Goal 2

1. Nationalism Shapes Foreign
Policy
 Nationalism—intense pride and loyalty to
the nation. National interests come
before region or foreign concerns
Make treaties with Britain on Great
Lakes, borders, territories – Rush-Bagot
Treaty
 Spain cedes Florida to U.S. in Adams-
Onís Treaty and gives up claim to Oregon
Territory

2. Expansion in Texas
 To protect territory, Mexico
encourages U.S. farmers to go to
Texas
 Offers land grants to agents who sell
land cheaply
 Stephen F. Austin establishes colony
in Texas
 Anglo settlers live as naturalized
Mexican citizens
Stephen Austin
established a colony
of American settlers
in Tejas, or Texas.

3. Expansion in Texas
 Conflict develops over religion and other
cultural differences, and the issue of
slavery.
 Anglos speak English, not Spanish
 Southerners bring slaves; Mexico
abolished slavery

4. Texas Fights for Independence
 Anglos greatly outnumber Mexicans
Mexican president Antonio López de
Santa Anna imprisons Austin
 Revokes local powers; rebellions erupt,
including Texas Revolution

5. Texas Fights for Independence
 Santa Anna marches to Texas; Austin tells
Texans to arm themselves
 Santa Anna storms Alamo, old mission;
all 187 U.S. defenders killed
 “Remember the Alamo!” becomes rallying
cry for the Texans.

6. Dawn at the Alamo
Henry Arthur McArdle (1905)

7. Texas Independence
 General Sam Houston defeats/captures
Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto
 Treaty of Velasco grants independence to
Texas (April 1836)
 Houston becomes president of the
Republic of Texas
 The Lone Star Republic: Only state in
U.S. that was once an independent
country.

9. Trails West
 Oregon Trail—trail from Independence,
Missouri to Portland, Oregon
 Settlers (farmers) go to Oregon for
abundant, fertile land
 Pioneers use Conestoga wagons, push
handcarts; trip takes months

10. Trails West
 Santa Fe Trail—busy trade route;
Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New
Mexico

11. Trails West
 Joseph Smith forms Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints
Mormons—religious group experiences
clashes over polygamy. Smith is killed.
 Brigham Young, Smith’s successor, leads
Mormons west where they settle near
Great Salt Lake, Utah

13. Industrial Revolution
 Great Britain starts a revolution
 In the 18th Century, British first generate
power from streams, coal
 Develop power driven machines for mass
production, build factories

14. Industrial Revolution
 The Industrial Revolution in the
United States
 After independence, U.S. income
primarily from international
trade
 Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812
blockade shut down trade,
shipping
 Americans begin to invest in
domestic industries
Cyrus McCormick patented the
first successful horse drawn
grain reaper

15. Another Revolution Affects
America
 Changes in Manufacturing
 Industrial Revolution—social,
economic reorganization:
machines replace hand tools
 large-scale factory production
develops
 result of manufacturing changes
I. M. Singer’s foot-treadle
sewing machine
was patented in 1851 and
soon dominated
the industry.

16. Industrial Revolution
 New England becomes the industrial of
the nation.
 Samuel Slater steals the plans for building
textile machines and brings them to the
U.S.
 Slater becomes known as the Father of
the Factory System.
 Textiles becomes the number one
industry
 Thousands - mostly young women - leave
family farms to work in mills

18. Industrial Revolution
 Inventor Eli Whitney pioneers use of
interchangeable parts
 Interchangeable parts are identical pieces
used to assemble products
 Factory system: power-driven machinery,
workers with different tasks
Mass production is production of goods
in large quantities, can make goods
cheaper and faster

19. Impact on
Transportation
 Robert Fulton’s steamboat can go
upstream or downstream, regardless of
current or wind
 Steamboats on western rivers cut freight
costs, speed travel
Water transport key for moving heavy
machinery, raw materials

20. Erie Canal and Other Internal
Improvements
 Erie Canal heavily used,
lowers cost; dozens of canals
follow
 Canals connect Midwest
farmers to Northeast and
world markets
 Erie Canal links Hudson
River to Lake Erie: Atlantic
to Great Lakes. Makes NYC
a gateway to west.
Along the Erie Canal, Buffalo, N.Y

21. Roads
 Railroads not yet in common use; first
steam engine built 1825
 National Road extends from Cumberland,
Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois
Many states build turnpikes/toll roads
pay for themselves
 Federal government funds highways to
connect different regions

