1
Objectives
• Measure carbon dioxide evolution and
uptake in plants and animals.
• Study the effect of temperature on cell
respiration.
• compare respiration rates in germinating
and non-germinating peas.
Introduction
Energy is required by living organisms for
movement, transport, and growth. Nothing
happens without energy! The Sun is the
ultimate source of virtually all energy on the
planet Earth. Solar energy is captured by
plants through the process of photosynthesis.
The glucose molecules holding this energy are
broken down by metabolic processes, creating
usable energy for living systems.
Cellular respiration is a series of reactions in
which glucose molecules are broken down,
releasing stored chemical bond energy
(Figure 6.1). The released energy is used to
make the energy rich molecule ATP
(adenosine triphosphate). Carbon dioxide is
released as a by-product of the breakdown of
glucose. It is a crucial by-product from the
perspective of plants, because they need CO2
to perform photosynthesis.
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular
respiration, and it results in the net production
of two ATP molecules. In glycolysis, the 6-
carbon glucose molecules are “split” into two,
3-carbon pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules.
LAB TOPIC 6: RESPIRATION
Pyruvate has two potential routes – aerobic
respiration or anaerobic respiration [as either
lactate fermentation or alcohol fermentation]
(Figure 6.1).
1
In laboratory today, you will be examining
respiration in organisms that use aerobic
respiration, which makes use of oxygen. In
this pathway, pyruvate is broken down
completely, and h igh-energy electrons are
stripped away and passed through a series of
electron carriers. Energy is released at each
transfer, and is used to make a net 34 ATP
molecules. Oxygen is the final electron
acceptor in the electron transport system,
hence the name aerobic cellular respiration. In
lecture you will compare this process to
anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the
absence of oxygen or under low oxygen
conditions. The equation below summarizes
the process of aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6
+
6
O2
à 6
CO2
+
6
H2O
+
ATP
+
Heat
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon
Water
Dioxide
Considering the equation for aerobic
respiration what variables could you measure
to monitor respiration rate?
Figure
6.1
Glycolysis
and
the
potential
fates
of
pyruvate
during
cellular
respiration.
2
2
Oxygen Consumption during Aerobic
Respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the
terminal electron‐acceptor in the electron
transport chain and produces carbon dioxide
(see equation above). You can, therefore,
monitor the respiration rate of an organism by
measuring its uptake of oxygen or evo ...
This lab aims to study aerobic respiration and alcoholic fermentation through experiments with seeds and yeast. Students will measure oxygen consumption of germinating and ungerminated pea seeds over 60 minutes using a volumeter. They will also observe gas production from yeast fermenting glucose, starch, and starch treated with amylase. The document provides background on metabolism, respiration, ATP, aerobic respiration, and fermentation. It outlines the objectives, materials, procedures, and data table for the oxygen consumption experiment and fermentation demonstration.
Cellular respiration is used for energy production and waste removal. There are two types: aerobic respiration uses oxygen while anaerobic respiration does not. Both occur in the mitochondria and cytoplasm through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP while anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, reduced species, and ATP. Factors like temperature and sugar concentration can affect the end products of cellular respiration.
The document is a biology exam for a 10th grade class that covers topics related to cellular respiration. It contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing student understanding of concepts like heterotrophs vs. autotrophs, the steps and products of glycolysis and cellular respiration, and how energy is captured and stored in ATP. It also includes data analysis questions applying calorie amounts to exercise activities.
Most of the document is a series of concept checks from a biology textbook chapter on cellular respiration. Here are the key points:
1) Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and reaction with oxygen to release energy, captured as ATP, while producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
2) There are three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - which take place in different parts of the cell and produce a total of 38 ATP molecules per glucose.
3) Fermentation differs in that it does not require oxygen and produces much less ATP, but is used by microbes to produce foods like cheese and yogurt and by muscles during intense exercise to produce lactic
This document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It begins with an interest grabber about exercise and how the body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose. It then outlines the three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria and produce most of the ATP. Fermentation can occur without oxygen through lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation. The document also discusses how folding the inner mitochondrial membrane increases its surface area to allow for more chemical reactions to take place.
Cellular respiration powerpoint unit 5 continued (revised2006)mpiskel
The document discusses cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It begins by reviewing the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis which produces 2 ATP in the cytoplasm, and aerobic respiration which produces 36 ATP in the mitochondria. It then explains that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite but related processes, with photosynthesis producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, and cellular respiration breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. The relationship between the two processes allows both plants and animals to obtain energy for metabolic functions.
Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic processes that occur in cells to convert energy from food into a usable form called ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP and occurs in three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP and includes lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Cellular respiration is essential for organisms to obtain energy for basic functions like growth, movement, and transport.
The Importance Of Photosynthesis In Plants
Photosynthesis Lab Hypothesis
Photosynthesis Process
Essay about photosynthesis lab report
Photosynthesis
Process of Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis Research Paper
Photosynthesis Research Paper
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Essay on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis Lab Essay
Essay on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis : The Chemical Energy
Lab Report On Photosynthesis
The Process of Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis Essay example
Lab Report on Photosynthesis Essay
This lab aims to study aerobic respiration and alcoholic fermentation through experiments with seeds and yeast. Students will measure oxygen consumption of germinating and ungerminated pea seeds over 60 minutes using a volumeter. They will also observe gas production from yeast fermenting glucose, starch, and starch treated with amylase. The document provides background on metabolism, respiration, ATP, aerobic respiration, and fermentation. It outlines the objectives, materials, procedures, and data table for the oxygen consumption experiment and fermentation demonstration.
Cellular respiration is used for energy production and waste removal. There are two types: aerobic respiration uses oxygen while anaerobic respiration does not. Both occur in the mitochondria and cytoplasm through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP while anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, reduced species, and ATP. Factors like temperature and sugar concentration can affect the end products of cellular respiration.
