose primary function is to inhibit perspiration. By
inhibiting perspiration, which is a necessary component for the growth of bacteria that
cause malodor, antiperspirants also act as deodorants.
• Antiperspirants are classified as Over-The-Counter (OTC) drugs by the FDA because they
prevent sweat formation (a biological function).
• The active ingredient, aluminum-based compounds, gives antiperspirants their sweat-
blocking ability by forming a temporary plug within the sweat duct that stops the flow
of sweat to the skin's surface.
• A few commonly used antiperspirant active ingredients are aluminum chloride,
aluminum chlorohydrate complexes, and aluminum zirconium complexes.
ANTIPERSPIRANTS

18. ANTIPERSPIRANTS - INGREDIENTS

20. FORMULATION OF ROLL-ON ANTIPERSPIRANT

21. MECHANISM OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS-
• Antiperspirants are aluminium based substances and
are referred to as ‘actives’ on the back label of
product.
• Antiperspirants are responsible for blocking sweat
through formation of temporary plugs within sweat
duct.
• The aluminium salt chloride is transported to eccrine
gland and interacts with protein within the gland.
• In the protein environment, the antiperspirant active
is reduced producing a gelatinous proteinaceous
plug.
• By plugging the gland sweat is prohibited from
transporting to skin surface.
• Eventually, plug is pushed out of eccrine gland and
functions normally.

22. DEODORANT ANTIPERSPIRANT
Hygiene product Skin care product
Kills bacteria Uses aluminium
Masks or neutralizes odor Prevents sweat
Doesn’t stop sweating Plugs sweat glands
Usually has a perfume like scent Usually has neutral smell
FDA considers this as Cosmetic
(topical effect)
FDA considers this as Drug
(therapeutic effect)
Deodorant is not an Antiperspirant Antiperspirant is deodorant

23. QUALITY CONTROL TESTS

24. PERFUMES
• Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aromatic compounds, fixatives and solvents
used to give the human body, animal, food objects and living spaces a pleasant scent.
• They release a continuous pleasant fragrance that will provide a long lasting feeling of
freshness.
• Initially it was only used for religious purpose but now it has become an ornament of
sophistication for both men and women.
• Perfume makes a person feel good as they improve the way they smell with the scent of the
perfume.
• Perfumes can be floral based, spicy or woody, fruity or of herb fragrances and then combined
to suit the different types of perfume.
• The perfume is applied to the body’s pulse points and can also be put on clothing.
• The body heat of the pulse points helps to diffuse the perfume and the more concentrated
the perfume is the longer it lasts throughout the day .

25. Perfumes are classified into following classes:
1.Bright floral: Fragrance from one or several flowers. e.g. Estee lauder’s
Beautiful
2.Green: Fragrance from cut grass or leaf. e.g. Calvin Klein’s Eternity
3.Aquatic: A clean smell reminiscent of ocean. e.g. Davidoff Cool Water
4.Citrus: Has freshening effect. E.g. Faberge Brut
5.Fruity: Aromas of fruits other than citrus. E.g. Ginestet Botrytis
6.Gourmand:Scent with edible or desert like qualities. E.g. Thierry Mugler’s
Angel.
Perfumes can be manufactured by following steps:
I. Collection
II. Extraction
III. Blending

26. WHEN TO CONSULT A DOCTOR?
• Some medical conditions may change how much a person sweats or the odor their body
produces. These can be indicators of more serious conditions. If a person notices any of these
changes, they should contact a doctor immediately.
• For example, an overactive thyroid gland or menopause can make people sweat much more,
while liver disease, kidney disease, and diabetes can change the consistency of sweat and also
odor.
• A person should contact a doctor if:
• They start sweating at night.
• They begin to experience cold sweats.
• They observe frequent skin infections in body areas prone to sweating.
• Frequent sweating or sweat-soaked clothing, even when not physically active or in a warm setting.
• They sweat so much that it interferes with daily activities such as trying to hold a pen, turn a
doorknob or use a computer.
• There is a sudden change in body odor or increase in sweating.

27. REFERENCES
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173478
• https://www.slideshare.net/NajirRuman/deodorant-antiperspirant
• http://www.slideshare.net/DMONIKA1/addressing-wrinkles-body-odor-dandruff-
through-cosmeceutical-preparations?from_m_app=android
• https://www.silverson.com/us/resource-library/application-reports/manufacture-
of-deodorants-and-antiperspirants.
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/4381545/

28. THANK YOU