22. Emergence of Railroads
 Shipping by railroad much costlier than
by canal
 Railroads faster, operate in winter, go
inland
 Early train travel uncomfortable for
passengers
 By 1850s, railroads expand, cost drops,
safety increased

23. Early American Railroad Engine and Carriages

24. New Markets Link Regions
 Effect of Regional Links:
 Improved transportation, communication
make regions interdependent
 Growing links lead to development of
regional specialties

25. U.S. Markets Expand
 Changing Economic Activities
 Early 1800s farm families self-sufficient;
only buy what cannot make
 Mid-century farmers begin specialization
- raise 1 or 2 cash crops
Market revolution - people buy and sell
goods rather than make them

26. The Entrepreneurial Spirit
 Capitalism—private control of means of
production, used for profit
 Business capital (money, property,
machines) fuels growing economy
 Entrepreneurs invest own money in new
industries; great loss, profit

27. Impact on Household Economy
 Farmers begin using mechanized farm
equipment; boost industry output
 Technology lowers cost of factory items;
workers become consumers

28. Regional Economies Create
Differences
 The North and the South develop
different economic systems that lead to
political differences between the regions.

29. Two Economic Systems Develop
 Agriculture in the North
 Cash crops do not grow well in Northern
soil and climate
 Farms in North smaller than South; do
not need much labor or yield great profit:
need no slaves
Most Northern states abolish slavery by
1804

30. Two Economic Systems Develop
 Cotton Is King in the South
 Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows farmers to
grow cotton for profit
 Great demand for cotton in Britain,
growing demand in North
 Plantation system established in
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
Eli Whitney

31. Cotton Gin

32. Southern Agriculture
Most of South is agricultural; relies on
cotton, tobacco, rice
 South lacks capital for factories; money
tied up in land, slaves
 Cotton hugely profitable
 Slavery Becomes Entrenched
 Increase in cotton production parallels
increase in slave population

33. Life Under Slavery
 The slave population increases from 1810
(1.2 million) to 1830 (2 million)
 18th century, most slaves recent arrivals,
work on small farms
 By 1830, majority are American, work on
plantations or large farms

35. Life Under Slavery
 Rural Slavery
 On plantations, men, women, children
work dawn to dusk in fields
 Slaves are whipped, have little time for
food, no breaks for rest

36. Life Under Slavery
 Urban Slavery
 Demand in southern cities for skilled
black slaves
 Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out
as artisans
 Slave owners hire out their workers to
factory owners
 Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel
than on plantations

37. Slave Revolts and Consequences
 Nat Turner’s Rebellion
 Nat Turner, slave preacher, leads slave
rebellion; about 60 whites killed
 Turner and followers are hung, innocent
are captured; 200 killed in retaliation
 Backlash from Revolts
Southern states create slave codes to
tighten limits on blacks
Free African Americans as well as slaves
lose rights

38. Artist Felix Darley completed
this tinted drawing in 1863 for
a history book. Nat Turner is
shown (standing) preaching
to his followers.

39. Clay’s American System
 Uniting the Nation’s Economic Interests
 Madison’s plan to unite country’s regions,
create strong economy:
develop transportation systems; make
internal improvements
establish protective tariff
revive national bank

40. Clay’s American System
 House Speaker Henry Clay promotes
the American System:
North produces manufactured goods
South and West produce food, cotton
 national currency, transportation
facilitate trade
 all regions sustain the others making
U.S. economically independent
Henry Clay

41. The Monroe Doctrine
 In 1816, Second Bank of the
United States chartered for 20
years
 James Monroe elected president
(1816), begins “Era of good
Feelings”
Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns
Europe not to interfere in
Americas
 U.S. will not interfere with
Europe
James Monroe
6th President of the
United States

42. Expanding Democracy Changes
Politics
 In 1824, Andrew Jackson wins most
popular votes and most electoral votes
but not a majority of the electoral vote
 John Quincy Adams elected president by
House with Clay’s support and Adams
makes Clay the Secretary of State
 Jacksonians claim Adams, Clay have
struck a corrupt bargain

43. The Age of Jackson
 Jacksonians form Democratic Party
 Andrew Jackson’s policies speak for
common people but violate Native
American rights.
Andrew Jackson
7th President of the
United States
Most states ease voting qualifications;
few require property
 In 1828, numerous new voters help
Jackson win presidency

