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Chapter 1 anthropological foundation
This document provides a brief overview of some of the major figures in the development of anthropology as an academic discipline. It discusses early thinkers like Herodotus and Ibn Khaldun and their contributions to understanding human civilizations. It then outlines key developments like the three-age system proposed by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen to classify ancient cultures by their tool materials. Major later anthropologists discussed include Charles Darwin, Lewis Henry Morgan, Edward Tylor, Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, and Claude Levi-Strauss. The document traces the evolution of anthropology from its roots in early history to its establishment as a scientific field of study.
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Chapter 1 anthropological foundation
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- 7. HERODOTUS • “Father ofHistory of Human Civilization” • born in the ancient city of Caria – later Halicarnassus (now Turkey) • He wrote the history of the Greco-Persian Wars (499-479 BC)
- 8. HERODOTUS • He believedthat the universe is governed by Fate and Chance • Leading source of original information of Greek history and Egypt • Compiled a source known Historia
- 9. IBN KHALDUN (1332-1406) •Born in Tunis in the region of Tunisia to a Spanish-Arab He received his formal education in the Qu’ran, Arabic poetry and Islamic law. • Wrote Kiatab Al- lbar or Universal History
- 10. IBN KHALDUN (1332- 1406) •Taught at the University of Al-Azhar and his important contribution was the Muqaddimah • Religion in Khaldun’s view is the strongest motivator to unite the members of society.
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- 12. Colonization and Conquest • Thecontemporary study of anthropology dawned during the exploration and colonization of lands by the European conquistadores in the America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
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- 14. CHRISTIAN JURGENSEN THOMSEN (1788-1865) •Bornin 1788 at Copenhagen, Denmark. •Curator of the National Museum of Denmark who classified and arranged the Scandinavian antiquities.
- 15. CHRISTIAN JURGENSEN THOMSEN (1788-1865) Asan archeologist, he developed three-partite epochs: • Stone Age. • Bronze age or Copper Stone Age • Iron age
- 16. three-partite epochs:• Stone Age.Earliest period of human history, in which tool and weapons were made of stone. Divided into three different and separate eras: • Paleolithic Era. Refers to the origins and development of early human culture from the time of man’s appearance on earth around 600,000 or 700,000 years’ back. Early human were food gatherers. Tool making by the Paleolithic people may be classified into four different cultures and tradition: pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe tradition, flake-tool tradition,
- 17. three-partite epochs:• Stone Age.three different and separate eras: • Mesolithic Era. Middle stone age. 8000-2700 BC. • Neolithic Era. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits.
- 18. CHRISTIAN JURGENSEN THOMSEN (1788-1865) three-partiteepochs: • Iron Age. Iron was used in making tools and weapons. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication • Bronze Age. Period of cultural history that succeeded the Stone Age and was characterized by the use
- 19. EDOUARD ARMAND ISODEE HIPPOLYTE LARTET(1801-1871) • First French paleontologist, geologist and archeologist who discovered, fossil remains in southwestern France in 1834 • He believed that Ice Age mammals and humans live during the era simultaneously
- 20. CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN(1809-1882) A maternal grandchild of Erasmus Darwin At the age of 22, He joined the crew of the HMS Beagle Expedition on Dec. 27, 1831 as a naturalist
- 21. CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN(1809-1882) In The descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), Darwin explained authoritatively annotated the evolution of human races, morality civilization, and origins among the Old World monkeys.
- 22. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL(1822-1884) • An Austrian monk of Augustinian Monastery at Brünn, botanist, plant experimenter, and • pioneer in using mathematics in the science of genetics known as the “Mendel’s Law” • Mendel’s law or mendelism is a systematic principle of heredity in which the chromosomes are carriers of genetic units. • Two fundamental laws: • Law of Segregation • Law of independent Assortment
- 23. Herbert Spencer • AnEnglish social philosopher and sociologist • In his Principle of Biology (1864), Spencer theorized that evolution was caused by the inheritance of acquired characteristics from its origin. • He coined the phrase survival of the fittest.