The document is a biology exam for a 10th grade class that covers topics related to cellular respiration. It contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing student understanding of concepts like heterotrophs vs. autotrophs, the steps and products of glycolysis and cellular respiration, and how energy is captured and stored in ATP. It also includes data analysis questions applying calorie amounts to exercise activities.
Most of the document is a series of concept checks from a biology textbook chapter on cellular respiration. Here are the key points:
1) Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and reaction with oxygen to release energy, captured as ATP, while producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
2) There are three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - which take place in different parts of the cell and produce a total of 38 ATP molecules per glucose.
3) Fermentation differs in that it does not require oxygen and produces much less ATP, but is used by microbes to produce foods like cheese and yogurt and by muscles during intense exercise to produce lactic
This document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It begins with an interest grabber about exercise and how the body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose. It then outlines the three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria and produce most of the ATP. Fermentation can occur without oxygen through lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation. The document also discusses how folding the inner mitochondrial membrane increases its surface area to allow for more chemical reactions to take place.
Cellular respiration powerpoint unit 5 continued (revised2006)mpiskel
The document discusses cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It begins by reviewing the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis which produces 2 ATP in the cytoplasm, and aerobic respiration which produces 36 ATP in the mitochondria. It then explains that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite but related processes, with photosynthesis producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, and cellular respiration breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. The relationship between the two processes allows both plants and animals to obtain energy for metabolic functions.
Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic processes that occur in cells to convert energy from food into a usable form called ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP and occurs in three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP and includes lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Cellular respiration is essential for organisms to obtain energy for basic functions like growth, movement, and transport.
The Importance Of Photosynthesis In Plants
Photosynthesis Lab Hypothesis
Photosynthesis Process
Essay about photosynthesis lab report
Photosynthesis
Process of Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis Research Paper
Photosynthesis Research Paper
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Essay on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis Lab Essay
Essay on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis : The Chemical Energy
Lab Report On Photosynthesis
The Process of Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis Essay example
Lab Report on Photosynthesis Essay
Cellular Respiration Essay
Cellular Respiration Research Paper
Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Essay
What Is Cellular Respiration?
Conclusion Of Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration Paper
What´s Cellular Respiration?
Cellular Respiration
A Research Study On Cellular Respiration Essay
Cellular Respiration Essay
How Cellular Respiration Is Important? Essay
Biology: Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
We All Need Some Cellular Respiration Essay
Biology: Cellular Respiration
Essay on Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Synthesis Of Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Lab topic 6 alcoholic fermentationwritten by nickie cauthensherni1
This document provides background information and procedures for a lab experiment on alcoholic fermentation in yeast. The objectives are to understand alcoholic fermentation and how varying experimental conditions, like sugar source or yeast concentration, can affect the rate of fermentation as measured by CO2 production. Students will set up fermentation reactions with different sugar solutions, measure CO2 inflation of balloons over an hour, and analyze the results to determine the independent variable (sugar source) and dependent variable (CO2 production).
Metabolism involves the chemical processes that take place in organisms. There are catabolic pathways that break down molecules and anabolic pathways that build them up. Aerobic respiration fully breaks down molecules with oxygen through glycolysis, pyruvate breakdown, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation pathways like lactic acid fermentation in muscles or alcoholic fermentation in yeast, allowing glycolysis to continue without oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Metabolism involves the chemical processes that take place in organisms. There are catabolic pathways that break down molecules and release energy, and anabolic pathways that use energy to build molecules. Energy exists in various forms like kinetic, potential, and activation energy, and it can be transferred and transformed according to the laws of thermodynamics. Cellular respiration uses energy from molecules to make ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, but anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation pathways.
Metabolism involves the chemical processes that take place in organisms. There are catabolic pathways that break down molecules and release energy, and anabolic pathways that use energy to build molecules. Energy exists in different forms like kinetic and potential energy, and transformations are governed by thermodynamics laws. Cellular respiration uses energy from food molecules and involves glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvic acid, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, requiring oxygen. Without oxygen, anaerobic respiration like lactic acid fermentation allows glycolysis to continue to produce ATP.
This document discusses the process of photosynthesis. It occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert solar energy into chemical energy stored as glucose or other organic compounds. Photosynthesis provides the foundation for most food webs as it produces oxygen and energy in the form of glucose, which can then be converted to ATP through cellular respiration to power biological processes in other organisms. The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by several factors like the amount of chlorophyll and light intensity.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other carbon-based molecules to produce ATP using oxygen. It takes place in mitochondria and involves two main stages: 1) the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and 2) the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The overall reaction converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and produces up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
The document discusses cellular respiration and its role in producing ATP through either aerobic or anaerobic pathways. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate large amounts of ATP. Anaerobic pathways generate some ATP through glycolysis but without oxygen, fermentation is used to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue. The composition of air and gas pressure are also briefly covered.
The document discusses cellular respiration and its role in harvesting energy from food. It describes the two main types of cellular respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate ATP from glucose. Anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen, involves fermentation pathways to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis.
Oxygen consumption (VO2) is the amount of oxygen taken up and utilized by the body per minute. The oxygen taken into the body at the level of the lungs is ultimately transported by the cardiovascular system to the systemic tissues and is used for the production of ATP in the mitochondria of our cells. Because most of the energy in the body is produced aerobically, VO2 can be used to determine how much energy a subject is expending.
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it is further broken down in the Krebs cycle. This is followed by the electron transport chain, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced, yielding the majority of ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy as waste products.
Summary Ecology IB Biology standard level.pptxdagomez4
Organisms require chemical energy from organic compounds to fuel cellular processes. Autotrophs produce organic molecules through photosynthesis, using light as an external energy source. During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, light energy is converted to chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. During cellular respiration in mitochondria, this stored chemical energy is released as ATP, with heat as a byproduct. Food chains represent the transfer of matter and energy as organisms are consumed, with trophic levels indicating an organism's position in a feeding sequence. Energy is lost at each trophic level, limiting food chain length and higher trophic level biomass.
