Anti-Cancer Effects of Zinc (II) Ion in Tumor Formation and Growth, Proliferation, Metastasis and DNA Damage by Ishida T* in Degenerative Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, also known as electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, is a technique used to study chemical species that have unpaired electrons, such as free radicals and transition metal complexes. EPR detects these unpaired electron spins by subjecting the sample to a static magnetic field and measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region. The document provides an overview of EPR instrumentation, which consists of a microwave source, cavity, magnet, and computer for data analysis. It also lists several applications of EPR spectroscopy, such as studying free radicals, transition metal complexes, and paramagnetic centers in proteins.
This document discusses electronic spectroscopy techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. It provides details on:
1) How UV-vis and CD spectroscopy work by measuring absorption of photons causing electronic transitions between molecular orbitals.
2) The Beer-Lambert law which relates absorbance to concentration and path length.
3) Factors that determine absorption spectra including chromophores, solvent effects, the Frank-Condon principle, and electronic selection rules.
4) Applications of these techniques in structure determination and quantitative analysis of compounds.
Ligand Field Theory was postulated in the 1950s as a modification of crystal field theory and molecular orbital theory. It can explain the geometry of coordination compounds like octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar using crystal field theory. However, ligand field theory also considers sigma and pi bonding, which are important for understanding the behavior of neutral ligands like carbon monoxide and the strong field ligands carbon monoxide and cyanide.
Shielding effect,effect of chemical exchange,hydrogen bondingSumeetJha12
This document summarizes key concepts related to NMR spectroscopy, including shielding effect, hydrogen bonding, and chemical exchange. It describes how the shielding effect causes some nuclei to experience less of an external magnetic field, requiring a higher frequency for resonance. Hydrogen bonding causes deshielding and higher chemical shift values as electron density around protons decreases. Chemical exchange refers to nuclei switching environments, which can lead to sharp, broad, or coupled peaks depending on the exchange rate relative to peak separation.
The document discusses various factors that affect the stability of metal complexes. It explains that complexes formed with ligands having higher charge and smaller size are generally more stable. It also discusses the Irving-Williams order of stability and the factors of charge to radius ratio, electronegativity, and basicity of ligands. The chelate effect is described as an important ligand effect where multidentate ligands form more stable complexes due to entropy gains. Kinetic and thermodynamic stability are distinguished from reactivity concepts of labile and inert complexes.
This document summarizes structural characterization techniques for amorphous materials. It discusses how amorphous materials have short-range order dominated by atomic bonding but no long-range translational order. Common characterization methods measure pair distribution functions to determine local structure. Structure varies between classes of amorphous materials like metallic glasses, molecular glasses, and covalent network glasses.
This document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their structure, properties, production methods, and applications. Carbon nanotubes have a cylindrical structure composed entirely of sp2 bonds. They have excellent mechanical and thermal properties and can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure. Common production methods include arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Potential applications of carbon nanotubes include use in structural materials, electronics, energy storage, and biomedicine. However, health effects of carbon nanotube inhalation require further study.
Ziegler Natta Catalyst by Umang JaganiUMANG JAGANI
A Ziegler-Natta catalyst is used to synthesize polymers from 1-alkenes and contains two parts: a transition metal compound and an organoaluminum co-catalyst. The metal compound, such as titanium chloride, is activated when the co-catalyst donates an ethyl group and kicks out a chlorine atom, leaving an empty orbital. During polymerization, the catalyst alternates between initiating propylene bonding to form a polymer chain and propagating the chain through repeated bonding of propylene molecules, until termination occurs to form the final polymer product. The stereochemistry of the polymer depends on whether a trans or cis intermediate is favored during propagation.
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, also known as electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, is a technique used to study chemical species that have unpaired electrons, such as free radicals and transition metal complexes. EPR detects these unpaired electron spins by subjecting the sample to a static magnetic field and measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region. The document provides an overview of EPR instrumentation, which consists of a microwave source, cavity, magnet, and computer for data analysis. It also lists several applications of EPR spectroscopy, such as studying free radicals, transition metal complexes, and paramagnetic centers in proteins.
This document discusses electronic spectroscopy techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. It provides details on:
1) How UV-vis and CD spectroscopy work by measuring absorption of photons causing electronic transitions between molecular orbitals.
2) The Beer-Lambert law which relates absorbance to concentration and path length.
3) Factors that determine absorption spectra including chromophores, solvent effects, the Frank-Condon principle, and electronic selection rules.
4) Applications of these techniques in structure determination and quantitative analysis of compounds.
Ligand Field Theory was postulated in the 1950s as a modification of crystal field theory and molecular orbital theory. It can explain the geometry of coordination compounds like octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar using crystal field theory. However, ligand field theory also considers sigma and pi bonding, which are important for understanding the behavior of neutral ligands like carbon monoxide and the strong field ligands carbon monoxide and cyanide.
Shielding effect,effect of chemical exchange,hydrogen bondingSumeetJha12
This document summarizes key concepts related to NMR spectroscopy, including shielding effect, hydrogen bonding, and chemical exchange. It describes how the shielding effect causes some nuclei to experience less of an external magnetic field, requiring a higher frequency for resonance. Hydrogen bonding causes deshielding and higher chemical shift values as electron density around protons decreases. Chemical exchange refers to nuclei switching environments, which can lead to sharp, broad, or coupled peaks depending on the exchange rate relative to peak separation.
The document discusses various factors that affect the stability of metal complexes. It explains that complexes formed with ligands having higher charge and smaller size are generally more stable. It also discusses the Irving-Williams order of stability and the factors of charge to radius ratio, electronegativity, and basicity of ligands. The chelate effect is described as an important ligand effect where multidentate ligands form more stable complexes due to entropy gains. Kinetic and thermodynamic stability are distinguished from reactivity concepts of labile and inert complexes.
This document summarizes structural characterization techniques for amorphous materials. It discusses how amorphous materials have short-range order dominated by atomic bonding but no long-range translational order. Common characterization methods measure pair distribution functions to determine local structure. Structure varies between classes of amorphous materials like metallic glasses, molecular glasses, and covalent network glasses.
This document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their structure, properties, production methods, and applications. Carbon nanotubes have a cylindrical structure composed entirely of sp2 bonds. They have excellent mechanical and thermal properties and can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure. Common production methods include arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Potential applications of carbon nanotubes include use in structural materials, electronics, energy storage, and biomedicine. However, health effects of carbon nanotube inhalation require further study.
Ziegler Natta Catalyst by Umang JaganiUMANG JAGANI
A Ziegler-Natta catalyst is used to synthesize polymers from 1-alkenes and contains two parts: a transition metal compound and an organoaluminum co-catalyst. The metal compound, such as titanium chloride, is activated when the co-catalyst donates an ethyl group and kicks out a chlorine atom, leaving an empty orbital. During polymerization, the catalyst alternates between initiating propylene bonding to form a polymer chain and propagating the chain through repeated bonding of propylene molecules, until termination occurs to form the final polymer product. The stereochemistry of the polymer depends on whether a trans or cis intermediate is favored during propagation.
