a brief summary of antibacterial assays performed in lab studies to find out the dosing and efficacy of drugs and compounds on bacterial effect. different methods used are described alongwith imaged to give you a good idea.
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. Metagenomics is a molecular tool used to analyse DNA acquired from environmental samples, in order to study the community of microorganisms present, without the necessity of obtaining pure cultures.
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. Metagenomics is a molecular tool used to analyse DNA acquired from environmental samples, in order to study the community of microorganisms present, without the necessity of obtaining pure cultures.
Along the prokaryotic vectors some Eukaryotic vectors are also present. These are basically used for the expression of eukaryotic DNA of interest in the Eukaryotes
Genome annotation, NGS sequence data, decoding sequence information, The genome contains all the biological information required to build and maintain any given living organism.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Microbiology has experienced a transformation during the last 25 years that has altered microbiologists' view of microorganisms and how to study them. The realization that most microorganisms cannot be grown readily in pure culture forced microbiologists to question their belief that the microbial world had been conquered. We were forced to replace this belief with an acknowledgment of the extent of our ignorance about the range of metabolic and organismal diversity.
Along the prokaryotic vectors some Eukaryotic vectors are also present. These are basically used for the expression of eukaryotic DNA of interest in the Eukaryotes
Genome annotation, NGS sequence data, decoding sequence information, The genome contains all the biological information required to build and maintain any given living organism.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Microbiology has experienced a transformation during the last 25 years that has altered microbiologists' view of microorganisms and how to study them. The realization that most microorganisms cannot be grown readily in pure culture forced microbiologists to question their belief that the microbial world had been conquered. We were forced to replace this belief with an acknowledgment of the extent of our ignorance about the range of metabolic and organismal diversity.
Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). PHARMACEUTICAL ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Part-5 Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). The common methods used for evaluation of a disinfectant are as follows,
Tube Dilution Method.
Agar Plate Method.
Filter Paper & Cup Plate Method.
Ditch-Plate Method.
Phenol Coefficient Method.
The official phenol coefficient tests include,
Rideal-Walker Test (RW Test).
Chick-Martin Test.
United States FDA Test for Phenol Coefficient. (FDA Test)
The US Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Test (FDA Test)
A. Rideal-Walker Test:
Kelsey Sykes Method
Susceptibility testing is used to determine which antimicrobials will inhibit the growth of the bacteria or fungi causing a specific infection. The results from this test will help a healthcare practitioner determine which drugs are likely to be most effective in treating a person's infection.
Identification and Detection of Microorganism esraa alaa
Molecular detection of pathogens (molecular microbiology)
is a new, dynamic and progressive spinoff of classic microbiology. It plays an important role in those clinical situations when standard microbiology (relying on the successful cultivation of potential pathogens) produces suboptimal results or completely fails.
OR
Modern approach for identification and quantification of microorganisms (pathogens) in the diagnostics of infections or foodborne illness using molecular microbiology. Broadest range of available tests and tailor-made packages.
Antibiotic sensitivity test PPT by Dr.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Antibiotic sensitivity test: in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy.
A laboratory test which determines how effective antibiotic therapy is against a bacterial infections.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control the use of Antibiotics in clinical practice
Testing will assist the clinicians in the choice of drugs for the treatment of infections.
Helps to guide the Physician in choosing Antibiotics
The accumulated results on different pathogens their sensitivity will guide the physician in choosing empirical treatment in serious patients before the individual’s laboratory results are analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory.
Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.
Helps the local pattern of antibiotic prescribing.
PPT Prepared by
Dr.Prince.C.P
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa PG&RIHS
Pondicherry
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLO...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-2
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage.
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage
1. Physical and chemical changes:
2. Assessment of viable microorganisms in non-sterile products:
3. Sterility test:
4. Estimation of pyrogens:
Microbial Limit Tests:
Total Aerobic Microbial Count:
Membrane Filtration.
Plate Count Methods.
Pour Plate Method.
Surface spread Method.
Most Probable Number(MPN)
Sensitivity testing usually occurs in a medical laboratory, and uses culture methods that expose bacteria to antibiotics, or genetic methods that test to see if bacteria have genes that confer resistance.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. Assay
• Any investigative procedure for
determination of quality or quantity for
any given substance.
3. Antibacterial Assay
• Assay performed to test microbial
susceptibility for any given antimicrobial
agent.
• Antimicrobial susceptibility testing can
be used for drug discovery,
epidemiology and prediction of
therapeutic outcome.
4. Methods of Antibacterial Assay
1. Diffusion Method.
2. Agar or Broth Dilution Method.
3. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)-bioautography
4. Time Kill Test
5. ATP Bioluminescence assay
6. Flow Cytofluorometric Method.
5. Diffusion Methods.
• Developed in 1940.
