Angles classification & its shortcoming 2 (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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ANGLE’SANGLE’S
CLASSIFICATIOCLASSIFICATIO
NN
Angle believed that since biologic entities asAngle believed that since biologic entities as
well as inanimate elements can be arranged intowell as inanimate elements can be arranged into
well-defined classes, the same held also of thewell-defined classes, the same held also of the
occlusion of the teeth and the shape of the face.occlusion of the teeth and the shape of the face.
Angle based his classification of malocclusion onAngle based his classification of malocclusion on
the normal mesiodistal relations of the mesiobuccalthe normal mesiodistal relations of the mesiobuccal
cusps of the upper first molars in relation to thecusps of the upper first molars in relation to the
mandibular first molars.mandibular first molars.

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Basis for Angle’s classificationBasis for Angle’s classification
Most indicative irregularity of teeth found in antero-posteriorMost indicative irregularity of teeth found in antero-posterior
relationship of the teeth and the jaws.relationship of the teeth and the jaws.
There is a normal mesio distal or antero-posterior position forThere is a normal mesio distal or antero-posterior position for
the body of the mandible with its superimposed mandibularthe body of the mandible with its superimposed mandibular
dental arch to occupy in the anatomy of the skull.dental arch to occupy in the anatomy of the skull.
The maxillary dental arch being built upon a base that is aThe maxillary dental arch being built upon a base that is a
fixed section of the skull anatomy, is more or less stable in itsfixed section of the skull anatomy, is more or less stable in its
relationship to various landmarks on the head and consequentlyrelationship to various landmarks on the head and consequently
the first molar teeth in this arch may be quite safely selected asthe first molar teeth in this arch may be quite safely selected as
a key tooth from which to judge the relationship of mandibulara key tooth from which to judge the relationship of mandibular
dental arch and intern to the body of mandible upon which it isdental arch and intern to the body of mandible upon which it is
locatedlocated

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Basis for Angle’s classificationBasis for Angle’s classification
If there is shifting of maxillary molars in theirIf there is shifting of maxillary molars in their
relationship to the skull anatomy, this variation can berelationship to the skull anatomy, this variation can be
detected by changes in the axial inclination of teeth indetected by changes in the axial inclination of teeth in
the maxillary arch. The axial change is especiallythe maxillary arch. The axial change is especially
manifested by canine teeth.manifested by canine teeth.
Curvature and line of occlusion is unique to eachCurvature and line of occlusion is unique to each
individualindividual..

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Angle used the Roman numerals I, II and III toAngle used the Roman numerals I, II and III to
designate the three main classes of mesiodistal archdesignate the three main classes of mesiodistal arch
relationship viz., Class I or normal, Class II or distal andrelationship viz., Class I or normal, Class II or distal and
Class III or mesial relationship of the cusps of theClass III or mesial relationship of the cusps of the
mandibular first molars to the maxillary first molars.mandibular first molars to the maxillary first molars.
He employed the Arabic numerals 1 and 2 toHe employed the Arabic numerals 1 and 2 to
denote divisions of the classifications. Unilateraldenote divisions of the classifications. Unilateral
deviations he termed subdivisions.deviations he termed subdivisions.

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Angle classified malocclusion as followsAngle classified malocclusion as follows
Class IClass I
Class IIClass II
Division 1Division 1
Division IIDivision II
SubdivisionSubdivision
Class IIIClass III

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Class I MalocclusionClass I Malocclusion
The mandibular dental arch and the body of theThe mandibular dental arch and the body of the
mandible are in normal relation to the maxillary archmandible are in normal relation to the maxillary arch
indicated by the fact that mesiobuccal cusp of theindicated by the fact that mesiobuccal cusp of the
maxillary first permanent molar occludes in the buccalmaxillary first permanent molar occludes in the buccal
groove of the mandibular permanent first molar andgroove of the mandibular permanent first molar and
the mesiolingual cusp of the maxillary first molarthe mesiolingual cusp of the maxillary first molar
occludes with the occlusal fossa of the mandibular firstoccludes with the occlusal fossa of the mandibular first
permanent molar when the jaws are in centricpermanent molar when the jaws are in centric
occlusionocclusion

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Class II MalocclusionClass II Malocclusion
mandible are in distal relation to the maxillary arch bymandible are in distal relation to the maxillary arch by
half the width of the maxillary first permanent molarhalf the width of the maxillary first permanent molar
or mesioodistal width of a premolar indicated by theor mesioodistal width of a premolar indicated by the
fact that mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary firstfact that mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first
permanent molar occludes in the space between thepermanent molar occludes in the space between the
mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular permanent firstmesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular permanent first
molar and the buccal cusp of the second premolar.molar and the buccal cusp of the second premolar.