- 25. LEWIS HENRY MORGAN(1818- 1881) • an American lawyer, ethnologist, anthropologist, and founder of scientific anthropology • in Morgan’s view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved. • He wrote Ancient Society or Research in the Lines of Human Progress form Savagery through Barbarism
- 26. SIR EDWARD BURNETTTYLOR (1832- 1917) • British anthropologist, born in London. • became interested in anthropology in 1856 while accompanying the British ethnologist Henry Christy on a scientific journey through Mexico. • his first book Anahuac, or Mexico and the Mexicans (1861). He served as the first professor of anthropology at the University of Oxford from 1896 to 1909. • Tylor's studies about animism and his definition of culture were important early contributions to the field of anthropology.
- 27. “Culture as complex whole thatincludes knowledge, belief, art morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.” - Edward Tylor
- 28. FRANZ BOAS (1858-1942) •A German-American anthropologist and founder of cultural relativism • He pioneered in the use of a scientific approach to anthropology. • He also demonstrated the necessity of studying a culture in all its aspects, including its religion, art, history, and language, as well as the physical characteristics of the people.
- 30. MARGARET MEAD (1901-1978) •American anthropologist, widely known for her studies of primitive societies and her contributions to social anthropology. • she conducted notable research in New Guinea, Samoa Islands, and Bali • Pioneering anthropological techniques that include the use of photography and videotape
- 31. CLAUDE GUSTAVE LEVI-STRAUSS (1908-PRESENT) •Belgian-born French anthropologist and leading proponent of the structural approach to social anthropology. • His work supports the theory that the various human cultures and their language patterns, myths, and behaviors are part of a common framework (or structure) underlying all human life.
- 32. ROBERT FOX (1918-1985) •Former curator of the anthropology division of the National Museum in the Philippines • He steered several excavations like Tabon and Leta- Leta Caves in southwestern Palawan where he discovered human fossil remains and stone tools dated form Pleistocene period (1.6 million years to 10,000 BC)
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Editor's Notes
- #5 Anthropology may be classified as physical and cultural.
- #8 “Father of History of Human Civilization” for he founded the Greek and Roman historiographical tradition. He was born in the ancient city of Caria – later Halicarnassus (now Turkey) Persian Empire – the dominant culture in East during the 4th century BC. He wrote the history of the Greco-Persian Wars (499-479 BC) Greeks – the dominant culture of the West at the time
- #9 He believed that the universe is governed by Fate and Chance and nothings is permanent in human affairs. He was considered as the leading source of original information not only for Greek history but for Egypt as well He compiled all the inquires, observations, experiences, and studies into an omnibus of source known as historia that later served as excellent reference for different fields of interest like history, anthropology, sociology, archeology, and the like.
- #10 Born in Tunis in the region of Tunisia to a Spanish-Arab family that played an important political role in Southern Spain and became the greatest of the Medieval Islamic historians He received his formal education in the Qu’ran, Arabic poetry and Islamic law. Wrote Kiatab Al-lbar or Universal History that guided the history of Muslim North Africa and the Berbers (desperate barbaric ethnic groups in North and West Africa).
- #11 Taught at the University of Al-Azhar and his important contribution was the Muqaddimah (first systematic study on history and society). Religion in Khaldun’s view is the strongest motivator to unite the members of society.
- #12 The contemporary study of anthropology dawned during the exploration and colonization of lands by the European conquistadores in the America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The first contact of the colonizers, during the 14th and 19th century, to the countless and variety of local inhabitants triggered some scholars to study, understand, and deliberate the diversity of man and cultures. At the beginning of the 19th century, several scientific observations such as stone tools that were indicated by several anthropologists scrutinized the humanity’s past.