• The official method used in many clinical microbiology laboratories for routine
antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
• Can be performed :-
1. Agar Disk Diffusion.
2. Antimicrobial Gradient Method (Etest).
3. Agar Well Diffusion.
4. Agar Plug Diffusion.
5. Cross Streak Method.
6. Poisoned Food Method.
6. Diffusion Methods.
1. AGAR DISK DIFUSSION.
The disk diffusion method of
susceptibility testing allows the
categorization of most bacterial
isolates as susceptible,
intermediate, or resistant to a
variety of antimicrobial agents.
7. Diffusion Methods.
1. AGAR DISK DIFUSSION.
• The disk diffusion test has several
advantages:
• It is technically simple to perform and very
reproducible.
• The reagents are relatively inexpensive.
• It does not require any special equipment.
• It provides susceptibility category results
that are easily understood by clinicians.
• It is flexible regarding the selection of
antimicrobial agents for testing.
• Major DISADVANTAGE, only provides
qualitative not quantitative results. Only
approximation can be done of MIC.
8. Diffusion Methods.
2. ANTIMICROBIAL GRADIENT
METHOD.
• The antimicrobial gradient method
combines the principle of dilution
methods with that of diffusion
methods in order to determine the
MIC value.
• The Etests (BioMérieux) is a
commercial version of this
technique.
• This method is used for the MIC
determination of antibiotics,
antifungals and antimycobacterials.
9. Diffusion Methods.
3. AGAR WELL DIFFUSION
METHOD.
• Agar well diffusion method is
widely used to evaluate the
antimicrobial activity of plants or
microbial extracts.
4. AGAR PLUG DIFFUSION.
• Agar plug diffusion method is
often used to highlight the
antagonism between
microorganisms and the
procedure is similar to that used
in the disk-diffusion method.
10. Diffusion Methods.
5. CROSS STREAK METHOD.
• Cross streak method is used to
rapidly screen microorganisms
for antagonism The microbial
strain of interest is seeded by a
single streak in the center of the
agar plate. After an incubation
period depending upon the
microbial strain, the plate is
seeded with the microorganisms
tested by single streak
perpendicular to the central
streak.
11. Diffusion Methods.
6. POISONED FOOD METHOD.
• Poisoned food method is mostly
used to evaluate the antifungal
effect against molds.
• Generally, when standardization
of the method used fails, the
researcher must carry a positive
control with known antimicrobial
molecule to compare the results
found and assert the
experimental approach right.
12. Dilution Methods.
• Dilution methods are the most
appropriate ones for the
determination of MIC values, since
they offer the possibility to estimate
the concentration of the tested
antimicrobial agent in the agar (agar
dilution) or broth medium
(macrodilution or microdilution).
• MIC value recorded is defined as
the lowest concentration of the
assayed antimicrobial agent that
inhibits the visible growth of the
microorganism tested, and it is
usually expressed in mg/mL or
mg/L.
• Can be done by Broth Dilution or
Agar Dilution.
13. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
• TLC–bioautography is a simple, effective and inexpensive technique for the separation of a
complex mixture.
• It localizes the active constituents on the TLC plate. Therefore, it can be performed both in
sophisticated laboratories and small laboratories which only have access to a minimum of
equipment.
• method of choice for a final clean-up of extractive fractions to obtain pure compounds.
• the TLC–bioautography offers a rapid technique for the screening of a large number of
samples for bioactivity and in the bioactivity-guided fractionation.
• It can be used for detection of antimicrobials in environmental and food samples as well as
for searching for new antimicrobial drugs.
• Three bioautographic techniques, i.e., agar diffusion, direct bioautography (Most coomonly
used) and agaroverlay assay, have been described for the investigation of antimicrobial
compounds by this approach.
14. Time Kill Test
• Time-kill test is the most
appropriate method for
determining the bactericidal or
fungicidal effect.
• It is a strong tool for obtaining
information about the dynamic
interaction between the
antimicrobial agent and the
microbial strain.
• The time-kill test reveals a time-
dependent or a concentration-
dependent antimicrobial effect.
15. ATP bioluminescence assay
• ATP bioluminescence assay is based on the capacity to measure adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) produced by bacteria or fungi.
• The rapidity is the major advantage of this technique that provides
quantitative results.
• Indeed it has been demonstrated that this technique can provide results in 3–
5 days for antimycobacterial tests in comparison with the conventional
dilution technique, which requires 3–4 weeks of incubation.
• Bioluminescence assay also has the advantage of being used for
antimicrobial testing in vivo or in situ.
16. Flow cytofluorometric method
• The rapid detection of damaged cells by this approach depends on the use of
appropriate dyes staining.
• Propidium Iodide (PI), a fluorescent and intercalating agent, is widely used as DNA
stain.
• Flow cytofluorometric method allows the detection of antimicrobial resistance and
estimates the impact of the molecule tested on the viability and cell damage of the
tested microorganism.
• It gives reproducible results rapidly (2–6 h compared to 24–72 h for the microdilution
method).
• The widespread use of this methodology for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
currently appears unlikely due to the inaccessibility of the required flow cytometry
equipment in various laboratories.
17.
18. References
• Review Paper:
Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review
Mounyr Balouiri n , Moulay Sadiki, Saad Koraichi Ibnsouda