In a 250-300 word response, critically examine your personal level o.docxjoyjonna282
In a 250-300 word response, critically examine your personal level of intercultural communication competence. Is it important for you to achieve a certain level of intercultural communication competence? Would enhanced intercultural communication competence help you personally? Professionally? Academically? Include examples in your submission and use at least one resource to support your key points. Respond to at least two of your fellow students' posts.
.
In a 10 –12 page paper, identify and analyze the benefits and challe.docxjoyjonna282
In a 10 –12 page paper, identify and analyze the benefits and challenges that are associated with biometric evidence in the criminal justice system. Include at least 3 techniques in your paper, and use at least 2 case studies to support your position. Consider the following questions when drafting your paper:
How do courts determine if evidence is reliable and valid before allowing it into testimony?
What is the role of the Frye standard or Daubert standard in determining whether or not the courts will accept biometric evidence?
What rules does your state use in this regard?
How reliable is fingerprint evidence? Consider examples of its use in criminal courts.
How do other biometrics compare to the reliability and validity of fingerprint evidence?
What are some of the challenges associated with lower forms of biometrics, such as facial recognition, and acceptance as evidence in court?
What is the role of the expert witness related to biometric evidence in court?
Be sure to provide in-text citation and references
.
In a 1-2 page Microsoft Word document, discuss the following case st.docxjoyjonna282
In a 1-2 page Microsoft Word document, discuss the following case study:
When Alexander and Deborah married, Alexander owned a duplex in a community property state. They lived in one side of the duplex. They saved their money and bought a lake lot as tenants by the entirety. Deborah failed to pay the loans she took out from Savings Bank prior to her marriage to pay for college. The bank claimed the duplex, the lake lot and their savings.
Discuss the likelihood of success on the bank's claims against the properties.
.
In a 16–20 slide PowerPoint presentation (excluding title and refere.docxjoyjonna282
In a 16–20 slide PowerPoint presentation (excluding title and reference slides) provide information as well as analyze the roles of the following areas in criminal justice leadership strategies and practices:
Organizational culture
Behavioral theory
Planning
Community relations
Your presentation should include, at a minimum, 4 slides, with speaker notes, for each topic.
.
In a 1-2 page Microsoft Word document, using APA, discuss the follow.docxjoyjonna282
In a 1-2 page Microsoft Word document, using APA, discuss the following case study:
When Alexander and Deborah married, Alexander owned a duplex in a community property state. They lived in one side of the duplex. They saved their money and bought a lake lot as tenants by the entirety. Deborah failed to pay the loans she took out from Savings Bank prior to her marriage to pay for college. The bank claimed the duplex, the lake lot and their savings.
Discuss the likelihood of success on the bank's claims against the properties.
.
In a 1-2 page paper, discuss how the government, the media, and the .docxjoyjonna282
In a 1-2 page paper, discuss how the government, the media, and the public affect a health care organization's integration of data. Give specific examples of all three entities influencing the integration of data.
Include at least two research sources in your paper and cite them in a References page at the end in APA format. As in all writing assignments, follow standard mechanics in writing, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
Submit your completed assignment to the drop box below. Please check the
Course Calendar
for specific due dates.
.
In 2010, plans were announced for the construction of an Islamic cul.docxjoyjonna282
In 2010, plans were announced for the construction of an Islamic cultural center, named Cordoba House, in lower Manhattan in the vicinity of where the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center occurred. This announcement stirred up a storm of activity by groups and individuals supporting and opposing the proposal, and in early 2011, a plea by the American Center for Law and Justice was entered in the New York State Supreme Court to stop the construction. In this Discussion Board please respond to the following questions:
In 5–6 paragraphs, address the following:
What are the complaints and concerns of those who oppose construction of this building in its proposed location?
Do you agree? Why, or why not?
What are the counter-claims being made by those who support construction of this building in its present location?
Do you agree? Why, or why not?
What is the specific issue in the court case?
What activities (protests, letters to the editor, blog posts, petitions, opinion polls, etc.) are underway related to this issue? Explain.
Do you think these activities are likely to have an impact on the Court’s decision? Why, or why not?
.
More Related Content
Similar to 1 Objectives • Measure carbon dioxide evolution and .docx
Cellular Respiration Essay
Cellular Respiration Research Paper
Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Essay
What Is Cellular Respiration?
Conclusion Of Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration Paper
What´s Cellular Respiration?
Cellular Respiration
A Research Study On Cellular Respiration Essay
Cellular Respiration Essay
How Cellular Respiration Is Important? Essay
Biology: Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
We All Need Some Cellular Respiration Essay
Biology: Cellular Respiration
Essay on Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Synthesis Of Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Lab topic 6 alcoholic fermentationwritten by nickie cauthensherni1
This document provides background information and procedures for a lab experiment on alcoholic fermentation in yeast. The objectives are to understand alcoholic fermentation and how varying experimental conditions, like sugar source or yeast concentration, can affect the rate of fermentation as measured by CO2 production. Students will set up fermentation reactions with different sugar solutions, measure CO2 inflation of balloons over an hour, and analyze the results to determine the independent variable (sugar source) and dependent variable (CO2 production).
Metabolism involves the chemical processes that take place in organisms. There are catabolic pathways that break down molecules and anabolic pathways that build them up. Aerobic respiration fully breaks down molecules with oxygen through glycolysis, pyruvate breakdown, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation pathways like lactic acid fermentation in muscles or alcoholic fermentation in yeast, allowing glycolysis to continue without oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Metabolism involves the chemical processes that take place in organisms. There are catabolic pathways that break down molecules and release energy, and anabolic pathways that use energy to build molecules. Energy exists in various forms like kinetic, potential, and activation energy, and it can be transferred and transformed according to the laws of thermodynamics. Cellular respiration uses energy from molecules to make ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, but anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation pathways.