44. Jackson’s New Presidential Style
 Jackson’s Appeal to the Common Man
 Jackson claims he is of humble origins,
though in reality is wealthy
 Uses spoils system - replaces former
appointees with own friends
 Friends become primary advisers, dubbed
“kitchen cabinet”

45. Conflict over Tariffs
Madison proposes Tariff of 1816 - tax on
imports
 increases cost of foreign goods
people more likely to buy American
goods
 helps pay for improvements
 Northeast welcomes tariff – they make
money; South and West resent higher
prices which cost them money

46. Jackson Attacks the National Bank
Most leaders agree national bank,
national currency benefit all
 Jackson Opposes the Bank
 Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Second
Bank of the United States
 Presents bank as privileged institution
that favors the wealthy, is corrupt, and
threatens democracy.

47. Pet Banks
 Jackson puts federal money in state banks
loyal to Democratic Party called Pet
Banks
 BUS president Nicholas Biddle
unsuccessfully maneuvers to save bank

48. Opposition to Jackson
 Whig Party Forms
 People unhappy with Jackson form Whig
Party, back American System
 People believe that Jacksons is abusing
his powers and begin to refer to him as
“King Andrew”.

49. Andrew Jackson once justified his
tendency to place personal prerogative
above constitutional law or national
policy by stating that “One man with
courage makes a majority.” His critics
replied with accusations of tyranny.

50. A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue
 The Nullification Theory
 British try to flood U.S. with cheap
goods so U.S. raised tariff in 1824,
1828
 Vice president John C. Calhoun calls
1828 Tariff of Abominations
 Thinks South pays for North’s
prosperity while cotton prices are low
John C Calhoun

51. Nullification Crisis
 Calhoun devises nullification theory:
questions legality of applying federal
laws to states
Constitution based on compact among
states
state can reject law it considers
unconstitutional
states have right to leave Union if
nullification denied

52. Nullification Crisis
 Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights
 Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern
view of tariff, states’ rights
 Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
defends Union
 Jackson believes Union “must be
preserved”; Calhoun resigns

53. Nullification Crisis
 South Carolina Rebels
South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs
null; threatens to secede
Congress passes Force Bill: can use
army, navy against South Carolina
Henry Clay proposes tariff that lowers
duties over 10 years

54. The Supreme Court Boosts National
Power
 Strengthening Government Economic
Control
 Gibbons v. Ogden: federal government
controls interstate commerce
McCulloch v. Maryland: state cannot
overturn laws passed by Congress
Chief Justice
John Marshall

55. The Supreme Court Boosts National
Power
 Limiting State Powers
Marshall Court blocks state interference
in business, commerce
 Fletcher v. Peck: voids Georgia law
violating right to make contract
 Dartmouth College v. Woodward: state
cannot interfere with contracts

56. Removal of Native Americans
 Indian Removal Act of 1830
 Whites want to displace or assimilate
Native Americans
 Jackson: only solution is to move Native
Americans off their land
thinks assimilation cannot work
 too many troops needed to keep whites
out of native lands
funds treaties that force Native
Americans west

57. Removal of Native Americans
 Jackson pressures some tribes to move,
forcibly removes others
 Congress passes Indian Removal Act of
1830

58. Removal of Native Americans
 The Cherokee Fight Back
Worcester v. Georgia - state cannot rule
Cherokee or invade their land
 Some Cherokee try to continue court
fight, minority favor relocation
 Federal agents sign treaty with minority;
relocation begins
 By 1838, 20,000 remain; President Martin
Van Buren orders removal

60. Removal of Native Americans
 The Trail of Tears
 Cherokee sent west on Trail of Tears; 800-
mile trip made on foot
 Cherokee are robbed by government
officials, outlaws; thousands die (1/4)

61. The Trail of Tears
Robert Lindeux (1942)

62. Religion Sparks Reform
 A renewal of religious sentiment
known as the Second Great Awakening
inspires a host of reform movements

63. Religion Sparks Reform
 Religious Activism
 Second Great Awakening—religious
movement, sweeps U.S. after 1790
 Individual responsible for own
salvation, can improve self, society
 Preacher Charles Grandison Finney
inspires emotional religious faith
 Large gatherings; some preachers get
20,000 or more at outdoor camps
Charles Grandison Finney
1792-1875

