Antimicrobial drugs & mechanism of action
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This document discusses antimicrobial drugs, their classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. Antimicrobial drugs kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms and are grouped according to the microbe they act against such as antibiotics for bacteria, antifungals for fungi, and antivirals for viruses. The main classes of antibiotics target bacterial cell walls, cell membranes, enzymes, protein synthesis, and differ in spectrum. Antifungals treat infections like athlete's foot and treat serious infections, with classes affecting membrane sterols, enzymes, and cell wall synthesis. Antivirals inhibit viral development and attachment, gene/enzyme release, replication, assembly, and release in order to treat viral infections.
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DEFINITION CHEMOTHERAPY & ANTIBIOTICS
CHEMOTHERAPY: Chemotherapy is the treatment of infections by substances which destroy or suppress bacteria and other microorganism. The substances / Agents used may natural synthetic or semi – synthetic in nature.
ANTIBIOTICS: An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by microorganism which prevents the growth of other microorganism or kills the other microorganism. These are natural substances
CHEMOTHERAPY
It is a method of therapy of infectious disease and cancer with chemical agents – chemotherapeutic medicines
ANTIBIOTICS CLASSIFIED AS:
According to the mode of action on Bacteria:
According to the type of Bacteria:
According to the effectiveness against microorganism:
According to the mode of action on Bacteria:
Bacteriostatic: These antibiotics inhibit the growth & multiplication of Bacteria. Eg. Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Sulphonamides, Dapsone, Erythromycin, Clindamycin.
Bactericidal: These antibiotics destroy or kill all the Bacteria in the process of multiplication. Eg. Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporin, Fluoroquinolones, Rifampicin, Metronidazole etc.
According to the type of Bacteria:
Gram Positive: Some Antibiotics are effective mainly against Gram Positive Bacteria Eg. Penicillin.
Gram Negative: Some Antibiotics are effective mainly against Gram Negative Bacteria Eg. Streptomycin.
According to the effectiveness against microorganism:
Broad Spectrum: The Antibiotics which acts against wide range of microorganisms. Eg. Tetracycline.
Narrow Spectrum: These Antibiotics are useful against limited microorganisms. Eg. Erythromycin
Toxic Effects: Gastrointestinal irritation, Nausea, Vomiting and diarrhea may occur when given by mouth.
Skin sensitivity may develop with Penicillin or streptomycin causing rashes.
Serious toxic effect may occur due to streptomycin on the vestibular & auditory nerve causing vertigo & deafness
Drug Resistance: Many bacteria soon develops resistance to particular drug after a period of treatment, so that the bacteria will not respond to the same drug for example tubercle bacillus develops resistance to streptomycin quickly.
Super infection: The antibiotics given by mouth kill the normal bacteria inhibiting the alimentary canal and permits the over growth of other insensitive organisms which can cause serious complications. Eg. Fungus cause thrush which may go to the lungs with fatal results.
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Chemotherapeutic agents can cause Hypersensitivity reactions from mild rashes to serve anaphylactic shock. Eg. Penicillin & Sulphonamides.
Vitamin Deficiency: Alteration in vitamin formation and absorption from the bowel take place . So there is deficiency of Vitamin B complex and Vitamin K.
Anemia: In susceptible persons chloramphenicol may produce Aplastic anemia or agranulocytosis. (Action must be taken through proper history about previous drug reaction before administering penicillin sulphonamide and cephalosporin
Surgical antibiotic
What are antibiotics? How do antibiotics work? Antibiotic Mode Of Action. DETERMINANTS OF RATIONAL DOSING. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC SPECTRA , Principles of Antibiotic Therapy .Empirical Antibiotic Therapy , Factors Influencing Antibiotic Choice. Prophylaxis for Selected Types of Surgery
Chemotherapy and antibiotics
antibiotics are necessary to treat infections and chemotherapeutic agents are also used for this purpose. Chemotherapeutic agents are also used in the treatment of cancers. These therapeutic agents have limitations, specific action and a set mode of action. We can say that they are selective. The antibiotics are natural as well as synthetic in nature and have specificity for action against the microorganisms. Chemotherapeutic agents are chemical in nature and are synthesised in labs. They are less selective in action.
PHARMA-ANTI-FUNGAL, ANTI-HELMINTHIC
This document discusses antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and antiprotozoal agents. It provides information on:
1) The types of infections each class of agents treats, such as fungal infections, viral infections like HIV and influenza, malaria caused by plasmodium parasites, and protozoal infections including amebiasis and pneumocystis.
2) The mechanisms of action of these agents, such as how polyenes like amphotericin B work by binding to sterols in fungal cell membranes, and how nucleoside analogues like acyclovir inhibit viral DNA synthesis.
3) Important aspects of administering these agents, like monitoring for side
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- 1. ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS & MECHANISMOF ACTION
- 2. •Agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. •Grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. •For example, antibiotics are use against bacteria antifungals are used against fungi Antivirals are used against virus Antiparasitals are used against parasites ANTIMICROBIALS
- 3. KEY TERMS TO UNDERSTAND • Microbicidal • Biostatic • Antimicrobial chemotherapy • Antimicrobial prophylaxis • Antimicrobial agents – disinfectants and antispetics
- 4. ANTIBIOTICS • Type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. • They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. • Administration- Oral, intravenous injections, topical • Side effects :Adverse effects range from fever, diarrhea and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis.
- 5. •Target the bacterial cell wall - (penicillins and cephalosporins) •Cell membrane (polymyxins) •Interference with essential bacterial enzymes - (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) •Protein synthesis inhibitors - (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) •Narrow spectrum •Broad spectrum CLASSES – ANTIMICROBIALS & MECHANISM OF ACTION
- 7. ANTIFUNGALS • Used to treat and prevent mycoses such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis • Side effects - altered estrogen levels and liver damage, allergic reactions in people
- 8. CLASSES OF ANTIFUNGALS & MECHANISM OF ACTION • Polyene antimycotics bind with sterols in the fungal cell membrane,principally ergosterol : Amphotericin B & Candicidin • Azole antifungal drugs inhibit the enzyme lanosterol 14 α-demethylase Imidazoles : Bifonazole & Butoconazole Triazoles: Albaconazole & Efinaconazole Thiazoles: Abafungin • Allylamines inhibit squalene epoxidase , another enzyme required for ergosterol synthesis: amorolfin, butenafine, naftifine, and terbinafine. • Echinocandins used for systemic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, they inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall via the enzyme 1,3- Beta-glucan synthase : Anidulafungin & Caspofungin.
- 9. ANTIVIRALS • Class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. • Do not destroy their target pathogen instead they inhibit their development. • “Rational drug design" strategies attack viruses at every stage of their life cycles. Attachment to a host cell. Release of viral genes and possibly enzymes into the host cell. Replication of viral components using host- cell machinery. Assembly of viral components into complete viral particles. Release of viral particles to infect new host cells.
- 14. REFERENCE •https://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/pharmacology/antimicrobials/ mode-of-action •ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771199/ Antimicrobial Drugs Daniel E. Becker, DDS •ttps://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/informationbydrugcl ass/ucm100228.htm •http://www.emedexpert.com/lists/antiparasitics.shtml https://www.eurl-ar.eu/.../222_antibiotics-mode-of-action- and-mechanisms-of-resistance