Metabolism involves the chemical processes that take place in organisms. There are catabolic pathways that break down molecules and release energy, and anabolic pathways that use energy to build molecules. Energy exists in different forms like kinetic and potential energy, and transformations are governed by thermodynamics laws. Cellular respiration uses energy from food molecules and involves glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvic acid, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, requiring oxygen. Without oxygen, anaerobic respiration like lactic acid fermentation allows glycolysis to continue to produce ATP.
This document discusses the process of photosynthesis. It occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert solar energy into chemical energy stored as glucose or other organic compounds. Photosynthesis provides the foundation for most food webs as it produces oxygen and energy in the form of glucose, which can then be converted to ATP through cellular respiration to power biological processes in other organisms. The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by several factors like the amount of chlorophyll and light intensity.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other carbon-based molecules to produce ATP using oxygen. It takes place in mitochondria and involves two main stages: 1) the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and 2) the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The overall reaction converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and produces up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
The document discusses cellular respiration and its role in producing ATP through either aerobic or anaerobic pathways. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate large amounts of ATP. Anaerobic pathways generate some ATP through glycolysis but without oxygen, fermentation is used to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue. The composition of air and gas pressure are also briefly covered.
The document discusses cellular respiration and its role in harvesting energy from food. It describes the two main types of cellular respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate ATP from glucose. Anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen, involves fermentation pathways to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis.
Oxygen consumption (VO2) is the amount of oxygen taken up and utilized by the body per minute. The oxygen taken into the body at the level of the lungs is ultimately transported by the cardiovascular system to the systemic tissues and is used for the production of ATP in the mitochondria of our cells. Because most of the energy in the body is produced aerobically, VO2 can be used to determine how much energy a subject is expending.
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it is further broken down in the Krebs cycle. This is followed by the electron transport chain, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced, yielding the majority of ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy as waste products.
Summary Ecology IB Biology standard level.pptxdagomez4
Organisms require chemical energy from organic compounds to fuel cellular processes. Autotrophs produce organic molecules through photosynthesis, using light as an external energy source. During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, light energy is converted to chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. During cellular respiration in mitochondria, this stored chemical energy is released as ATP, with heat as a byproduct. Food chains represent the transfer of matter and energy as organisms are consumed, with trophic levels indicating an organism's position in a feeding sequence. Energy is lost at each trophic level, limiting food chain length and higher trophic level biomass.
Similar to 1 Objectives • Measure carbon dioxide evolution and .docx (15)
In a 250-300 word response, critically examine your personal level o.docxjoyjonna282
In a 250-300 word response, critically examine your personal level of intercultural communication competence. Is it important for you to achieve a certain level of intercultural communication competence? Would enhanced intercultural communication competence help you personally? Professionally? Academically? Include examples in your submission and use at least one resource to support your key points. Respond to at least two of your fellow students' posts.
.
In a 10 –12 page paper, identify and analyze the benefits and challe.docxjoyjonna282
In a 10 –12 page paper, identify and analyze the benefits and challenges that are associated with biometric evidence in the criminal justice system. Include at least 3 techniques in your paper, and use at least 2 case studies to support your position. Consider the following questions when drafting your paper:
How do courts determine if evidence is reliable and valid before allowing it into testimony?
What is the role of the Frye standard or Daubert standard in determining whether or not the courts will accept biometric evidence?
What rules does your state use in this regard?
How reliable is fingerprint evidence? Consider examples of its use in criminal courts.
How do other biometrics compare to the reliability and validity of fingerprint evidence?
What are some of the challenges associated with lower forms of biometrics, such as facial recognition, and acceptance as evidence in court?
What is the role of the expert witness related to biometric evidence in court?
Be sure to provide in-text citation and references
.
In a 1-2 page Microsoft Word document, discuss the following case st.docxjoyjonna282
In a 1-2 page Microsoft Word document, discuss the following case study:
When Alexander and Deborah married, Alexander owned a duplex in a community property state. They lived in one side of the duplex. They saved their money and bought a lake lot as tenants by the entirety. Deborah failed to pay the loans she took out from Savings Bank prior to her marriage to pay for college. The bank claimed the duplex, the lake lot and their savings.
Discuss the likelihood of success on the bank's claims against the properties.
.
In a 16–20 slide PowerPoint presentation (excluding title and refere.docxjoyjonna282
In a 16–20 slide PowerPoint presentation (excluding title and reference slides) provide information as well as analyze the roles of the following areas in criminal justice leadership strategies and practices:
Organizational culture
Behavioral theory
Planning
Community relations
Your presentation should include, at a minimum, 4 slides, with speaker notes, for each topic.
.
In a 1-2 page Microsoft Word document, using APA, discuss the follow.docxjoyjonna282
In a 1-2 page Microsoft Word document, using APA, discuss the following case study:
When Alexander and Deborah married, Alexander owned a duplex in a community property state. They lived in one side of the duplex. They saved their money and bought a lake lot as tenants by the entirety. Deborah failed to pay the loans she took out from Savings Bank prior to her marriage to pay for college. The bank claimed the duplex, the lake lot and their savings.
Discuss the likelihood of success on the bank's claims against the properties.
.
In a 1-2 page paper, discuss how the government, the media, and the .docxjoyjonna282
In a 1-2 page paper, discuss how the government, the media, and the public affect a health care organization's integration of data. Give specific examples of all three entities influencing the integration of data.
Include at least two research sources in your paper and cite them in a References page at the end in APA format. As in all writing assignments, follow standard mechanics in writing, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
Submit your completed assignment to the drop box below. Please check the
Course Calendar
for specific due dates.
.
In 2010, plans were announced for the construction of an Islamic cul.docxjoyjonna282
In 2010, plans were announced for the construction of an Islamic cultural center, named Cordoba House, in lower Manhattan in the vicinity of where the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center occurred. This announcement stirred up a storm of activity by groups and individuals supporting and opposing the proposal, and in early 2011, a plea by the American Center for Law and Justice was entered in the New York State Supreme Court to stop the construction. In this Discussion Board please respond to the following questions:
In 5–6 paragraphs, address the following:
What are the complaints and concerns of those who oppose construction of this building in its proposed location?