- #13 The contemporary study of anthropology dawned during the exploration and colonization of lands by the European conquistadores in the America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The first contact of the colonizers, during the 14th and 19th century, to the countless and variety of local inhabitants triggered some scholars to study, understand, and deliberate the diversity of man and cultures. At the beginning of the 19th century, several scientific observations such as stone tools that were indicated by several anthropologists scrutinized the humanity’s past.
- #14 Born in 1788 at Copenhagen, Denmark. Curator of the National Museum of Denmark who classified and arranged the Scandinavian antiquities.
- #15 Born in 1788 at Copenhagen, Denmark. Curator of the National Museum of Denmark who classified and arranged the Scandinavian antiquities.
- #16 As an archeologist, he developed three-partite epochs: Stone Age. Earliest period of human history, in which tool and weapons were made of stone. Divided into three different and separate eras: Paleolithic Era. Refers to the origins and development of early human culture from the time of man’s appearance on earth around 600,000 or 700,000 years’ back. Early human were food gatherers. Tool making by the Paleolithic people may be classified into four different cultures and tradition: pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe tradition, flake-tool tradition, blade-tool tradition. Mesolithic Era. Middle stone age. 8000-2700 BC. Neolithic Era. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits. Bronze Age. Period of cultural history that succeeded the Stone Age and was characterized using tools made of bronze Iron Age. Iron was used in making tools and weapons
- #17 As an archeologist, he developed three-partite epochs: Stone Age. Earliest period of human history, in which tool and weapons were made of stone. Divided into three different and separate eras: Paleolithic Era. Refers to the origins and development of early human culture from the time of man’s appearance on earth around 600,000 or 700,000 years’ back. Early human were food gatherers. Tool making by the Paleolithic people may be classified into four different cultures and tradition: pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe tradition, flake-tool tradition, blade-tool tradition. Mesolithic Era. Middle stone age. 8000-2700 BC. Neolithic Era. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits. Bronze Age. Period of cultural history that succeeded the Stone Age and was characterized using tools made of bronze Iron Age. Iron was used in making tools and weapons
- #18 As an archeologist, he developed three-partite epochs: Stone Age. Earliest period of human history, in which tool and weapons were made of stone. Divided into three different and separate eras: Paleolithic Era. Refers to the origins and development of early human culture from the time of man’s appearance on earth around 600,000 or 700,000 years’ back. Early human were food gatherers. Tool making by the Paleolithic people may be classified into four different cultures and tradition: pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe tradition, flake-tool tradition, blade-tool tradition. Mesolithic Era. Middle stone age. 8000-2700 BC. Neolithic Era. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits. Bronze Age. Period of cultural history that succeeded the Stone Age and was characterized using tools made of bronze Iron Age. Iron was used in making tools and weapons
- #19 As an archeologist, he developed three-partite epochs: Stone Age. Earliest period of human history, in which tool and weapons were made of stone. Divided into three different and separate eras: Paleolithic Era. Refers to the origins and development of early human culture from the time of man’s appearance on earth around 600,000 or 700,000 years’ back. Early human were food gatherers. Tool making by the Paleolithic people may be classified into four different cultures and tradition: pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe tradition, flake-tool tradition, blade-tool tradition. Mesolithic Era. Middle stone age. 8000-2700 BC. Neolithic Era. Iron Age. Iron was used in making tools and weapons. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication Bronze Age. 1000 bc Period of cultural history that succeeded the Stone Age and was characterized by the use of tools made of bronze
- #20 First French paleontologist, geologist and archeologist who discovered, fossil remains in southwestern France in 1834 He study on fossils from the Tertiary period (65-1.6 million years) and Quarternary period or Ice Age (1.6 million years to present) He believed that Ice Age mammals and humans live during the era simultaneously
- #21 A maternal grandchild of Erasmus Darwin, a freethinking physician, physiologist and poet before the French Revolution started from 1789-1799. At the age of 22, He joined the crew of the HMS Beagle Expedition on Dec. 27, 1831 as a naturalist Several biologist and geologist patterned their doctrines Darwin’s Natural selection and evolution that early humans adapted to the constant changes to the environment. In The descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), Darwin explained authoritatively annotated the evolution of human races, morality civilization, and origins among the Old World monkeys.
