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Antimicrobial agents Nursing ppt
- 1. Chemotherapy & Antimicrobial Agents UNIT–II For BN /B.Sc. Nursing
- 2. Contents Chemotherapy and terminologies Antimicrobial agents
- 3. CHEMOTHERAPY Treatment ofdisease by chemicals that kill the cells or microorganism or cancer cells If directed to cancer cells cancer chemotherapy If directed to micro-organism Antibiotics
- 4. General Principles ofChemotherapy Diagnosis Indication of chemotherapy Selections of drugs Selections of dose and route of administration Duration of therapy Drug therapy Test for cure Prophylactic drug
- 5. Diagnosis: Site of Infections Responsibleorganism Sensitivity of drug
- 6. Indication of chemotherapy May or maynot need the antibiotics medicine so, need to identify Sorethroat, common cold may not need the antibiotics If viral no need antibiotics, will recover within 5-7 days But if bacterial need of antibiotics
- 7. Selection of Drugs Is based on the cost effectiveness of drug, safety and toxicity . Can be targeted and empirical chemotherapy Targeted chemotherapy Chemotherapy according to culture sensitivity Cancer drugs Emperical chemotherapy According to practice of doctors According to epidemiological pattern to disease
- 8. Selection of dose Should be enough to achieve minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) MIC Minimum effect of antibiotics require to suppress microorganism or to achieve therapeutic effect
- 10. Route of administrations In order to achieve MIC and drug reaches the site of action Different routes has its own benefits
- 11. Duration of therapy Depends of type of disease Most drug minimum 48 hours even after symptoms subsides Antibiotics—>5-10 days Acute -5-10 days Subacute-2-3 wks Chronic – several months Some chronic disease Tuberculosis 6-9 months Extra pul tuberculosis > 9-12-18 months… Leprosy > one 1yr
- 12. Drug therapy Monodrug therapy Better tolerated Cost effective Chance of drug interaction less Combination drug therapy Eg. Tuberculosis Advantage Achieve synergism,less side effect,inscrease spectrum
- 13. Change of drugduring therapy Frequent change is not good Enough time give so that it can be goodly absorbed, reach site of action and produce pharmacological effects
- 14. Removal of barriersfor site of administration Remove the pus or necrotic tissue Drainage of pus incase of abscess
- 15. Test for Cure After therapy, Symptoms and sign may disappear before pathogen eradicated Especially in chronic cases So, continue medication for time Need prophylaxis
- 16. Chemoprophylaxis( Prophylaxis ) Prevention of disease or infections by chemotherapy Non Surgical prophylaxis Rheumatic fever long acting penicillin Person travelling endemic area of malaria mefloquinine or primaquine DVT prophylaxis in bed ridden patient Surgical Purpose is to decrease the adverse effect Prevent further infection Given if surgical hours is two or more hours(esp. GI surgery, musculoskeletal surgeries etc
- 18. Adverse effect ofantimicrobial agents(AMAs) Toxicity Hypersensitivity Drug resistance Super infection Nutritional deficiency Masking of infection
- 19. Toxicity Local toxicity Localirritation at site of administration pain and abscess by i/m drug Thrombophlebitis on iv drug Systematic toxicity Aminoglycosideototoxicity Chloramphenicolbonemarrow supression
- 22. Hypersensitivity Rxn Skinrash and anaphylitic shock Usually seen penicillin and cephalospiron
- 23. 4 types ofHypersenitivity Reactions
- 25. Drug Resistance Unresponsivenessof microorganism to antibiotics Two types Natural resistance g positive—not affected g negative Acquired resistance Resistance by prolong use of antibiotics
- 31. Super Infection Leads tosuperinfection Change to flora of bacteria By using more antibiotics
- 34. Nutritional deficiency Prolonguse of antibiotics alters the normal flora Cause different deficiency of viatmins and minerals
- 35.
- 36. Different Drugs inducednutritional deficiency
- 37. Masking of Infections By use of antibiotics, one type of infection is cured and briefly affect other organism Eg. Tuberculosis is masked by using the streptomycin used for the respiratory iinfection Penicilling in treatment of gonorrhea cure syphilis without showing the primary and seconday phase
- 40. Bacteria Gram PositiveBacteria Takes gram stain Gram Negative Bacteria Don’t take gram stain
- 41. Gram stain On crystal violetstain purple blue color in Microscope
- 43.
- 48. • Inhibition ofcell wall synthesis • Inhibition of protein synthesis • Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis • Inhibition of metabolic pathways • Interference with cell membrane integrity B. Mechanism of Action
- 52. Bacteria-prokaryotic Fungi :eukaryotic Actinomycetes– arefungi like bacteria
- 53. Questions: Difference betweenPharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Define chemotherapy Define antibiotics and classify them Routes of drug administrations Define pharmacology and describe different drug sources and describe the factor that affect individual response drug