This document discusses the spectral properties of metal complexes. It defines a metal complex as neutral molecules or ions with ligands bonded to a central metal atom through coordinate covalent bonds. Many d-block metal complexes are colored due to d-d electronic transitions between metal d-orbitals that occur when light is absorbed. The intensity of light absorbed can be determined using Beer-Lambert law and measured using a spectrophotometer, which plots absorbance versus wavelength to produce an absorption spectrum. An example is given of titanium(III) complexes, which absorb yellow light due to electronic transitions between split d-orbital energy levels.
This document discusses different types of defects that can occur in crystalline materials. There are two main types of defects - point defects and line defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, where lattice sites are vacant, and interstitial defects, where atoms occupy interstitial positions between lattice sites. Vacancy and interstitial defects can both occur as Schottky or Frenkel defects in stoichiometric compounds. Non-stoichiometric compounds can exhibit metal excess or metal deficient defects due to anionic/cationic vacancies or interstitial atoms. Impurity defects also arise from the presence of impurity ions in the crystal lattice or interstitial sites. These various defects impact the macroscopic properties of materials and some
1) The document discusses the properties of inorganic materials such as transition metal oxides and their crystal structures including octahedral and tetrahedral holes. It also covers band theory and how it relates to the electrical, optical, and magnetic properties of solids.
2) Band theory is used to explain the differences between conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. In conductors there is overlap between the filled valence band and empty conduction band allowing electrons to move freely. Semiconductors like silicon have a small band gap that can be overcome by thermal excitation.
3) Common semiconductor materials are elements in columns IV like silicon and germanium, and III-V compounds like gallium arsenide.
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the principle that infrared spectroscopy involves absorption of infrared radiation which causes vibrational transitions in molecules. The instrumentation involves an infrared source, sample holder, and detector. Applications include identifying functional groups in organic molecules, determining drug formulations, and analyzing biological samples like urine.
Photolysis is a chemical process where molecules are broken down by light absorption. Flash photolysis is commonly used to study short-lived intermediates in photochemical reactions, employing a photolysis flash to initiate reactions followed by a monitoring flash to measure absorption spectra. To study processes in the nanosecond time range, lasers can be used to generate photolysis pulses less than 20 nanoseconds, allowing observation of excited singlet state lifetimes and other fast reactions. Laser flash photolysis systems employ a laser pulse to synchronize a photolysis spark and provide pulses to initiate reactions and monitor absorption on nanosecond timescales, enabling identification of transient intermediates and insight into fast reaction mechanisms.
Metal ions are used in medicine for both diagnostic and treatment purposes. Some metals like technetium, gadolinium, and iron are used in medical imaging techniques like MRI. Platinum compounds like cisplatin are commonly used to treat cancers by binding to DNA and interfering with cell division. While effective, metals can cause side effects if levels become unbalanced or toxicity occurs from treatment. Precise application of metal ions exploits their properties for medical benefit.
This document discusses electronic spectra of metal complexes. It begins by defining quantum numbers related to electron configuration, such as L (total orbital angular momentum) and l (secondary quantum number). It then describes two main types of electronic transitions in coordination compounds: d-d transitions specific to metals, and charge-transfer transitions. The remainder of the document discusses charge-transfer transitions in more detail, defining ligand-to-metal and metal-to-ligand charge transfer, and how solvent polarity affects these transitions.
Classification Of Mechanisms, Ligand Substitution In Octahedral Complexes Without Breaking Metal-ligand Bond, Substitution Reaction In Square Planar Complexes, Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Substitution, Trans Effect (Labilizing Effect), Theories and applications Of Trans Effect
This document discusses crown ethers, which are large-ring compounds containing oxygen atoms that form inclusion complexes with positive ions. Examples like 12-crown-4 and 18-crown-6 are provided. Crown ethers bind different ions depending on cavity size. Cryptands can completely surround cations, and cyclodextrins form both channel and cage complexes to encapsulate guest molecules. Applications include using crown ethers and cyclodextrins to encapsulate drugs and foods, and using zeolites as ion exchangers.
This document presents preliminary findings from a study preparing doped polyaniline (PANI) as a filler for vulcanized latex. Different types of PANI (undoped and doped) were prepared through polymerization with aniline, surfactants, oxidizing agents, and metal oxides or cellulose. PANI was then dispersed in pre-vulcanized latex to produce modified cast films. Analysis found that PANI-ZnO gave the best mechanical properties and thermal resistance of the films. Visual inspection showed homogenizing PANI in latex with potassium hydroxide improved dispersion. While conductivity was not measured in the films, doped PANI templates showed increased conductivity. The study successfully prepared various PANI templates and
The factors that affect the stability of complexes Ernest Opoku
The stability of metal complexes is affected by various ligand and metal factors. Ligand factors that increase stability include small size, high charge, chelation which forms multiple bonds to the metal, and high basicity. Steric effects from bulky ligands decrease stability. For the metal, higher charge and smaller size increase stability, as do behaviors defined by the Ahrland-Chatt classification like class A metals forming more stable complexes with lighter donor atoms. The Irving-Williams series and crystal field theory show transition metal complex stability follows trends based on ionic radius, crystal field splitting, and effects like Jahn-Teller distortion.
Recent advances in photocatalytic reactors were summarized in 3 sentences or less:
The document reviewed various photocatalytic reactor designs used to degrade organic pollutants like pesticides and dyes, as well as microorganisms, using different catalysts like TiO2 and light sources like sunlight and UV lamps. Reactors included batch, continuous flow, and thin film designs. Degradation rates of over 90% were typically achieved for various contaminants like monocrotophos, acetamiprid, thiabendazole, methyl orange, and rhodamine B.
Synthesis and Characterization of nanoparticleMohammad Azam
This document summarizes the history and applications of nanoparticles. It discusses early examples of nanomaterials like the Lycurgus Cup from the 4th century. It classifies nanostructured materials and describes how properties change at the nanoscale. Applications discussed include electronics, medicine, energy, and environmental remediation. Common synthesis methods are outlined as well as characterization techniques like UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and AFM. Scanning probe microscopes like SEM, STM, and AFM are also briefly described.
Applications of Metal Organic Frameworks(MOF) in water treatmentSainabijanzadeh
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show promise for use in water treatment membranes due to their high surface area, pore volume, and abundance of adsorption sites. MOFs can be incorporated into thin film nanocomposite membranes, mixed matrix membranes, and used to make porous MOF membranes through various methods like solvothermal synthesis and vacuum filtration. Common MOFs used are UiO-66 and ZIF-8 due to their stability and hydrophilicity. MOF membranes show applications in desalination, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration.
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to analyze chemical bonding and molecular structure. It works by detecting the frequencies at which molecules vibrate or rotate when exposed to infrared radiation. The document discusses the principles of infrared spectroscopy, including how molecular vibrations can be excited when their frequency matches the frequency of infrared radiation. It also covers factors that determine infrared absorption frequencies and the types of molecular vibrations that are infrared active.
The document provides information about electronic spectra and terms for carbon p electrons and transition metal d electron configurations. It discusses:
1) Possible terms that arise from carbon's 2p electrons, including 1D2, 3P2, 3P1, 3P0 and 1S0 terms. Hund's rules are used to determine the ground state term.
2) Microstate tables that list all possible combinations of orbital angular momentum (L) and spin (S) for electron configurations.
3) Tanabe-Sugano diagrams that show the splitting of d electron terms in an octahedral ligand field and allow determination of transition energies.