Do you agree? Why, or why not?
What are the counter-claims being made by those who support construction of this building in its present location?
Do you agree? Why, or why not?
What is the specific issue in the court case?
What activities (protests, letters to the editor, blog posts, petitions, opinion polls, etc.) are underway related to this issue? Explain.
Do you think these activities are likely to have an impact on the Court’s decision? Why, or why not?
.
In 2011, John Jones, a middle school social science teacher began .docxjoyjonna282
In 2011, John Jones, a middle school social science teacher began a unit on the American election process. He began with an introduction of political parties from the revolution to present day. At the end of the politically-balanced unit, students participated in mock debates as candidates from each party and ultimately held a mock presidential election in his classroom.
After the votes were counted and a winner determined, one of his students asked Mr. Jones who he was planning to vote for in the “real” election. He answered the question in age-appropriate language and, when prompted, explained why. He reminded his students that voting was not only a reflection of personal beliefs, but a responsibility as a citizen of the United States.
When Janie Johnson got home from school that day, she noticed – for the first time – signs in her neighbor's front yards supporting one of the presidential candidates. At dinner she asked her parents who they planned to vote for. Their choice differed significantly from her teacher’s. Janie’s father was quite upset at Janie’s explanation of the other candidate. To him, it was not Mr. Jones’ job as her teacher her to “put those kinds of ideas in her head.” The next day he called the principal demanding that Mr. Jones be removed from the classroom.
You are the principal.
1. What do you tell the father? Why?
2. What, if anything, do you say to Mr. Jones, the teacher? Why?
You are Mr. Jones.
1. Have you done anything wrong?
2. What court case(s) would you cite in your behalf? Be specific. Cite the case name, court ruling, or law.
Answer the following questions:
1. Who was Pickering and why is he important?
2. A teacher speaks out at a rally against FCAT. This is not the first “FIRE FCAT” rally held in this community. Can her statement be protected by the First Amendment? Under what circumstances?
3. A student sees a picture of math teacher James Johnson in his KKK garb that Johnson posts on his facebook page. Can Johnson be fired because of his KKK membership? Why or why not?
4. After their honeymoon Jane Jones and her new husband Jason return to their teaching jobs at JFK Middle School. At lunch that day the principal informs them that one of them must transfer to a new school. Can the principal do this? Why or why not?
Chapter 10 covers several topics, chief among which is teachers’ rights. There are three main court cases which address free speech:
· Pickering v. Board of Education
· Connick v. Myers
· Garcetti v. Ceballos
In order to respond to the questions, you will have to do some research on your own.Ask yourself this question: “Is the employee speaking as a private citizen or as an employee?”
Question 1 : What is the main difference between the Pickering decisions and the Garcetti decision? Where does the Connick decision fit in?
Question 2: A special education teacher complains to his principal that the school is violating federal law in trying to meet the n.
In 5-7 pages (double-spaced,) provide a narrative explaining the org.docxjoyjonna282
This document requests a 5-7 page double-spaced narrative summarizing an organization's origins, ideology, goals, leadership, funding, capabilities, bases, personnel, training, communications, weapons, attack methods, propaganda, surveillance techniques, and significant events or dates related to past or potential future attacks.
In 2004 the Bush Administration enacted changes to the FLSA and the .docxjoyjonna282
In 2004 the Bush Administration enacted changes to the FLSA and the way overtime is paid. These changes are said to have impacted millions of working Americans. The Act addresses who and how overtime is paid. It is also felt that more changes are still needed.
Using an Internet search, find the enactment highlights of 2004 and future proposed changes. Who is impacted, positively or negatively? How do you feel this impacts you? Were these changes long overdue, or do you think this is just a way for workers to work more hours without the employer being responsible for premium pay?
.
In 200-250 wordsGiven the rate of technological chang.docxjoyjonna282
*****In 200-250 words****
Given the rate of technological change and global market pressures, there is considerable change and uncertainty in many organizations. Organizational value is determined more by knowledge (intellectual capital) rather than the traditional factors of productions (land, labor and capital).
1.
Review the concept of knowledge management and how human resources can create the conditions for the effective sharing of knowledge within and throughout the organization.
****Please use one reference which includes in-text citation****
.
in 200 words or more..1 do you use twitter if so , how often do.docxjoyjonna282
in 200 words or more..
1/ do you use twitter ?if so , how often do you tweet , and what do you tweet about ? if not , explain why you chose not to participate in this social medium
2/ when you post something online , do you think carefully about what you are about to post and how it might sound to others ? do you and react to your post ? or do you shoot from the hip , writeing whatever comes to mind ? explain
.
In 200 words or more, answer the following questionsAfter reading .docxjoyjonna282
Pop culture brands products by associating them with popular movies, celebrities, or television shows which can influence consumers to gravitate toward one product over another similar product. Pop culture branding aims to make products appealing and familiar by connecting them with characters or stories people find entertaining or admire. When done effectively, pop culture branding can sway people's preferences and purchasing decisions between comparable products based on the branding associations.
In 2005, serial killer Dennis Rader, also known as BTK, was arrested.docxjoyjonna282
In 2005, serial killer Dennis Rader, also known as BTK, was arrested and convicted of murdering 10 people in Kansas between the years of 1974 and 1991. Further research this incident using quality and reputable resources.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
Explicate how digital forensics was used to identify Rader as a suspect and lead to more concrete physical evidence.
Describe in detail the digital evidence that was uncovered from the floppy disk obtained from Rader. Discuss why you believe it took so many years to find concrete evidence in order to build a case against Rader.
Explain how the acquisition of digital evidence aided the investigation and whether or not you believe Rader would’ve been a person of interest if the floppy disk evidence wasn’t sent.