64. The Second Great Awakening
 Revivalism
 Revival - gathering to awaken religious
faith; lasts 4 to 5 days
 Revivalism greatly increases church
membership

65. The Second Great Awakening
 Unitarianism
 Unitarians stress reason, appeals to
conscience in religion
 Agree with revivalists: individual, social
reform important

66. The Second Great Awakening
 The African-American Church
 Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist
churches open to blacks and whites
 Southern slaves interpret Christian
message as promise of freedom
 In East, free African Americans have own
churches
 African Methodist Episcopal Church—
political, cultural, social place
 African-American church organizes first
national convention (1830)

67. Transcendentalism and Reforms
 Transcendentalism
 Ralph Waldo Emerson leads group
practicing transcendentalism:
 literary and philosophical movement
emphasizes simple life
 truth found in nature, emotion, imagination
 Henry David Thoreau puts self-reliance
into practice, writes Walden
 Thoreau urges civil disobedience, peaceful
refusal to obey laws

68. Slavery and Abolition
 Slavery becomes an explosive issue, as
more Americans join reformers working
to put an end to it.

69. Slavery and Abolition
 The Resettlement Question – Back to
Africa Movement
 1820s over 100 antislavery societies
advocate resettlement in Africa
Most free blacks consider themselves
American; few emigrate
 Whites join blacks calling for abolition,
outlawing of slavery

70. Abolitionists Speak Out
 William Lloyd Garrison - radical
white abolitionist; founds:
New England Anti-Slavery Society
American Anti-Slavery Society
 Publishes the Liberator which calls
for immediate emancipation -
freeing of slaves

71. Abolitionists Speak Out
 Free Blacks
 David Walker advises blacks to fight for
freedom, not wait to get it
Writes An Appeal to the Colored Citizens
of the World.
 Southern free blacks work as day laborers,
artisans
 Northern free blacks given only lowest-paying
jobs

72. Abolitionists Speak Out
 Frederick Douglass
 As a slave, Frederick Douglass
taught to read, write by owner’s
wife
 Douglass escapes; asked to
lecture for Anti-Slavery Society
 Douglass’s The North Star:
abolition through political action

73. Fugitive Slaves and the Underground
Railroad
 Underground Railroad - secret
network of people who help slaves
escape
 Harriet Tubman escapes from
slavery, becomes conductor on 19
trips
 Fugitives go on foot at night, often
no food, avoiding armed patrols
 Some fugitives stayed in North;
others go on to Canada
Harriet Tubman

74. Proslavery Defenses
 Slavery advocates use Bible, myth of
happy slave as defense, say slaves are
treated better than Northern wage slaves
 Southern congressmen secure adoption
of gag rule:
 limits or prevents debate
 used on issue of slavery
 deprives citizens of right to be heard

75. Women and Reform
Women reformers expand their efforts
from movements such as abolition and
temperance to include women’s rights.

76. Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s
 Cultural and Legal Limits on Women
 Cult of domesticity - only housework,
child care for married women
 Single white women earn half of men’s
pay for doing same job
Women have few legal rights; cannot
vote, sit on juries
do not have guardianship of own children

77. Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s
 A married woman’s
property, earnings belong to
her husband
 Women delegates at World’s
Anti-Slavery Convention
rejected
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
LucretiaMott form women’s
rights society
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

78. Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s
Women and Health Reform
 Elizabeth Blackwell – doctor - opens
clinic for women, children
 Catharine Beecher’s national survey finds
most women unhealthy
 Amelia Bloomer rebels, designs loose
pants; popular with other women

79. Women Mobilize for Reform
Women Abolitionists
 Middle-class white women
inspired by religion join reform
movements
 Sarah and Angelina Grimké -
work for abolition
daughters of Southern slaveowner
 Some men support women
reformers; others denounce them
Sarah and Angelina
Grimké

80. Women Mobilize for Reform
Many women in temperance movement -
prohibit drinking alcohol
 Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th
century
 American Temperance Society founded
1826; 6,000 local groups by 1833
 Women’s Christian Temperance Union
was one of the largest groups.