4) Charge transfer transitions that can occur from the
Metal organic Frameworks for sensor applicationABHISHEK KATOCH
This document summarizes a student's research project on synthesizing and characterizing transition metal-based metal-organic frameworks for sensor applications. The student synthesized MOF-5 and nickel-doped MOF-5 at various concentrations using a solvothermal method. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence showed the materials maintained their crystalline structure and porous nature after doping. Testing showed the materials were responsive to NO2 gas, indicating potential for sensor applications. Future work could aim to improve sensitivity, selectivity, and response time for detecting harmful gases.
_Role_of_free_radicals_in_cancer M pharmacy PharmacologyAyodhya Paradhe
Free radicals are reactive molecules that can damage cells and DNA. High levels of free radicals and oxidative stress can lead to mutations that cause cancer. Many cancer-causing factors like tobacco, UV light, and inflammation increase free radical production. Curcumin and vitamins C and E are antioxidants that can prevent cancer by reducing oxidative stress and blocking enzymes involved in cancer formation and growth. Intravenous vitamin C treatment for cancer works by increasing oxidative stress in cancer cells through hydrogen peroxide production, altering gene expression, and inhibiting tumor invasion and metastasis. Antioxidants and lifestyle changes may help prevent cancer by lowering free radical levels and reducing cancer risk from environmental exposures.
Molecular biology of oral cancer
The document discusses the molecular basis of oral cancer through three main points:
1) It describes common genetic alterations in oral cancer such as overexpression of oncogenes like EGFR and mutations in tumor suppressor genes like p53.
2) It explains how alterations in proto-oncogenes and oncogenes lead to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation through signaling pathways and transcription factors.
3) It discusses how defects in DNA repair genes can cause genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer, through increased mutations that evade cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis.
This document discusses the spectral properties of metal complexes. It defines a metal complex as neutral molecules or ions with ligands bonded to a central metal atom through coordinate covalent bonds. Many d-block metal complexes are colored due to d-d electronic transitions between metal d-orbitals that occur when light is absorbed. The intensity of light absorbed can be determined using Beer-Lambert law and measured using a spectrophotometer, which plots absorbance versus wavelength to produce an absorption spectrum. An example is given of titanium(III) complexes, which absorb yellow light due to electronic transitions between split d-orbital energy levels.
This document discusses different types of defects that can occur in crystalline materials. There are two main types of defects - point defects and line defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, where lattice sites are vacant, and interstitial defects, where atoms occupy interstitial positions between lattice sites. Vacancy and interstitial defects can both occur as Schottky or Frenkel defects in stoichiometric compounds. Non-stoichiometric compounds can exhibit metal excess or metal deficient defects due to anionic/cationic vacancies or interstitial atoms. Impurity defects also arise from the presence of impurity ions in the crystal lattice or interstitial sites. These various defects impact the macroscopic properties of materials and some
1) The document discusses the properties of inorganic materials such as transition metal oxides and their crystal structures including octahedral and tetrahedral holes. It also covers band theory and how it relates to the electrical, optical, and magnetic properties of solids.
2) Band theory is used to explain the differences between conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. In conductors there is overlap between the filled valence band and empty conduction band allowing electrons to move freely. Semiconductors like silicon have a small band gap that can be overcome by thermal excitation.
3) Common semiconductor materials are elements in columns IV like silicon and germanium, and III-V compounds like gallium arsenide.
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the principle that infrared spectroscopy involves absorption of infrared radiation which causes vibrational transitions in molecules. The instrumentation involves an infrared source, sample holder, and detector. Applications include identifying functional groups in organic molecules, determining drug formulations, and analyzing biological samples like urine.
Photolysis is a chemical process where molecules are broken down by light absorption. Flash photolysis is commonly used to study short-lived intermediates in photochemical reactions, employing a photolysis flash to initiate reactions followed by a monitoring flash to measure absorption spectra. To study processes in the nanosecond time range, lasers can be used to generate photolysis pulses less than 20 nanoseconds, allowing observation of excited singlet state lifetimes and other fast reactions. Laser flash photolysis systems employ a laser pulse to synchronize a photolysis spark and provide pulses to initiate reactions and monitor absorption on nanosecond timescales, enabling identification of transient intermediates and insight into fast reaction mechanisms.
Metal ions are used in medicine for both diagnostic and treatment purposes. Some metals like technetium, gadolinium, and iron are used in medical imaging techniques like MRI. Platinum compounds like cisplatin are commonly used to treat cancers by binding to DNA and interfering with cell division. While effective, metals can cause side effects if levels become unbalanced or toxicity occurs from treatment. Precise application of metal ions exploits their properties for medical benefit.
This document discusses electronic spectra of metal complexes. It begins by defining quantum numbers related to electron configuration, such as L (total orbital angular momentum) and l (secondary quantum number). It then describes two main types of electronic transitions in coordination compounds: d-d transitions specific to metals, and charge-transfer transitions. The remainder of the document discusses charge-transfer transitions in more detail, defining ligand-to-metal and metal-to-ligand charge transfer, and how solvent polarity affects these transitions.
Classification Of Mechanisms, Ligand Substitution In Octahedral Complexes Without Breaking Metal-ligand Bond, Substitution Reaction In Square Planar Complexes, Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Substitution, Trans Effect (Labilizing Effect), Theories and applications Of Trans Effect
This document discusses crown ethers, which are large-ring compounds containing oxygen atoms that form inclusion complexes with positive ions. Examples like 12-crown-4 and 18-crown-6 are provided. Crown ethers bind different ions depending on cavity size. Cryptands can completely surround cations, and cyclodextrins form both channel and cage complexes to encapsulate guest molecules. Applications include using crown ethers and cyclodextrins to encapsulate drugs and foods, and using zeolites as ion exchangers.
This document presents preliminary findings from a study preparing doped polyaniline (PANI) as a filler for vulcanized latex. Different types of PANI (undoped and doped) were prepared through polymerization with aniline, surfactants, oxidizing agents, and metal oxides or cellulose. PANI was then dispersed in pre-vulcanized latex to produce modified cast films. Analysis found that PANI-ZnO gave the best mechanical properties and thermal resistance of the films. Visual inspection showed homogenizing PANI in latex with potassium hydroxide improved dispersion. While conductivity was not measured in the films, doped PANI templates showed increased conductivity. The study successfully prepared various PANI templates and
The factors that affect the stability of complexes Ernest Opoku
The stability of metal complexes is affected by various ligand and metal factors. Ligand factors that increase stability include small size, high charge, chelation which forms multiple bonds to the metal, and high basicity. Steric effects from bulky ligands decrease stability. For the metal, higher charge and smaller size increase stability, as do behaviors defined by the Ahrland-Chatt classification like class A metals forming more stable complexes with lighter donor atoms. The Irving-Williams series and crystal field theory show transition metal complex stability follows trends based on ionic radius, crystal field splitting, and effects like Jahn-Teller distortion.
Recent advances in photocatalytic reactors were summarized in 3 sentences or less:
The document reviewed various photocatalytic reactor designs used to degrade organic pollutants like pesticides and dyes, as well as microorganisms, using different catalysts like TiO2 and light sources like sunlight and UV lamps. Reactors included batch, continuous flow, and thin film designs. Degradation rates of over 90% were typically achieved for various contaminants like monocrotophos, acetamiprid, thiabendazole, methyl orange, and rhodamine B.
