Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. It can occur in three forms - cutaneous, pulmonary, or gastrointestinal - depending on how the bacteria enters the body. The disease is most common in livestock and those working with infected animals or animal products. Symptoms vary by type but can include skin lesions, breathing difficulties, and gastrointestinal issues. Treatment involves antibiotics and vaccination for high-risk groups. Preventive measures focus on properly handling infected animals and animal products.
Zoonoses :- derived from the Greek words
Zoon- Animal & Noson – Disease
Zoonoses was coined and first used by Rudolf Virchow who defined it for communicable diseases.
Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
Of the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic with 13% species regarded as emerging or reemerging
Link b/w human & animals with their surrounding are very close especially in developing countries
Swine flu is a respiratory disease. It is caused by the influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract of pigs. It can lead to symptoms such as a barking cough, decreased appetite, nasal secretions, and listless behaviour; the virus can be transmitted to humans. The Swine flu vaccination or H1N1 vaccination is crucial to provide immunity against swine flu.
A viral infection spread by a particular species of mosquito.Yellow fever is spread by a species of mosquito common to areas of Africa and South America. Vaccination is recommended before travelling to certain areas.
Kyasanur forest disease, KFD is a febrile disease associated with haemorrhage caused by kyasanur forest disease virus, a member of virus family of arbovirus & flavivirus and transmitted to man by bite of infected ticks.
Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that normally affects animals, especially ruminants (such as goats, cattle, sheep, and horses). Anthrax can be transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or their products.Anthrax cannot be spread directly from person to person, but a person's clothing and body may be contaminated with anthrax spores. Antibiotics often cure anthrax if it is diagnosed early. But many people don't know they have anthrax until it is too late to treat
Zoonosis is a term used to describe diseases and infections that can be transmitted from animals to humans. These diseases can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, and can affect a wide range of animal species, including domestic pets, livestock, and wildlife.
Some examples of zoonotic diseases include:
Rabies: A viral disease that is transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, most commonly a dog.
Salmonella: A bacterial infection that is transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food, including undercooked poultry or eggs, or through contact with infected animals.
West Nile virus: A viral disease that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito.
Plague: A bacterial infection that is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea, which is often carried by rats.
Lyme disease: A bacterial infection transmitted through the bite of an infected tick.
Zoonotic diseases can have a significant impact on both human and animal health, and can also have economic and social consequences. In order to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases, it is important to implement measures such as vaccination, proper handling and preparation of food, and pest control. It is also important to educate the public about the risks and prevention of zoonotic diseases.
Zoonoses :- derived from the Greek words
Zoon- Animal & Noson – Disease
Zoonoses was coined and first used by Rudolf Virchow who defined it for communicable diseases.
Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
Of the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic with 13% species regarded as emerging or reemerging
Link b/w human & animals with their surrounding are very close especially in developing countries
Swine flu is a respiratory disease. It is caused by the influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract of pigs. It can lead to symptoms such as a barking cough, decreased appetite, nasal secretions, and listless behaviour; the virus can be transmitted to humans. The Swine flu vaccination or H1N1 vaccination is crucial to provide immunity against swine flu.
A viral infection spread by a particular species of mosquito.Yellow fever is spread by a species of mosquito common to areas of Africa and South America. Vaccination is recommended before travelling to certain areas.
Kyasanur forest disease, KFD is a febrile disease associated with haemorrhage caused by kyasanur forest disease virus, a member of virus family of arbovirus & flavivirus and transmitted to man by bite of infected ticks.
Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that normally affects animals, especially ruminants (such as goats, cattle, sheep, and horses). Anthrax can be transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or their products.Anthrax cannot be spread directly from person to person, but a person's clothing and body may be contaminated with anthrax spores. Antibiotics often cure anthrax if it is diagnosed early. But many people don't know they have anthrax until it is too late to treat
Zoonosis is a term used to describe diseases and infections that can be transmitted from animals to humans. These diseases can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, and can affect a wide range of animal species, including domestic pets, livestock, and wildlife.
Some examples of zoonotic diseases include:
Rabies: A viral disease that is transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, most commonly a dog.
Salmonella: A bacterial infection that is transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food, including undercooked poultry or eggs, or through contact with infected animals.
West Nile virus: A viral disease that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito.
Plague: A bacterial infection that is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea, which is often carried by rats.
Lyme disease: A bacterial infection transmitted through the bite of an infected tick.
Zoonotic diseases can have a significant impact on both human and animal health, and can also have economic and social consequences. In order to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases, it is important to implement measures such as vaccination, proper handling and preparation of food, and pest control. It is also important to educate the public about the risks and prevention of zoonotic diseases.
This Power Point Presentation is made by me for the Veterinary Students and Veterinary Graduates so that they can find data about Anthrax. i had searched for Anthrax on slide share but there were no any power point presentation regarding Bovine Anthrax. Now i am publishing it. Thanx
Regards:
Dr. Fasih ur Rehman
Veterinarian
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person, or from a surface or a food. Diseases can be transmitted during air travel through: direct contact with a sick person. respiratory droplet spread from a sick person sneezing or coughing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Anthrax ppt (Community).pptx
1.
2. ANTHRAX
SUBMITTED TO- SHYAMA DEVI MA’AM
SUBMITTED BY- IPSITA PADHI,
ROLL NO-25
BSC (HONS) NURSING 2ND YEAR (BATCH-2020)
3. OBJECTIVES..
General objective- At the end of the discussion, students will be able to gain
knowledge regarding anthrax disease, its types and treatment and will be able to
demonstrate skill in hospital and community setting.