81. Women Mobilize for Reform
 Education for Women
 Until 1820s, few opportunities for girls
past elementary school
 Academic schools for women become
available:
 1821, Emma Willard opens Troy Female
Seminary
 1837, Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke
Female Seminary
 1837, Oberlin College admits 4 women;
first coeducational college
 African-American girls have few
opportunities to get good education

82. Women’s Rights Movement Emerges
 Seneca Falls
 Reform encourages women’s movement,
give opportunities outside home
 1848, Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls
Convention for women’s rights
 “Declaration of Sentiments” modeled on
Declaration of Independence
men and women are equal
 urge women to participate in public issues
 narrowly pass women’s suffrage

83. Women’s Rights Movement Emerges
 Sojourner Truth
 Former Northern slave Sojourner Truth
travels country preaching
 Later argues for abolition, women’s rights
Sojourner Truth

84. Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform
 Reforming Asylums and
Prisons
 Dorothea Dix gets 10 states to
improve conditions for
mentally ill
 Reformers stress rehabilitation
to obtain useful position in
society
Dorothea Dix

85. Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform
 Improving Education
 In early 1800s, school not compulsory, not
divided by grade
 Pennsylvania establishes tax-supported
public school system in 1834
 Horace Mann establishes teacher
training, curriculum reforms
 By 1850s, all states have publicly funded
elementary schools

86. Americans Form Ideal Communities
 Utopian communities -
experimental groups, try to
create perfect place
 In 1841, transcendentalist
George Ripley establishes
Brook Farm
Most utopias last only a few
years
The Hive at Brook
Farm

87. Americans Form Ideal Communities
 Shaker Communities
 Shakers share goods, believe men and
women equal, refuse to fight
 Do not marry or have children; need
converts, adoption to survive
Hancock Shaker Village, MA

88. Western Expansion Continues
 Resolving Territorial Disputes
 1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles
border in East, Midwest
 “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” slogan calls for
annexation of Oregon
 1846, U.S., Britain extend boundary west
along 49th parallel

89. Western Expansion Continues
 Texas Joins the Union
 1838, Houston invites U.S. to annex, or
incorporate, Texas
 South favors, North opposes annexation;
Texas becomes state in 1845

90. The War with Mexico
 Texas becomes state in 1845
 Tensions over the U.S. annexation of
Texas leads to war with Mexico,
resulting in huge territorial gains for
the United States.
 President James K. Polk favors war
with Mexico
 believes U.S. will get Texas, New
Mexico, California
James K Polk
11th President of the US

91. The War with Mexico
 The cause is a border dispute
over Texas. U.S. claims Rio
Grande river is western border,
Mexico claims it is the Nueces
River.
 Polk orders General Zachary
Taylor to blockade the Rio
Grande
General Zachary Taylor
12th President of the US

92. The War Begins
 Polk Provokes War
Mexican, U.S. soldiers skirmish near
Matamoros; 9 Americans killed
 Polk sends war message to Congress,
withholds facts
 Congress approves war, stifles opposition

93. America Gains the Spoils of War
 U.S. and Mexico sign Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848
Texas border set at Rio Grande
Mexico cedes western lands for $15
million (called the Mexican Cession)
War enlarges U.S. territory by about
one-third
 Franklin Pierce authorizes 1853
Gadsden Purchase for
Transcontinental RR, sets final
border of continental U.S.
Franklin Pierce

95. The California Gold Rush
 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s
Mill in California Sierra Nevadas
 San Francisco residents abandon
city to pan for gold
 Gold rush, or migration of
prospectors to California in 1849
 Forty-niners - gold prospectors -
come from Asia, South America,
Europe These miners are prospecting in
Spanish Flat, California, in 1852.

96. Forty-niners - gold
prospectors - come from Asia,
South America, Europe

97. The California Gold Rush
 Gold Rush Brings Diversity
 By 1849, California’s population
exceeds 100,000
 Chinese, free blacks, Mexicans
migrate in large numbers
 Slavery permitted until outlawed
by 1849 constitutional convention
 California joins Union in 1850

98. Slavery in the Territories
 The Wilmot Proviso
 Wilmot Proviso - no slavery in territory
acquired from Mexico
 North: slave territory adds slave states; no jobs
for free workers
 South: slaves are property under Constitution;
fear more free states

99. Slavery in the Territories
 Statehood for California
 1850, California writes
constitution; elects leaders;
applies for statehood
 President Zachary Taylor
supports admission of
California as free state
 Recommends to angry South
that slavery be decided by
each territory

100. Slavery in the Territories
 Clay’s Compromise
 Some Southerners threaten secession,
withdrawal of state from Union
 Henry Clay offers Compromise of 1850 to
settle disputes over slavery