Synthesis and Characterization of nanoparticleMohammad Azam
This document summarizes the history and applications of nanoparticles. It discusses early examples of nanomaterials like the Lycurgus Cup from the 4th century. It classifies nanostructured materials and describes how properties change at the nanoscale. Applications discussed include electronics, medicine, energy, and environmental remediation. Common synthesis methods are outlined as well as characterization techniques like UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and AFM. Scanning probe microscopes like SEM, STM, and AFM are also briefly described.
Applications of Metal Organic Frameworks(MOF) in water treatmentSainabijanzadeh
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show promise for use in water treatment membranes due to their high surface area, pore volume, and abundance of adsorption sites. MOFs can be incorporated into thin film nanocomposite membranes, mixed matrix membranes, and used to make porous MOF membranes through various methods like solvothermal synthesis and vacuum filtration. Common MOFs used are UiO-66 and ZIF-8 due to their stability and hydrophilicity. MOF membranes show applications in desalination, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration.
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to analyze chemical bonding and molecular structure. It works by detecting the frequencies at which molecules vibrate or rotate when exposed to infrared radiation. The document discusses the principles of infrared spectroscopy, including how molecular vibrations can be excited when their frequency matches the frequency of infrared radiation. It also covers factors that determine infrared absorption frequencies and the types of molecular vibrations that are infrared active.
The document provides information about electronic spectra and terms for carbon p electrons and transition metal d electron configurations. It discusses:
1) Possible terms that arise from carbon's 2p electrons, including 1D2, 3P2, 3P1, 3P0 and 1S0 terms. Hund's rules are used to determine the ground state term.
2) Microstate tables that list all possible combinations of orbital angular momentum (L) and spin (S) for electron configurations.
3) Tanabe-Sugano diagrams that show the splitting of d electron terms in an octahedral ligand field and allow determination of transition energies.
4) Charge transfer transitions that can occur from the
Metal organic Frameworks for sensor applicationABHISHEK KATOCH
This document summarizes a student's research project on synthesizing and characterizing transition metal-based metal-organic frameworks for sensor applications. The student synthesized MOF-5 and nickel-doped MOF-5 at various concentrations using a solvothermal method. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence showed the materials maintained their crystalline structure and porous nature after doping. Testing showed the materials were responsive to NO2 gas, indicating potential for sensor applications. Future work could aim to improve sensitivity, selectivity, and response time for detecting harmful gases.
_Role_of_free_radicals_in_cancer M pharmacy PharmacologyAyodhya Paradhe
Free radicals are reactive molecules that can damage cells and DNA. High levels of free radicals and oxidative stress can lead to mutations that cause cancer. Many cancer-causing factors like tobacco, UV light, and inflammation increase free radical production. Curcumin and vitamins C and E are antioxidants that can prevent cancer by reducing oxidative stress and blocking enzymes involved in cancer formation and growth. Intravenous vitamin C treatment for cancer works by increasing oxidative stress in cancer cells through hydrogen peroxide production, altering gene expression, and inhibiting tumor invasion and metastasis. Antioxidants and lifestyle changes may help prevent cancer by lowering free radical levels and reducing cancer risk from environmental exposures.
Molecular biology of oral cancer
The document discusses the molecular basis of oral cancer through three main points:
1) It describes common genetic alterations in oral cancer such as overexpression of oncogenes like EGFR and mutations in tumor suppressor genes like p53.
2) It explains how alterations in proto-oncogenes and oncogenes lead to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation through signaling pathways and transcription factors.
3) It discusses how defects in DNA repair genes can cause genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer, through increased mutations that evade cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis.
This document discusses new strategies for combating cancer through molecular biology approaches. It describes prevention strategies that focus on pre-invasive lesions by inhibiting carcinogen initiation events, cell proliferation associated with promotion, or the development of the invasive phenotype in precancerous lesions. Targets for prevention strategies include biochemical species produced by carcinogens and aberrantly expressed proteins from genetic/environmental risk factors. Gene expression profiling using cDNA microarrays can help understand carcinogenesis at the molecular level and identify new therapeutic targets. The document also discusses inhibiting metastasis through strategies like modifying cell adhesion with MMP inhibitors or anticoagulants, and inhibiting angiogenesis. Gene therapy approaches for cancer treatment aim to correct genetic mutations or deliver therapeutic genes to stimulate anti-tumor immune
1. The document discusses the role of cyclin D1 in regulating cell cycle progression and its implications in tumor initiation, maintenance, progression and metastasis through altering cell adhesion, migration, redox balance and drug resistance.
2. Cyclin D1 disrupts redox balance by producing reactive oxygen species and regulates cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase.
3. It also regulates cell adhesion and migration by stabilizing F-actin fibers and enhancing chemotaxis and inflammation.
Basic concept of Cancer and cancer cell.Madhur sharma
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by alterations in genes that can result from mutations during cell division, exposure to external agents, or randomly. There are four main types of cancer - carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. Cancer is characterized by cellular changes that promote uncontrolled growth. Some key cancer genes include oncogenes that promote growth and tumor suppressor genes that normally inhibit growth. Examples are discussed like MYC, RAS, P53, and RB. New strategies to treat cancer focus on immunotherapy, inhibiting cancer-promoting proteins, and blocking angiogenesis within tumors.
Anindya seminar 1 growth factors and cell cycle signalling in pathogenesis of...Kazi Manir
The document discusses several key concepts regarding the molecular basis of cancer including:
1. Cancer is caused by mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and apoptotic genes.
2. Self-sufficiency in growth signals is achieved through mutations in proto-oncogenes encoding growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducing proteins, and cell cycle regulators.
3. Examples of targeted cancer therapies include monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, hormones, and hormonal agents.
This document discusses anti-neoplastic agents used to treat cancer. It begins by introducing malignant disease and cancer treatment options such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and gene therapy. It then categorizes anti-cancer drugs according to their chemical structure, mechanism of action, and cell cycle specificity. Examples of major drug classes discussed include alkylating agents, platinum compounds, antimetabolites, and plant extracts. Common mechanisms of action and adverse effects are also summarized for several representative drugs.
Genotoxic stress occurs when chemical agents damage genetic information within cells, causing mutations directly or indirectly through DNA damage. Cells have defense mechanisms that form a complex signal transduction network in response to genotoxic stress. This network activates transcription factors that regulate genes for DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Exposure to certain chemicals has been linked to various human cancers by causing genotoxic mutations. To cope with DNA damage from genotoxic stresses such as chemicals, radiation, and normal cell metabolism, cells have developed DNA repair and cell cycle regulation responses that are important for preventing carcinogenesis when altered.
Lipocalin 2 as a Potential Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate...JohnJulie1
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein, initially purified from neutrophil granules, and mainly expressed in immune cells, hepatocytes, renal cells, prostate, cells of the respiratory tract and cardiomyocytes. LCN2 belongs to the family of lipocalins known for their ability to traffic small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and retinoids
Lipocalin 2 as a Potential Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate...AnonIshanvi
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein, initially purified from neutrophil granules, and mainly expressed in immune cells, hepatocytes, renal cells, prostate, cells of the respiratory tract and cardiomyocytes. LCN2 belongs to the family of lipocalins known for their ability to traffic small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and retinoids...