Identify the software that was used by the authorities to uncover the evidence and summarize how this software can be used for digital forensics and evidence collection.
Use at least two (2) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
.
In 2003, China sent a person into space. China became just the third.docxjoyjonna282
China became the third country to send a person into space in 2003 by launching a spaceship that orbited Earth 14 times in less than a day, demonstrating China's ability to independently send people to space for the first time and establishing itself as an emerging space power despite the high costs typically associated with human spaceflight.
In 250 words briefly describe the adverse effects caused by exposure.docxjoyjonna282
Exposure to radiation can cause adverse health effects such as radiation sickness and cancer. Significant health risks occur at exposure levels of 100 mSv or more over a short period. Radiation levels near Three Mile Island peaked at 0.5 mSv/hour and levels near Chernobyl were as high as 800 mSv during the incidents according to reports from the World Health Organization and International Atomic Energy Agency.
In 2.5 pages, compare and contrast health care reform in two differe.docxjoyjonna282
In 2.5 pages, compare and contrast health care reform in two different states. Your paper should include a minimum of three specific examples of similarities or differences in health care reform in the two states.
Example:
One possibility would be to compare Maine's health care reform in 2003 to Tennessee's 1994 health care reform known as "TennCare."
APA FORMAT
APA REFERENCES
.
In 2014 Virginia scientist Eric Betzig won a Nobel Prize for his res.docxjoyjonna282
In 2014 Virginia scientist Eric Betzig won a Nobel Prize for his research in microscope technology. Since receiving the award, Betzig has improved the technology so that cell functions, growth and even movements can now be seen in real time while minimizing the damage caused by prior methods. This allows the direct study of living nerve cells forming synapses in the brain, cells undergoing mitosis and internal cell functions like protein translation and mitochondrial movements.
Your assignment is to write a Python program that
graphically
simulates viewing cellular organisms, as they might be observed using Betzig’s technology. These simulated cells will be shown in a graphics window (representing the field of view through Betzig’s microscope) and must be animated, exhibiting behaviors based on the
“Project Specifications” below
. The simulation will terminate based on user input (a mouse click) and will include two (2) types of cells,
Crete
and
Laelaps
, (
pronounced
KREET
and
LEE
-
laps
).
Crete
cells should be represented in this simulation as three (3) small green circles with a radius of 8 pixels. These cells move nonlinearly in steps of 1-4 graphics window pixels. This makes their movement appear jerky and random.
Crete
cells cannot move outside the microscope slide, (the ‘
field
’), so they may bump along the borders or even wander out into the middle of the field at times. These cells have the ability to pass “through” each other.
A single red circle with a radius of 16 pixels will represent a
Laelaps
cell in this simulation.
Laelaps
cells move across the field straight lines, appearing to ‘bounce’ off the field boundaries.
Laelaps
sometimes appear to pass through other cells, however this is an optical illusion as they are very thin and tend to slide over or under the other cells in the field of view.
Project Specifications: ====================
Graphics Window
500 x 500 pixel window
White background
0,0 (x,y) coordinate should be set to the lower left-hand corner
Crete
Cells
Three (3) green filled circles with radius of 8 pixels
Move in random increments between -4 and 4 pixels per step
Movements are not in straight lines, but appear wander aimlessly
Laelaps
Cells
One (1) red filled circle with a radius of 16 pixels
Move more quickly than Crete cells and in straight lines
The Laelaps cell should advance in either -10 or 10 pixels per step
TODO #1: Initialize the simulation environment ========================================
Import any libraries needed for the simulation
Display a welcome message in the Python Shell. Describe the program’s functionality
Create the 500 x 500 graphics window named “
Field
”
Set the
Field
window parameters as specified
TODO #2: Create the
Crete
cells –
makeCrete()
========================================
Write a function that creates three green circle objects (radius 8) and stores them in a list
Each entry of the list represents one
Crete
cell
The.
In 200-300 words - How is predation different from parasitism What.docxjoyjonna282
In 200-300 words - How is predation different from parasitism? What structures and behavior aid the predaceous insect to be successful? Please give an example.
In 200-300 words-
Why is an understanding of metamorphosis crucial to identifying adult insects? Provide examples where knowing development patterns can prevent incorrect identification.
.
In 3 and half pages, including a title page and a reference page, di.docxjoyjonna282
In 3 and half pages, including a title page and a reference page, discuss various methods of establishing the identity of a murder victim.
In your discussion include an explanation of methods used to identify the dead when only teeth and bones of the victim are available for examination.
Use materials from the text and/or any outside resources to support your response.
.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
1 Objectives • Measure carbon dioxide evolution and .docx
1. 1
Objectives
• Measure carbon dioxide evolution and
uptake in plants and animals.
• Study the effect of temperature on cell
respiration.
• compare respiration rates in germinating
and non-germinating peas.
Introduction
Energy is required by living organisms for
movement, transport, and growth. Nothing
happens without energy! The Sun is the
ultimate source of virtually all energy on the
planet Earth. Solar energy is captured by
plants through the process of photosynthesis.
The glucose molecules holding this energy are
broken down by metabolic processes, creating
usable energy for living systems.
Cellular respiration is a series of reactions in
which glucose molecules are broken down,
releasing stored chemical bond energy
(Figure 6.1). The released energy is used to
make the energy rich molecule ATP
(adenosine triphosphate). Carbon dioxide is
released as a by-product of the breakdown of
2. glucose. It is a crucial by-product from the
perspective of plants, because they need CO2
to perform photosynthesis.
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular
respiration, and it results in the net production
of two ATP molecules. In glycolysis, the 6-
carbon glucose molecules are “split” into two,
3-carbon pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules.
LAB TOPIC 6: RESPIRATION
Pyruvate has two potential routes – aerobic
respiration or anaerobic respiration [as either
lactate fermentation or alcohol fermentation]
(Figure 6.1).