- #22 A maternal grandchild of Erasmus Darwin, a freethinking physician, physiologist and poet before the French Revolution started from 1789-1799. At the age of 22, He joined the crew of the HMS Beagle Expedition on Dec. 27, 1831 as a naturalist Several biologist and geologist patterned their doctrines Darwin’s Natural selection and evolution that early humans adapted to the constant changes to the environment. In The descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), Darwin explained authoritatively annotated the evolution of human races, morality civilization, and origins among the Old World monkeys.
- #23 An Austrian monk of Augustinian Monastery at Brünn, botanist, plant experimenter, and pioneer in using mathematics in the science of genetics known as the “Mendel’s Law” Mendel’s law or mendelism is a systematic principle of heredity in which the chromosomes are carriers of genetic units. Two fundamental laws: Law of Segregation. Genes are transferred as separate and distinct units from one generation to the next. Law of independent assortment. It theorized that the alleles (one or more genes that may occur alternatively at a given site on a chromosome) of the gene pairs – one on each paired of chromosomes – separate during the formation of sex cells by a parent organism.
- #26 Morgan called his evolutionary stages ethnical periods and labeled them Savagery (with three stages: Lower, Middle, and Upper), Barbarism (also with three stages), and Civilization. Morgan did not necessarily believe in the use of his theory to promote racism, ethnocentrism, or exploitation. But like others of his time, he considered Western civilization to be the highest form of culture. Morgan believed that race, nationality, language, and culture were all related and that Europeans were the most biologically and culturally advanced people
- #27 British anthropologist, born in London. became interested in anthropology in 1856 while accompanying the British ethnologist Henry Christy on a scientific journey through Mexico. his first book Anahuac, or Mexico and the Mexicans (1861). He served as the first professor of anthropology at the University of Oxford from 1896 to 1909. Tylor's studies about animism and his definition of culture were important early contributions to the field of anthropology. His major works are Researches into the Early History of Mankind (1865), Primitive Culture (2 volumes, 1871; new ed., 1958), and Anthropology (1881). Animism Polytheism Monotheism Culture as complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.
- #29 FRANZ BOAS (1858-1942) A German-American anthropologist and founder of cultural relativism He believed that the human species is one, but races of mankind are many in which evolved, developed and survived equally in different ways in the passage of time. Boas' anthropological studies have become classics in the field. He pioneered in the use of a scientific approach to anthropology. He also demonstrated the necessity of studying a culture in all its aspects, including its religion, art, history, and language, as well as the physical characteristics of the people. One of his most important conclusions was that no truly pure race exists, and that no race is innately superior to any other. He wrote The Growth of Children (1896), The Mind of Primitive Man (1911), Anthropology and Modern Life (1928), and Race, Language, and Culture (1940).
- #31 MARGARET MEAD (1901-1978) American anthropologist, widely known for her studies of primitive societies and her contributions to social anthropology. she conducted notable research in New Guinea, Samoa Islands, and Bali Pioneering anthropological techniques that include the use of photography and videotape
- #32 CLAUDE GUSTAVE LEVI-STRAUSS (1908-PRESENT) Belgian-born French anthropologist and leading proponent of the structural approach to social anthropology. His work supports the theory that the various human cultures and their language patterns, myths, and behaviors are part of a common framework (or structure) underlying all human life.
- #33 ROBERT FOX (1918-1985) Former curator of the anthropology division of the National Museum in the Philippines He steered several excavations like Tabon and Leta-Leta Caves in southwestern Palawan where he discovered human fossil remains and stone tools dated form Pleistocene period (1.6 million years to 10,000 BC)