Lipocalin 2 as a Potential Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate...daranisaha
This document summarizes research on lipocalin 2 (LCN2) as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for prostate, lung, and liver cancer. LCN2 is a protein that plays roles in iron transport, bacterial infection response, and cancer progression. Studies have found both increased and decreased LCN2 expression in different cancer types. For prostate cancer, LCN2 levels are higher in tumor tissue and blood of patients compared to healthy controls. Higher LCN2 also correlates with more advanced disease stages and reduced survival. In lung and liver cancer, LCN2 expression varies but may also have potential as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker. The review discusses molecular pathways through which LCN2 impacts cancer development and clinical findings regarding its role in prognosis and
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein, initially purified from neutrophil granules,
and mainly expressed in immune cells, hepatocytes, renal cells, prostate, cells of the respiratory
tract and cardiomyocytes. LCN2 belongs to the family of lipocalins known for their ability to
traffic small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and retinoids. Due to its ability to sequester
iron-containing bacterial siderophores, LCN2 plays an essential part of the innate immunity as
well as the regulation of the cellular iron metabolism
Lipocalin 2 as a Potential Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate...semualkaira
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein, initially purified from neutrophil granules, and mainly expressed in immune cells, hepatocytes, renal cells, prostate, cells of the respiratory tract and cardiomyocytes. LCN2 belongs to the family of lipocalins known for their ability to traffic small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and retinoids..
Lipocalin 2 as a Potential Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate...EditorSara
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein, initially purified from neutrophil granules, and mainly expressed in immune cells, hepatocytes, renal cells, prostate, cells of the respiratory tract and cardiomyocytes. LCN2 belongs to the family of lipocalins known for their ability to traffic small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and retinoids...
Lipocalin 2 as a Potential Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate...ClinicsofOncology
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein, initially purified from neutrophil granules, and mainly expressed in immune cells, hepatocytes, renal cells, prostate, cells of the respiratory tract and cardiomyocytes. LCN2 belongs to the family of lipocalins known for their ability to traffic small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and retinoids
Lipocalin 2 as a Potential Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate...NainaAnon
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein, initially purified from neutrophil granules, and mainly expressed in immune cells, hepatocytes, renal cells, prostate, cells of the respiratory tract and cardiomyocytes. LCN2 belongs to the family of lipocalins known for their ability to traffic small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and retinoids...
Lipocalin 2 as a Potential Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate...semualkaira
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein, initially purified from neutrophil granules, and mainly expressed in immune cells, hepatocytes, renal cells, prostate, cells of the respiratory tract and cardiomyocytes. LCN2 belongs to the family of lipocalins known for their ability to traffic small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and retinoids...
DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Events Underlying Renal Cell Carcinomaskomalicarol
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) refers to a group of tumors that develop from the epithelium of the kidney tubes, including clear cell
RCC, papillary RCC, and chromophobe RCC. Most clear cell renal
carcinomas have a large histologic subtype, genetic or epigenetic
genetic von Hippel-Lindau (VHL). A comprehensive analysis of
the genetic modification genome suggested that chromosome 3p
loss and chromosome gains 5q and 7 may be a significant copy
defect in the development of clear kidney cell cancer. A more potent renal cell carcinoma may develop if chromosome 1p, 4, 9,
13q, or 14q is also lost. Renal carcinogenesis is not associated with
chronic inflammation or histological changes. However, regional hypermethylation of DNA in CpG C-type islands has already
accumulated in cancer-free kidney tissue, implying that the presence of malignant kidney lesions may also be detected by modified
DNA methylation. Modification of DNA methylation in cancerous
kidney tissue may advance kidney tissue to epigenetic mutations
and genes, leading to more serious cancers and even determining
a patient’s outcome
Cancer is the fourth highest cause of death in Malaysia. Vitamin D and targeted therapy drugs can help prevent and treat cancer. Vitamin D regulates cell cycle, apoptosis, and adhesion to prevent cancer formation. It controls mutations and cancer cell production. Lenalidomide is a targeted therapy drug that has direct anti-tumor effects through cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenesis by decreasing VEGF and IL-6, and T-cell activation. Current research continues to improve targeted drugs to reduce side effects and increase efficacy, though challenges remain regarding side effects, resistance, and ethical issues.
The document discusses DNA repair mechanisms in human lymphocytes. It describes how oxidized purines in DNA are repaired through the base excision repair pathway involving the OGG1 glycosylase. This repair requires activation by the transcription factor NF-YA, which upregulates OGG1 expression when DNA is at risk of oxidation. The repair of oxidized bases by OGG1 in human lymphocytes is slow but can be activated by phytohemagglutinin. Disruption of this global repair of oxidized purines may be due to downregulation of OGG1. A second document discusses how green tea acts as an antioxidant to protect against oxidative stress and influence DNA damage and repair through activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor and upreg
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
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10. Define the mean QRS vector
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. How to cite this article: Ishida T. Anti-Cancer Effects of Zinc (II) Ion in Tumor Formation and Growth, Proliferation, Metastasis and DNA Damage. Dev Disabil:
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major stage of the processes of initiation, promotion, progression,
and metastasis of tumorigenesis. Given the importance of these
channels and signaling pathways in cell proliferation, migration
and metastasis, appreciating the impact of Zn deficiency on the
functions of these channels in cancer cells is exigent priority [5].
According to physiology and pathology of Zn2+
ions [6], Zn(II)
dysregulation, deficiency and over-supply are connected with
various diseases, DNA synthesis, neurotransmission, and apoptosis,
particularly cancer 98% of human body Zn(II) is localized in the
intracellular compartment, where zinc(II) is bound with low affinity
to metallothionein (MT). MT protects cells against oxidative stress,
because it cooperates with reduced glutathione (GSH). MT together
with zinc(II) affects apoptosis and proliferation, in which elevated
serum level of MT in a number of malignancies, among others in
breast, and prostate. Antibacterial activity of zinc(II) ion is very
high against Gram-positive and negative bacteria [7,8]. Anticancer
activity of Zn2+
ions against cancer and tumor cells, in which how
behaviors are indicated in the development and the progression
of cancer and tumor cells. In this review, the anticancer activities
by Zinc(II) ion solution against cancer and tumor cells were
investigated on cancer prevention, tumor formation and growth,
proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, in which the systemic effects
of zinc(II) ions are involved in the status of zinc homeostasis, the
regulation of apoptosis in malignant, the cancer cell proliferation
and growth, and the angiogenesis in cancer and tumor cells.
Halo-Inhibitory susceptibility test results
Figure 1: Sample appearance of halo inhibitory zone tests.
Halo antibacterial tests have been carried out for the sulfate
aqueous solutions against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Figure 1
shows the sample surface appearances of inhibitory zone after
antibacterial halo-tests for sulfate solutions against Staphylococcus
epidermidis. From these observations, the antibacterial order
is Zn2+
>Cu2+
>Ag+>Al3+
, in which Zn2+
ions indicate the highest
antibacterial effect. The killing mechanism against bacteria has
become clear that bacteriolysis and destruction of S. aureus
peptidoglycan (PGN) cell wall by Zn2+
ions are due to the inhibition
of PGN elongation by the activities of PGN autolysins of amidases.