1
In laboratory today, you will be examining
respiration in organisms that use aerobic
respiration, which makes use of oxygen. In
this pathway, pyruvate is broken down
completely, and h igh-energy electrons are
stripped away and passed through a series of
electron carriers. Energy is released at each
transfer, and is used to make a net 34 ATP
molecules. Oxygen is the final electron
acceptor in the electron transport system,
hence the name aerobic cellular respiration. In
lecture you will compare this process to
anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the
absence of oxygen or under low oxygen
conditions. The equation below summarizes
the process of aerobic respiration:
5. Figure
6.1
Glycolysis
and
the
potential
fates
of
pyruvate
during
cellular
respiration.
2
2
Oxygen Consumption during Aerobic
Respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the
terminal electron‐acceptor in the electron
transport chain and produces carbon dioxide
(see equation above). You can, therefore,
monitor the respiration rate of an organism by
measuring its uptake of oxygen or evolution of
carbon dioxide. Here, we will measure the
respiration rate of the crickets, Gryllus sp., and
English peas, Pisum sativa, using a gas‐phase
6. CO2 probe and meter. This equipment can
be used to measure the level of CO2 in the
atmosphere of a closed chamber in units of
parts per million (ppm) or mg/L.
Respiration rate is dependent on a variety of
factors including the size and the level of
activity of an organism, temperature, etc. At a
given temperature, would you expect a crickets
or peas to have a higher respiration rate on a
per mass basis?
Exercise 6.1
Evolution of Carbon Dioxide by a Plant
1
Here we will measure respiration in
germinating peas. We will also address
the questions “Do peas undergo cell
respiration before germination?” and
“What is the effect of temperature on the
cell respiration of peas?” Using your
collected data, you will be able to answer
these questions.
Hypothesis
Construct null and alternative hypotheses
(e.g. for the effect of germination and
7. temperature on respiration).
Remember, your hypotheses must be
testable.
2
Prediction
Predict the result of the experiment based on
your hypotheses. Your prediction would be
what you expect to observe as a result of this
experiment (if/then).
Plants undergo both respiration and
photosynthesis (at least during the day). As
these two processes offset each other to
8. some degree or another, the amount of CO2
evolved or consumed depends on how active
photosynthesis is relative to respiration. To
eliminate this problem from the determination
we will make today, we will use pea seeds.
Since these are not significantly
photosynthetic, changes we measure in CO2
concentration in the chamber will be due to
respiration alone. These peas undergo cell
respiration during germination as they begin
the process of seedling growth.
3
3
PROCEDURE – Part 1 Effects of
Germination (You will be using Logger Pro
as you did for the spectrophotometer)
1. Obtain 25 germinating peas and blot
them dry between two pieces of paper
towel.
2. Place the germinating peas into the
respiration chamber.
3. Place the shaft of the CO2 Gas Sensor in
9. the opening of the respiration chamber.
4. Wait one minute, then begin measuring
carbon dioxide by clicking the green arrow
button (Experiment/ Start Collection).
Collect data for 5 minutes then Stop
Collection.
5. Remove the CO2 Gas Sensor from the
respiration chamber. Remove and weight
the peas (record the weight below).
6. Place the peas on ice for Part 2 of the
experiment.
7. Use a notebook or notepad to fan air
across the openings of the probe shaft of
the CO2 Gas Sensor for 1 minute. Make
sure the CO2 readings return to 300-400
ppm.
8. Fill the respiration chamber with water,
empty, dry the inside thoroughly with a
paper towel.
9. Determine
the
20. 5
Exercise 6.2
Evolution of Carbon Dioxide by an Animal
2
Animals, like plants and other eukaryotes
obtain energy for growth and day to day
metabolism through metabolism of sugars
through the glycolytic pathway of respiration
and produce CO2 as a result of this activity.
Thus, we can measure the rates of respiration
as we have done above for peas. However,
because they do not photosynthesize, any
changes in CO2 concentration
are due to respiration alone.
Table 6.2
Hypothesis
Construct null and alternative hypotheses (e.g.
for the effect temperature on respiration and a
comparison of peas and crickets).
Remember, your hypotheses must be testable.
21. Prediction
Predict the result of the experiment based on
your hypotheses. Your prediction would be what
you expect to observe as a result of this
experiment (if/then).
PROCEDURE
1. Obtain
5
crickets
from
your
instructor.
2. Place
the
crickets
into
the
respiration
chamber.
24. (ppm/g/min)
Room
temperature
20
Cool
temperature
4
6
Questions for
1. What is the importance of cellular
respiration to living organisms?
2. The concentration of oxygen in
an environment can affect the
respiration rate of an organism.
With this in mind, why would you
need to limit the length of time of
the experiments we ran today?
25. 3. You are designing an experiment to
examine the effect running speed
has on the respiration rate of cross‐
country runners. State null and
alternative hypotheses for this
experiment:
Vocabulary
1
Objectives
• Examine carbon fixation
• Examine electron transport in
photosynthesis.
• Examine the effects of inhibitors on
photosynthesis.
Terms
Photosynthesis
Biochemical reaction of photosynthesis
Photochemical reaction of photosynthesis
Photosynthetic electron transport chain
Chlorophyll accessory pigments
Introduction
Photosynthesis uses light energy to split H2O
26. and harvest high-energy electrons. These
energetic electrons (and accompanying H+)
are passed to CO2. In doing so, CO2 is
reduced to form energy-storing sugars.
Cellular respiration removes electrons from
(i.e. oxidizes) sugar, captures the energy in
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and ultimately
passes the electrons to oxygen to form H2O.
Organisms use the energy stored in ATP to
conduct cellular business such as transport,
synthesis of biomolecules, reproduction, and
sometimes cellular movement.
LAB TOPIC 6: Photosynthesis
Remember that in photosynthetic eukaryotes
(plants and algae), respiration occurs as it does
in animal and fungal cells (Figure 6.1).