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
The mesiolingual cusp of the maxillary first molarThe mesiolingual cusp of the maxillary first molar
occludes mesial to the mesiolingual cusp of theoccludes mesial to the mesiolingual cusp of the
mandibular first permanent molar when the jaws are inmandibular first permanent molar when the jaws are in
centric occlusioncentric occlusion..

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Division IDivision I
A class II malocclusion in which maxilary incisorsA class II malocclusion in which maxilary incisors
are in labioversionare in labioversion
A class II division I malocclusion occuring onA class II division I malocclusion occuring on
only one sideonly one side

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Division IIDivision II
A class II malocclusion in which maxilary incisorsA class II malocclusion in which maxilary incisors
are not in labioversion rather they are retroclinedare not in labioversion rather they are retroclined
with laterals overlapping centrals or canineswith laterals overlapping centrals or canines
overlapping lateralsoverlapping laterals
A class II division I malocclusion occuring onA class II division I malocclusion occuring on
only one sideonly one side

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Class III MalocclusionClass III Malocclusion
mandible are in mesial relationship to the maxillarymandible are in mesial relationship to the maxillary
arch indicated by the fact that mesiobuccal cusp of thearch indicated by the fact that mesiobuccal cusp of the
maxillary first permanent molar occludes in themaxillary first permanent molar occludes in the
interdental space between the distal aspect of the distalinterdental space between the distal aspect of the distal
cusp of the mandibular first permanent molar and thecusp of the mandibular first permanent molar and the
mesial aspect of the mesial cusp of the secondmesial aspect of the mesial cusp of the second
permanent molarpermanent molar

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Class III MalocclusionClass III Malocclusion
A class III malocclusion in which malocclusion isA class III malocclusion in which malocclusion is
only unilaterallyonly unilaterally

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Pseudo-Class III MalocclusionPseudo-Class III Malocclusion
In this condition the mandible is protruded a little duringIn this condition the mandible is protruded a little during
the final stages of closure in order to avoid a prematurethe final stages of closure in order to avoid a premature
contact of incisors or caninescontact of incisors or canines
This is most likely to arise in cases where theThis is most likely to arise in cases where the
relationship of the incisors is edge-to-edge, and may berelationship of the incisors is edge-to-edge, and may be
caused by a mildly prenormal relationship of the dentalcaused by a mildly prenormal relationship of the dental
basesbases
Such pseudo – or postural Class III cases may tend, ifSuch pseudo – or postural Class III cases may tend, if
left untreated, to become established by a furtherleft untreated, to become established by a further
development of the whole occlusion in Class III relation.development of the whole occlusion in Class III relation.

Features True Class III Pseudo Class III
1 Profile Concave Straight to concave
2 Etiology Hereditary Habitual/developmental
3 Premature
contacts
Absent Present
4 Path of closure Forward Deviated
5 Gonial angle Increased/decreased Normal
6 Retrusion of
mandible
further
Not possible Possible
7 Treatment Orthopedic or
surgical
Elimination of prematurities,
replacement of lost posterior
teeth
8 Left untreated No further changes Becomes established into true
class III
Differences between true and pseudo class III malocclusionDifferences between true and pseudo class III malocclusion

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Drawbacks of Angle’s ClassificationDrawbacks of Angle’s Classification
The Angle classification was readily acceptedThe Angle classification was readily accepted
by the dental profession, since it brought order out ofby the dental profession, since it brought order out of
what previously had been confusion regarding dentalwhat previously had been confusion regarding dental
relationships. It was recognized almost immediately,relationships. It was recognized almost immediately,
however, that there were deficiencies in the Anglehowever, that there were deficiencies in the Angle
system.system.

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
Angle considered malocclusion only in antero-posteriorAngle considered malocclusion only in antero-posterior
planeplane
Angle considered maxillary first permanent molar as aAngle considered maxillary first permanent molar as a
fixed point but it was not found sofixed point but it was not found so
The classification cannot be applied if first permanentThe classification cannot be applied if first permanent
molars are missing or extractedmolars are missing or extracted
The classification cannot be applied in the deciduousThe classification cannot be applied in the deciduous
dentitiondentition

ANGLE’SANGLE’S
NN
The classification does not differentiates betweenThe classification does not differentiates between
skeletal and dental malocclusionsskeletal and dental malocclusions
The classification does not highlight the etiology of theThe classification does not highlight the etiology of the
malocclusionmalocclusion
Individual tooth malpositions have not been consideredIndividual tooth malpositions have not been considered
in the classificationin the classification

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