The other, bacteriolysis of E. coli cell wall by Zn2+
ions are due
to destruction of outer membrane structure by degrading of
lipoprotein at C-, N-terminals, owing to PGN formation inhibition
by activities of PGN autolysins of amidase and carboxypeptidase-
transpeptidase [9].
Cancer prevention
Many enzymes and proteins utilize first transition and Group
IIB elements to carry out their biological functions and especially,
zinc is the most widely used of these elements. Proper intake of
dietary nutrient is considered crucial for preventing the initiation
and the promotion of carcinoma [10]. Zinc has been ascribed role
in oxidative stress, DNA damage repair, metabolism and interaction
of malignant cells, particularly in apoptosis. Zinc-mediated
cancer chemoprevention can be expected to be efficacious in the
prevention and treatment of several cancers [11]. Leukotriene
A4 hydrolase(LTA4H) having a bifunctional zinc enzyme with the
activities of epoxide hydrolase and amino peptidase, functions as a
chemo attractant and an activator of inflammatory cells. Bestatin,
an LTA4H inhibitor, suppresses tumorigenesis in this animal model.
Since LTA4H has long been regarded as an anti-inflammatory target,
this LTA4H is recommended as a target for prevention and therapy
of cancer, especially those associated with chronic inflammation
[11].
Cancer promotion and progression
Zinc which is essential for many cellular processes, plays a
potential role in signal pathway linked with various physiological
actions. The imbalances in Zn homeostasis cause disease states
including such as diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. In
breast cancer patients, the level of Zn has been found to be lower
in serum than healthy subjects and elevated in malignant tissues,
whereas in liver, prostate and gallbladder cancers, the Zn level
in the malignant tissues has been found to be decreased. Zn is
implicated in breast cancer development. The intracellular Zn
level is controlled by several protein molecules called zinc-binding
protein and zinc transporters [12].
Zinc migration in cancer cells occurs as zinc transporters and
dysregulated Zn2+
ion channels, in which Zn accumulation in tumor
tissue correlates with increased level of Zn importing proteins.
Further,aberrantexpressionofZntransportersintumorscorrelates
with malignancy. Zn homeostasis is tightly controlled by regulating
the flux of Zn across cell membranes through specific transporters,
3. How to cite this article: Ishida T. Anti-Cancer Effects of Zinc (II) Ion in Tumor Formation and Growth, Proliferation, Metastasis and DNA Damage. Dev Disabil:
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i.e. Zn Transporter (ZnT) and Zrt-, Irt-like Protein (ZIP) family
proteins. Zn deficiency and malfunction of Zn transporters have
been associated with many chronic diseases including cancer [5].
Inhibition of tumor formation and growth
The accumulation of zinc also inhibits mitochondrial terminal
oxidationandrespiration.Zn2+
ionsprovideformationoffluorescent
product after reaction with -SH groups of thiols [13],
Zn2+
+ 2(-SH) → Zn(II)S-S- + 2H+
In cancer cell, Zn(II)S+
-complex ion may be formed and the
complex is binding with S-atom. Zinc is known to have systemic
effects such as regulation of the immune system as well as direct
cellular effects resulting in regulation of gene expression. Zinc can
inhibit apoptosis induced by both chemical and death-receptor
agonists. Apoptotic effects of zinc because zinc is reported to both
induce apoptosis in some cancers and to protect other cancer cells
against apoptosis induced by other factors. Inhibitors of matrix
metalloproteinases (MMPs) enzymes are widely related in the
processes of tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis
[14]. The extracellular MMP-2 and MMP-9 possessed zinc-binding
ability is attention as anti-metastatic or antitumoral drugs [15].
Gelatinase class MMPs of MMP-2 and MMP-9 metalloproteinases,
have the ability to degrade collagen VI that makes up the basal
lamina, and are relevant in the acquisition of the invasive
phenotype of malignant neoplasms. These MMPs become clear that
increase in zinc concentrations in cellular compartments and the
reduction of this trace element in the blood of patients with breast
cancer appear to alter the activity of metalloproteinases 2 and 9,
contributing to the occurrence of malignancy. The effectiveness and
the factors of these inhibitors for breast carcinoma are considered
that relating with the reactions of zinc ion complex compounds and
MMPs activation in the pathogenesis of breast cancer [16].
Zinc ions into lysosome, mitochondria, nucleus
Lysosome: Intracellular Zn2+
was found to be concentrated in
lysosomes, indicating that lysosomal integrity was disrupted after
addition of clioquinol and zinc to the cell. Thus, clioquinol generates
free zinc in lysosomes, leading to their disruption and apoptotic
cell death [17]. Further, mechanism of clioquinol/ZnCl2
-induced
apoptotic cell death remains to be elucidated.
Mitochondria: The accumulation of high intracellular zinc
levels in specific prostate cells, where it can inhibit aconitase and
truncate the citric acid cycle, results in the induction of apoptosis
and the inhibition of cell growth. The apoptotic effect is due to zinc
induction of mitochondrial apoptogenesis. The cell specificity of
zinc induction of apoptogenesis is dependent on the ability of the
cells to accumulate high levels of intracellular zinc and on the ability
of the mitochondria to respond to the direct effect of zinc [18]. By
investigating mobile Zn2+
in mitochondria, in contrast to healthy
epithelial prostate cells, tumorigenic cells are unable to accumulate
mobile zinc within their mitochondria [19]. The apoptogenic effect
is due to a direct effect of zinc on mitochondria that results in the
release of cytochrome c. The cytosolic source of mitochondrial zinc
is derived from mobile reactive Zn-Ligands that are 10kDa or less
and are capable of permeating the outer mitochondrial membrane
pores. These lower molecular weight Zn-Ligands such as Zn-
Metallothionen, Zn-Citrate, Zn-Histidine formations.
Zinc and tumor immunity, anti-inflammation,
antioxidant
Zinc could play a central role, regulating apoptosis and
autophagy as well as immune cell functions, when the cancer
cells are stressed (such as genomic stress, nutrient stress, oxidant
stress). Zinc is crucial for normal development and function of cells
mediating innate immunity, neutrophils, and NK cells. The ability
of zinc to function as an anti-oxidant suggests that it has a role in
the prevention of free radical-induced injury during inflammatory
processes. There are many pathways involved in the inflammatory
processes that the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB)is one of the
main inflammatory pathways, which regulate the genes controlling
apoptosis, cell adhesion, proliferation, tissue remodeling, the
innate and adaptive immune responses, inflammatory processes,
and cellular-stress responses. In zinc-dependent NF-kB signaling,
zinc supplementation influences NF-kB via the alteration of protein
A20 activity and zinc is acting on the NF-kB pathway at the level
of A20 to further enhance its inhibitory effect, in which zinc
supplementation prevent abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in
rat by induction of A20-mediated inhibition of the NF-kB canonical
pathway. The physiological reconstitution of zinc restrains immune
activation, whereas zinc deficiency provokes a systemic increase in
NF-kB activation, in which zinc exerts anti-inflammatory activity
and its antioxidant. Thus, it influences multiple aspects of the
constitute the source of mobile reactive zinc for transport into the
mitochondria [20]. Thus, free Zn2+
ions are not required for the
transport process, in which is the direct intermolecular exchange
of zinc from the donor Zn-Ligand to the recipient putative uptake
transporter protein.