When in an aqueous solution, carbon dioxide
reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
This results in lowering the solution's pH. As
CO2 is consumed by aquatic plants through
photosynthesis, the level of carbonic acid in a
solution will decrease, leading to an increase in
pH. Thus, monitoring pH provides an indirect
measure of the amount of CO2 consumed in
photosynthesis. This experiment uses
bromothymol blue (BTB), a pH indicator that
turns yellow at pH < 6.0, green at pH 6.0 - 7.6,
27. and blue at pH > 7.6. We will be looking at
changes in pH of water in the light and dark and
presence and absence of the aquatic plant.
Exercise 6.1
Carbon dioxide fixation by an aquatic plant
Figure 6.1 Overviews of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis.
2
Procedure 6.1 Carbon dioxide consumption
1. Place 75 ml of BTB solution into a 100 ml
beaker. Blow exhaled air through a straw
into the BTB solution until it changes from
blue to yellow-brown.
2. Obtain two 2-cm sprigs of plant, and place
one in a tube labeled "light" and the other
"dark". The other two tubes will have
no plant in them. Use these for
comparison.
3. Fill the four test tubes 3/4 full with C02-rich
BTB solution.
4. Place the two "light" tubes directly in
front of the grow light, and the other tubes in the dark.
.
5. Allow the tubes to "incubate" for 1 hour.
Proceed to the next exercise while you wait.
28. In Table 6.1, record any color changes that
have occurred by marking an X in the
appropriate space.
Hypothesis
Construct null and alternative hypotheses for
the effect of light and dark and presence and
absence of a plant on pH. Remember, your
hypotheses must be testable.
Prediction
Predict the results of the experiment based
on your hypotheses. Your prediction would
be what you expect to observe as a result of
this experiment (if/then).
Yellow
pH < 6.0
Green
pH 6.0 – 7.6
Blue
29. pH > 7.6
plant, light
plant, dark
NO plant, light
NO plant, dark
Table 6.1 Carbon dioxide consumption by an aquatic plant
3
Questions
Do you accept or reject your null hypotheses?
Why did the BTB turn yellow as you blew
through the straw?
What is responsible for the color change of BTB
in the tube with the plant placed in front of the light?
Why might the tube with the plant placed in the
dark exhibit an increase in pH?
Why might the tube with the plant placed in the
dark exhibit a decrease in pH?
Exercise 6.2
30. Effects of herbicides on electron
transport in
An overview of the light-dependent reactions
of photosynthesis
In the late 1930’s, Robert Hill and colleagues
observed that under proper conditions, isolated
thylakoids retained their capacity to evolve
oxygen. This phenomenon is now known as the
Hill Reaction. The Hill Reaction is part of what
are known as the photochemical reactions of
photosynthesis. This activity is associated with
Photosystem II (Figure 6.2), in which the
electrons that originate with splitting of water are
used to reduce electron acceptors. There is a
simultaneous release of oxygen. In the intact
living organism, these electrons ultimately
reduce NADP+ to form NADPH. During
photosynthetic electron transport, hydrogen ions
are moved across the thylakoid membrane as
plastoquinone shuttles electrons between PS II
and the cytochrome B6/f complex. The resulting
hydrogen ion gradient is used to produce
ATP. The ATP and NADPH then are used
in the biochemical reactions to produce
sugars, thus trapping light energy in the
chemical bonds of carbohydrates.
Hill used artificial electron acceptors,
including 2,6-dichloroindolphenol (DCPIP),
to trap electrons passed through the
electron transport chain from photosystem
II when isolated chloroplasts are exposed
to light. As the blue, oxidized form of
31. DCPlP becomes reduced it becomes
colorless. Thus the progress of the reaction
can be monitored by the change in
absorbance at 600 nm of the DCPIP
solution.
DCPIP + 2H+ + 2e- → DCPIP-H2
(blue) (colorless)
(Remember that chlorophyll is green and so only the blue
color will disappear entirely.)
The rate of the Hill Reaction is then
dependent on light intensity and can be
measured either as oxygen produced or
reduction of electron acceptors.
First we will look at electron transport in
thylakoids, then we will look at the effects
of herbicides.
Figure 6.2 Photosynthetic electron transport
4
Procedure 6.2.1 Electron Transport
1. Prepare test tubes according to Table 6.2.
Metabolically active thylakoids will be
provided to you. Add the DCPIP (blue dye)
32. last.
2. Mix the contents of each tube by inverting
each tube several times. Place tubes 2 and 3
in front of the light source for 2 minutes. Do
not position tubes behind one another or in front
of tubes from other groups. Place tube 4 in the
dark.
3. Observe color changes in the tubes and
record your observations.
What were the initial and final colors of each
tube?
Of what importance is each tube (1-4)
in this exercise? Which tubes were
CONTROLS?
Table 6.2
Solution
s for comparison of photosynthetic reaction rates
33. Tube Thylakoids 0.1 M phosphate
buffer pH 6.5
Water 0.2 M DCPIP
1 0.5 ml 3 ml 1.5 ml 0
2-LIGHT 0.5 ml 3 ml 0.5 ml 1 ml
3 0 3 ml 1.0 ml 1 ml
4-DARK 0.5 ml 3 ml 0.5 ml 1 ml
Procedure 6.2. Effects of Herbicides on
Electron Transport
Next we will monitor the effect of a photosynthetic
herbicide on photosynthesis. We will quantify the
electron transport (DCPIP reduction) using a
spectrophotometer. Monitor absorbance at
600 nm. USE WATER AS A BLANK.
Hypothesis
34. Construct null and alternative hypotheses for the
effects of herbicides on electron transport in active
thylakoids. Remember, your hypotheses must
be testable.
Prediction
Predict the result of the experiment based
on your hypotheses. Your prediction would
be what you expect to observe as a result of
this experiment (if/then).
5
1
1. Using water as a blank, calibrate your
spectrophotometer.
35. 2. Set up tube #1 as shown in Table 6.3.
3. Fill your cuvette with