Specific objectives- At the end if the class, the student will be able to –
1. Explain the anthrax disease condition and its types
2. Explain its causes and modes of transmission
3. Identify the at-risk population
4. Explain and identify its signs and symptoms
5. Describe uts prevention and treatment methods
6. Explain what symptoms to be considered at risk and report immediately.
6. INTRODUCTION
Anthrax is an acute infectious disease common to cattles, occuring
sporadically in men in 3 forms- cutaneous, pulmonary and intestinal, by
coming in contact with infected animals or animal products.
It is derived from the greek word ‘ anthrakos’ for coal , because it
causes dark coal like spots on the affected areas.
9. Agent – Bacillus Anthracis
• Gram positive
• Spore forming bacilli
• Non motile large bacilli
• Lab findings in culture
appear as ‘ bamboo stick’
• Its natural reservoir is soil,
doesn’t depend on animal
reservoir, thus making it hard
to eradicate.
10. Host
This disease occurs in persons who are
• Hide separators
• Tanners
• Butchers
• Wool sorters
• Mill workers
• Bone processors
11. Types of ANTHRAX-
Cutaneous Anthrax – Caused when Bacillus Anthrasis spores
enter through cuts on the skin. This form accounts for over 95% of
anthrax cases.
Lesions usually occur on exposed skin and often commence with
itchiness.
12.
13. Types (contd..)
Pulmonary Anthrax- Results from breathing anthrax
spores into the lungs. Also known as 'Woolsorter’s disease’
Damage caused by anthrax spores and bacilli to the central
chest cavity can cause chest pain and difficulty in breathing.
14.
15. Types (contd...)
Gastrointestinal Anthrax- Results from ingestion of
inadequately cooked meat from animals with anthrax.
This form of anthrax is the rarest.
After the bacterium invades the bowel system, it spreads
through the bloodstream throughout the body, making even
more toxins on the way.
16.
17. Why anthrax happens-
Most human cases of anthrax occurs as a result of exposure
to infected animals or their meat or hides.
Anthrax is common in livestock, and a potentially serious
infections disease in humans. The spores occur naturally in
soil, but becomes active only when it enters the body.
It is more likely in countries that do not routinely vaccinate
animals against the disease.
It cannot pass from one human to another.
18. Modes of transmission-
Direct transmission – Through cutaneous contact with infected
animals or contaminated animal products.
Indirect transmission – Through ingestion of contaminated or
improperly cooked meat.
Airborne transmission – Through inhalation of air contaminated by
spores
19. Modes of transmission (contd...)
Biting of flies that have partially fed on such animals.
Contact with soil associated with infected animals or with contaminated
bone meal used in gardening.
Accidental infections may occur among laboratory workers.
The disease spreads among grazing animals through contaminated soil
and feed , and among omnivorous and carnivorous animals through
contaminated meat or bone meal.
21. Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax
Cutaneous
Anthrax –
Small, pruritic,
non-painful
papule at
inoculation
site
They pass through the following
stages – papular stage, vesicular
stage and escher stage.
Symptoms include- muscle aches,
pain, headache, fever, nausea and
vomiting.
22.
23. Signs and symptoms (contd...)
Pulmonary Anthrax – Early symptoms
resemble those of a respiratory infection
such as mild fever and sore throat. Later
symptoms include increasing fever, dyspnea,
stridor, hypoxia and hypertension usually
leading to death within 24 hours.
Rhinorrhea is rare.
Meningitis may occur in 50% of patients.
24.
25. Signs and Symptoms (contd...)
Gastrointestinal Anthrax – It has 2
forms- oro-pharyngeal and abdominal.
Symptoms include fever, nausea,
vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal
pain, bloody diarrhoea and sometimes
rapidly developing ascites.
Abdominal anthrax is more common
than oro-pharyngeal anthrax.
26. Preventive Measures
• Humans protected by preventing disease in animals- veterinary supervision
and trade restrictions.
• Giving proper education according to disease and its causes and advise
them to take precautions.
• Giving vaccine according to the following rules- 3 injections at 2 week
intervals, 3 injections 6 months apart, and an annual booster.
• Sterilize wool, hair or hides or other feed af animal origin prior to processing.
• Do not eat meat that hasn’t been properly cooker or slaughtered.
• Control of dusts and proper ventilation in hazardous industries especially
those that handle raw animal material.
27. • Cell-free filtrate
• Licensed in 1970
• At risk- wool mill workers, veterinarians, lab
workers, livestock handlers, military personnel
28. Vaccination Schedule
For pre-exposure vaccination, CDC recommends 5
intramuscular doses at 0, 1, 6, 12, and 18 months,
followed by annual boosters thereafter.
For post-exposure vaccination, CDC recommends 3
subcutaneous doses at 0, 2, and 4 weeks in
conjunction with a 60-day course of appropriate
antimicrobial agents.
29. Treatment methods
Penicillin has been the drug of choice.
Doxycycline may be preferable.
Some strains are known to be resistant to
penicillin amd doxycycline.
Ciprofloxacin was chosen as the drug of
choice in 2001. No strains are known to be
resistant to it.
30. Treatment methods (contd...)
In pulmonary anthrax, recommended initial
treatment is an IV multi-drug regimen of either
ciprofloxacin or doxycycline along with one or
more agents to which the organism is typically
sensitive. Treatment should be continued for 60
days. Anti microbial therapy is also given-
chloramphenicol, clindamycin, rifampicin.