Nucleus: Further, for zinc ion into nucleus of cancer cell,
immune cytochemical localization and immune-blotting assay
demonstrated that zinc induces the nuclear translocation of MTF-1-
FLAG, expressed from the cytomegalovirus promoter in transiently
transfected dko7(MTF-1 double knockout) cells [21].
DNA damage by Zn-DNA reaction: Zn2+
substitutions into
hydrogen bonds within DNA base pairs; A=T,G≡C are shown in
Figure 2, indicating Zn ion-complex immune system, including
haematopoiesis, innate immunity, adaptive immune response, and
processes involved in immune regulation [22].
Degradation of cancer protein by Zn2+
through autophagy:
Normal cellular growth and development require a balance
between protein synthesis and degradation. Eukaryotic cells have
two major avenues for degradation: Proteasome and Autophagy
[23]. Autophagy as self-eating is involved in the bulk degradation,
in which autophagy is highly conserved homeostatic mechanism
for the degradation and recycling of bulk cytoplasm, organelles,
and long-lived proteins through the lysosomal machinery. While
functional autophagy prevents tumor growth initiation, its pro-
4. How to cite this article: Ishida T. Anti-Cancer Effects of Zinc (II) Ion in Tumor Formation and Growth, Proliferation, Metastasis and DNA Damage. Dev Disabil:
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survival effect may allow transformed cells to resist against
progression of diseases. Degradation of the mutant protein by Zn2+
ion mediated and induced autophagy lead tocell death in cancer cell
line [24,25] and activation of NKG2D ligands in tumor immunity
[26]. Further, autophagy in tumor immune microenvironment
can affect immune responses inside the tumors. The autophagy
in tumor cells plays dual roles of immunoglobulins and immune-
related cells in tumor development [27].
Figure 2: Zn2+
substitution into the triple and double hydrogen bonds in DNA base-pairing G:C, A:T pairs
a) G≡C base pair, regular octahedron, 6-coodinated structure, Zn complex formation (stable)
b) A=T base pair, planar square, 4-coodinated structure, Zn complex formation (unstable).
Zinc induces blood formation inhibition and regulation
of angiogenesis
Angiogenesis forming new capillaries from existing vasculature
has a complex multistep process comprised of endothelial cell
proliferation, migration, differentiation and remodeling of the
extracellular matrix [28]. Angiogenesis refers to the budding of
new capillary branches from existing bloods vessels. Capillaries
are formed by endothelial cells creating primitive tubules, which
are then further supported and augmented by interactions
with vascular pericytes. Angiogenesis is involved not only with
normal and developmental physiological processes, but also
in the development of a number of pathological conditions,
including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, retinopathies and cancer.
Angiogenesis is a multi-step process: Step One; Endothelial cell
activation by growth factors including VEGF, bFGF, Step Two;
Degradation of the capillary wall by extracellular proteinases
(matrix metalloproteinases), Step Three; Formation of a branch
point in the vessel wall, Step Four; Migration of endothelial cells
into the extracellular matrix towards the angiogenic stimulus, Step
Five; Re-organization of endothelial cells to form tubules with a
central lumen. The process of angiogenesis is controlled by pro-
angiogenic chemical signals in the body which stimulate both the
formation of new blood vessels and the repair of damaged ones.
The chemical signals called angiogenesis inhibitors hinder the
blood vessel formation. These pro- and anti-angiogenic chemical
signals are normally balanced in a way that blood vessels form only
when and where this balance is disrupted in favor of angiogenesis
[29]. A blood supply is necessary for tumors to grow and spread
to distant sites. Tumor progression is regulated by production of
much pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, which are necessary for
further outgrowth and metastasis of the tumor.
Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key enzyme in the
dismutation of the potentially toxic superoxide radicals into
hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen. Altered activity of SOD effects
the angiogenic process, because angiogenesis is characterized
by proliferating endothelial cells and reoxygenation [30]. Zinc
chelation is involved in the inhibitory effect of ellagic acid (EA) on
matrix-induced tube formation and migration of human endothelial
cells [31]. EA can inhibit the activity and the secretion of MMP-2 in
human vascular endothelial cells likely mediated by the induction of
RECK expression. EA also inhibits the tube formation and migration
of human vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner.
These anti-angiogenic effects caused by EA may also help to reduce
the oxidation stress, particularly those produced from zinc-induced
oxidation in the cells which deserved further investigation in the
future. The oxidative stress also represents an important stimulus
that widely contributes to tumor angiogenesis mediating the
angiogenic switch that can be produced by cancer cells and thus
contribute to neoplastic transformation and angiogenesis [32]. The
zinc chelation of EA is related to its angiogenic effects by inhibiting
MMP-2 activity, tube formation and cell migration of vascular
endothelial cells [33]. Hence, the roles of zinc ions have important
MMP activity, tube formation, and cell migration in angiogenesis
process. Zinc ions induced inhibitions of blood vessel formation
and regulation of angiogenesis [34].
5. How to cite this article: Ishida T. Anti-Cancer Effects of Zinc (II) Ion in Tumor Formation and Growth, Proliferation, Metastasis and DNA Damage. Dev Disabil:
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Regulation of apoptosis for malignant tumor/inhibition
of proliferation
Zinc is known to have systemic effects such as regulation of
the immune system as well as direct cellular effects resulting
in regulation of gene expression [35], bioenergetics, signal
transduction and cell invasion. The zinc effects are involved in
the regulation of apoptosis in malignant cells and the effects on
cancer cells must be viewed from the perspective of physiological
regulation for zinc homeostasis [36]. The other, the prostate cells
are unable to accumulate zinc (II) ions in high levels, because the
feature of prostate cells is lost during carcinogenesis [13]. Zinc ions
can significantly contribute to the progression of tumor disease
and to the ability of prostate cell lines to metastasize, where several
compounds in order to be zinc-presence in the cancer cells act as an
inhibitor of apoptosis [13]. It prevents both apoptosis dependent
on caspases and oxidative necrosis. Consequently, these effects of
zinc also impose anti-tumor action, in which the ability of prostate
cells to accumulate zinc is due to the expression and activity of
the zinc uptake transporter, ZIP1 as a tumor suppressor gene in
prostate cancer [20].
Invasion process and inhibition of invasion
Cancer cells invade other tissues either by moving collectively
as epithelial sheets, detached clusters, and as single cells via
mesenchymal or amoeboid cell types [37]. The tumor cell migration
and invasion are critical steps in the cancer metastatic cascade [38].
Tumor cells interact activity with the tumor microenvironment
(TME) with many physiological events such as cancer cell, in which
the tumor cell-TME interactions become important [39]. By the
activation of tumor cell-TME interaction, promotion of inhibition for
tumor cell migration and invasion proceed on potential protective
role and conditioning tumor microenvironment of zinc [40]. MMPs
play a crucial role in the development and metastatic spread of
cancer. Caffeoyl pyrrolidine derivative LY52 with zinc-dependent
endopeptidases MMPs inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis [41].
