The document discusses the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines. It outlines the country's electoral systems, which include periodic elections by plurality vote where the executive and senators are elected at large across legislative districts and local government units. Political parties seek to influence policy by nominating candidates, though many parties lack genuine grassroots membership. The document also examines anomalies in Philippine elections like lack of resources and issues of fraud, as well as the party-list system established in the constitution.

1. • THE NATURE OF ELECTIONS
AND POLITICAL PARTIES IN
THE CONTEXT OF THE
PHILIPPINES.

2. POLITICAL PARTIES SEEK TO
INFLUENCE GOVERNMENT POLICY
BY NOMINATING SELECT
CANDIDATES TO HOLD SEATS IN
POLITICAL OFFICES.

4.  PERIODIC ELECTION OF OFFICIALS BY
SINGLE-BALLOT PLURALITY VOTE
 EXECUTIVE AND SENATORS ELECTED
AT LARGE
 EXISTENCE OF LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS
AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
 ELECTORATE: DULY REGISTERED
CITIZENS 18 YEARS OF AGE AND
ABOVE

6. THESE VOTING SYSTEMS ARE USED BY
MOST OTHER ADVANCED WESTERN
DEMOCRACIES AND ARE DESIGNED
TO ENSURE THE PARTIES ARE
REPRESENTED PROPORTIONAL IN THE
LEGISLATURE. THEY INCLUDE PARTY
LIST SYSTEMS, MIXEDMEMBER
PROPORTIONAL, AND THE SINGLE
TRANSFERABLE VOTE.

7. THESE ARE THE WINNER-TAKE-ALL
SYSTEMS THAT ARE USUALLY USED IN
US. THEY INCLUDE THE COMMON
PLURALITY SYSTEMS LIKE THE SINGLE-
MEMBER DISTRICT PLURALITY VOTE
AND AT LARGE VOTING, AND LESS
COMMON MAJORITY SYSTEMS LIKE
THE TWO-ROUND RUNOFF AND THE
INSTANT RUN-OFF.

8. 1. SINGLE-MEMBER PLURALITY
SYSTEMS
2. MULTI-MEMBER PLURALITY
SYSTEMS
3. SINGLE-MEMBER MAJORITARIAN
SYSTEMS
A. THE ALTERNATIVE VOTE
B. THE TWO-BALLOT SYSTEM

9. 1. PARTY LIST SYSTEMS
A. PARTY LIST SYSTEMS: VARIANTS
A) LARGEST REMAINDER SYSTEM
B) THE HIGHEST AVERAGE SYSTEM
C) COMBINING THE FORMULAE
2. SINGLE TRANSFERABLE VOTE SYSTEMS

10. IN THE PHILIPPINES ARE OF DIVERSE
IDEOLOGIES AND ARE PLENTIFUL IN NUMBER.
MOST OF THESE PARTIES DO NOT HAVE ACTUAL
GRASSROOTS MEMBERSHIP AMONG ORDINARY
VOTERS BUT RATHER THAT OF POLITICAL FIGURES
AND LEADERS.

11. • PREVENT OF ELECTORAL FRAUDS:
1. VIGILANCE OF THE CITIZENS
2. RELEVANT GOVERNMENT BODIES
3. REFORMS SUCH AS
COMPUTERIZATION AND
CONTINUOUS REGISTRATION
4. POLITICAL EDUCATION
5. POLL OBSERVERS ( LOCAL AND
INTERNATIONAL DURING
ELECTIONS)

12.  PARTY-LIST SYSTEM = ART. VI SEC. 5 OF
THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
-- PARTY-LIST REPRESENTATIVE BE
ELECTED TO CONSTITUTE 20 PER CENTUM
OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF THE SEATS IN
THE HOUSE OF THE REPRESENTATIVE
 PROVIDES OPPORTUNITY FOR UNDER-
REPRESENTED SECTORS AND PARTIES IN
THE PHILIPPINE SOCIETY TO HAVE A
LEGITIMATE CHANCE OF WINNING
REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS

13. ANOMALIES IN THE PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS:
1. LACK OF HUMANPOWER IN THE COMELEC
2. INFLUENCE OF “ GOLD, GUNS AND GOONS “
3. FLYING VOTERS
4. VOTE BUYING
5. TAMPERING WITH THE ELECTION RETURNS
6. ‘ DAGDAG-BAWAS '

14. MEMBERS :
ELVIE M. VALDEZ
DONALYN J.
TAMAYO
MOISES A. MEDINA
JONATHAN A. REYES