This LY52 may be a candidate compound for anti-invasion and anti-
metastasis via suppression of MMP-Zn activity.
Inhibition of metastasis
Metastasis has a multi-step cell-biological process of the
invasion-metastatic cascade, which involves
a. The local infiltration of tumor cells into the adjacent tissue,
b. Transendothelial migration of cancer cells into vessels known
as intravasation,
c. Survival in the circulatory system,
d. Extravasation and
e. Subsequent proliferation in competent organs leading to
colonization [42].
EMT-Zn is considered a critical augmenting process of cancer
metastasis of above-described stage [43]. Zinc played a key role in
the regulation of EMT and metastatic behaviors, that zinc-induced
EMT increases the intracellular superoxide anion and induce EMT
phenotypes in lung cancer cells by up-regulating of EMT markers
and down-regulating of E-cadherin protein [43]. The other, the
structure of the catalytic domain of Golgi α-mannosidaseII(GMII;
mannosyl oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-α-mannosidaseII; EC 3.2.1.114)
provides the basis for it zinc ion-mediated specificity for mannose,
as well as insight into its reaction mechanism [44], in which GMII
inhibits growth and metastasis of cancer cells [45].
Zinc-chelation of ellagic acid also contributes to the anti-
angiogenic effect by inhibiting MMP-2 activity, tube formation and
cell migration of vascular endothelial cells, not interacting with
the catalytic zinc ion [46]. Regarding as physiology and pathology
of zinc(II) ions, ZIP6 is positively regulated by estrogens and
depletion of ZIP10 transporter inhibits the cell migration of highly
metastatic breast cancer, in which suggests a potential path to
regulate metastatic potential of breast cancer, owing to identifying
of other mechanism leading to zinc(II), finding of mechanism
leading to zinc/metallothionein misbalance, and identifying of
effects on prostate and breast cancer pathogenesis [47]. MMPs
activities through zinc ions and zinc chelation can prevent ongoing
spontaneous metastases dissemination from the existing primary
bone tumor [47], using as inhibition of disseminated metastasis
[48].
Zinc complexes, zinc-chelation as anticancer high
activity
Zinc compounds have many biological activities, including the
ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Zinc oxide nanoparticles
are attributed to vital role in cancer eradiation, that an important
advantage of the targeted tumor treatment is lowering the cyto and
genotoxicity of active substance [49]. MMPs remain a viable target
for cancer therapeutics. The role of MMPs in cancer, clinical trials
for MMP inhibitors, and novel approaches to targeting MMPs in
cancer [50]. Clioquinol targets NF-kB including zinc and lysosome
pathwaysindependently,favoringfurtherdevelopmentofclioquinol
as a novel anticancer agent [50]. The p53 pathway of rapid advances
has been developed in small molecule protein-protein interactions
inhibitors, in which now increased understanding needed is p53
that is activated selects its response between reversible growth
arrest apoptosis or senescence [51]. Zrt-, Irt-like protein (Zip) and
zinc transporter (ZnT) or both zinc and metallothioneins (MTs)
have important roles for anti-cancer activities of cancer and tumor
cells [52]. These Zn compounds as multipurpose compounds,
biological roles in homeostasis, proliferation and roles in immunity
and in chronic diseases, such as cancer, brain tumor.
Table 1 represents anti-cancer activities of Zn2+
ions for cancer
prevention, promotion, progression, proliferation, invasion, and
metastasis against cancer and tumor cells.
6. How to cite this article: Ishida T. Anti-Cancer Effects of Zinc (II) Ion in Tumor Formation and Growth, Proliferation, Metastasis and DNA Damage. Dev Disabil:
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Table 1: Anti-cancer activities of Zn2+
ions for the initiation, progression, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis against cancer and
tumor cells.
Zn2+
Ion
Solution
Progression and Growth of Cancer and Tumor Cells
Zn2+
Prevention Promotion Progression
Proliferation and
Invasion
Metastasis
Angiogenesis
Carcinogenesis
Tumorigenesis-
initiation
Oncogenes
Malignant
cell formation
Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis
Invasive growth
Cell migration
Transendothelial migration
Dessem-inative metastasis
Zn2+
Zinc-mediated
cancer chemo-
prevention.
Leukotriene A4
Hydrolase
Zn2+
O2
-
, H2
O2
O2
→ O2
-
2O2
-
+2H+→
H2
O2
+ O2
Zinc migration of
Zn transporters
and
dysregulated
Zn2+
ion
channels
Zn2+
O2
-
, OH, H2
O2
Zn2+
+2(-SH) →
Zn(II)S-S- + 2H+
2O2
-
+2H+
→
H2
O2
+ O2
H2
O2
+ e-
→
HO-
+-
OH
Zn2+
induced
autophagy
-proteins
degradation
Zn2+
O2
-
, OH
H2
O2
Zn2+
induced
autophagy-
proteins
degradation
ZnT/ZIP
regulate
malignant
tumor cell
Anti-
angiogenesis
Zn2+
O2
-
, OH, H2
O2
Zn2+
induced
anti-angiogenic
effect through
ROS
MMPs through
Zn2+
ion inhibit
metastatic
dessemination
Conclusions
Bacteriolyses for S. aureus peptidoglycan (PGN) cell wall are
due to the inhibition of PGN elongation by the activities of PGN
autolysins of amidases, and the other, for E. coli cell wall are due
to destruction of outer membrane structure by degrading of
lipoprotein at C-, N-terminals, owing to PGN formation inhibition
by activities of PGN autolysins of amidase and carboxypeptidase-
transpeptidase.
Zinc-mediated cancer chemoprevention can be expected to be
efficacious in the prevention and treatment of several cancers. Zinc
which is essential for many cellular processes, plays a potential role
in signal pathway linked with various physiological actions. The
imbalances in Zn homeostasis cause disease states including such
as diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. The accumulation of
zinc also inhibits mitochondrial terminal oxidation and respiration.
Zn2+
ions provide formation of fluorescent product after reaction
with -SH groups of thiols,
In cancer cell, Zn(II)S+
-complex ion may be formed and the
complex is binding with S-atom. Zinc is known to have systemic
effects such as regulation of the immune system as well as direct
cellular effects resulting in regulation of gene expression. Zinc can
inhibit apoptosis induced by both chemical and death-receptor
agonists. Apoptotic effects of zinc because zinc is reported to both
induce apoptosis in some cancers and to protect other cancer cells
against apoptosis induced by other factors. Degradation of the
mutant protein by Zn2+
ion mediated and induced autophagy lead
to cell death in cancer cell line. Eukaryotic cells have two major
avenues for degradation: Proteasome and Autophagy. Autophagy as
self-eating is involved in the bulk degradation, in which autophagy
is highly conserved homeostatic mechanism for the degradation
and recycling of bulk cytoplasm, organelles, and long-lived proteins
through the lysosomal machinery. Zinc played a key role in the
regulation of EMT and metastatic behaviors, that zinc-induced
EMT increases the intracellular superoxide anion and induce EMT
phenotypes in lung cancer cells by up-regulating of EMT markers
and down-regulating of E-cadherin protein. Thus, zinc oxide, Zn-
complex compound and Zn-chelation induced cancer and tumor
cells can cause adaptive tumor immunity, apoptosis and anti-
angiogenic effect, also through ROS.
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