The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Knowledge of Postpartum Women's Toward Iron Deficiency Anemia at AlNasiriyah ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
The document summarizes a study on the antioxidant vitamin status of anemic and non-anemic Pakistani women in their third trimester of pregnancy. The study found that women who were anemic had lower levels of hemoglobin, iron, and antioxidant vitamins like vitamins A, C and E compared to non-anemic women. Specifically, the red blood cells of anemic women were smaller and paler due to iron deficiency and oxidative stress. The study concludes that to prevent anemia in late pregnancy, women should be supplemented not just with iron but also with antioxidant vitamins.
The control of body iron stores and laboratory investigation of anaemia Sương Nguyễn
The presentation is a critical review cover most of the key topics in the control of body iron stores and laboratory investigation of anaemia associated with iron status with a high level of scientific details which enable deep explanation of the disease. All details are given in the note pane.
This study aimed to evaluate two new red blood cell indices - red blood cell size factor (RSf) and low hemoglobin density (LHD%) - for screening iron-deficiency anemia in children. The study established reference ranges for RSf and LHD% based on samples from 200 healthy children. It also analyzed samples from 51 children with confirmed iron-deficiency anemia. The results showed RSf and LHD% can help diagnose iron-deficiency anemia, with RSf of 89 fl and LHD% of 6.0% found to be optimal cutoff points. Both parameters correlated well with reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He), a validated measure of iron availability. The study
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia globally. It develops due to blood loss, poor diet, or impaired iron absorption. The patient presented has low red blood cell and hemoglobin levels, indicating iron deficiency anemia. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation. Oral iron can fully treat most cases of iron deficiency anemia, but often requires 3-6 months for complete recovery. Intravenous iron is recommended when a faster recovery is needed, such as before surgery. Common side effects of oral iron include nausea, abdominal discomfort, and black stools.
Iron deficiency anemia is highly prevalent globally, affecting over 2 billion people worldwide. It is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption relative to the body's needs. Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and behavioral changes in children. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation, though some severe cases require intravenous iron. Prevention strategies center around dietary modification and supplementation programs.
Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy- evidence based approachWafaa Benjamin
Iron deficiency is the most common deficiency state in the world, affecting more than 2 billion people globally.
Iron Depletion affects 20-40% of Egyptian women in childbearing period.
Effective management is needed to prevent adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes, including the need for red cell transfusion.
There should be clear and simple recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of iron deficiency in pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Universal iron supplementation in pregnancy is more suitable for our local protocol.
Haemoglopinopathy screening program for pregnant women is awaited.
- Iron is an essential trace element that is mainly present in blood, liver, bone marrow and muscles. It is required for hemoglobin, myoglobin and other protein synthesis.
- Iron deficiency anemia results from inadequate iron intake, absorption or increased losses and can be diagnosed based on low serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation along with microcytic hypochromic anemia.
- Treatment involves oral iron supplementation long-term or intravenous iron for severe cases. Blood transfusions are needed for acute blood loss.
Knowledge of Postpartum Women's Toward Iron Deficiency Anemia at AlNasiriyah ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
The document summarizes a study on the antioxidant vitamin status of anemic and non-anemic Pakistani women in their third trimester of pregnancy. The study found that women who were anemic had lower levels of hemoglobin, iron, and antioxidant vitamins like vitamins A, C and E compared to non-anemic women. Specifically, the red blood cells of anemic women were smaller and paler due to iron deficiency and oxidative stress. The study concludes that to prevent anemia in late pregnancy, women should be supplemented not just with iron but also with antioxidant vitamins.
The control of body iron stores and laboratory investigation of anaemia Sương Nguyễn
The presentation is a critical review cover most of the key topics in the control of body iron stores and laboratory investigation of anaemia associated with iron status with a high level of scientific details which enable deep explanation of the disease. All details are given in the note pane.
This study aimed to evaluate two new red blood cell indices - red blood cell size factor (RSf) and low hemoglobin density (LHD%) - for screening iron-deficiency anemia in children. The study established reference ranges for RSf and LHD% based on samples from 200 healthy children. It also analyzed samples from 51 children with confirmed iron-deficiency anemia. The results showed RSf and LHD% can help diagnose iron-deficiency anemia, with RSf of 89 fl and LHD% of 6.0% found to be optimal cutoff points. Both parameters correlated well with reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He), a validated measure of iron availability. The study
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia globally. It develops due to blood loss, poor diet, or impaired iron absorption. The patient presented has low red blood cell and hemoglobin levels, indicating iron deficiency anemia. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation. Oral iron can fully treat most cases of iron deficiency anemia, but often requires 3-6 months for complete recovery. Intravenous iron is recommended when a faster recovery is needed, such as before surgery. Common side effects of oral iron include nausea, abdominal discomfort, and black stools.
Iron deficiency anemia is highly prevalent globally, affecting over 2 billion people worldwide. It is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption relative to the body's needs. Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and behavioral changes in children. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation, though some severe cases require intravenous iron. Prevention strategies center around dietary modification and supplementation programs.
Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy- evidence based approachWafaa Benjamin
Iron deficiency is the most common deficiency state in the world, affecting more than 2 billion people globally.
Iron Depletion affects 20-40% of Egyptian women in childbearing period.
Effective management is needed to prevent adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes, including the need for red cell transfusion.
There should be clear and simple recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of iron deficiency in pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Universal iron supplementation in pregnancy is more suitable for our local protocol.
Haemoglopinopathy screening program for pregnant women is awaited.
- Iron is an essential trace element that is mainly present in blood, liver, bone marrow and muscles. It is required for hemoglobin, myoglobin and other protein synthesis.
- Iron deficiency anemia results from inadequate iron intake, absorption or increased losses and can be diagnosed based on low serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation along with microcytic hypochromic anemia.
- Treatment involves oral iron supplementation long-term or intravenous iron for severe cases. Blood transfusions are needed for acute blood loss.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia globally. It is caused by low iron levels which prevents adequate hemoglobin production. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation to replenish iron stores depending on the severity and underlying cause of the anemia. Oral iron is usually the first line treatment but intravenous iron may be needed if oral iron is not absorbed or anemia does not improve. Both forms can cause side effects but are generally safe and effective ways to treat iron deficiency anemia.
This document provides information on a case study report for a 31-year-old pregnant woman admitted to the hospital. It includes sections on disease background covering an overview of anemia and details on iron-deficiency anemia. It discusses the patient's medical history, physical exam findings, lab results, and proposed nutrition care process including assessment, diagnosis, intervention, monitoring and evaluation. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide and can affect people of all ages and genders, especially women, children and the elderly. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests of hemoglobin, ferritin and other markers. Treatment focuses on iron supplementation and diet to
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia and describes the normal physiological changes in pregnancy that can cause dilutional anemia. It then discusses the most common types of anemia in pregnancy, focusing on iron deficiency anemia. It describes the causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. It notes the importance of treating anemia to prevent maternal and fetal complications.
Anemia in pregnancy (Iron deficiency)
WOMEN HEALTH IN CAMBODIA
ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY
RISK FACTOR ANEMIA
NORMAL IRON CYCLE
SIGN AND SYMPTOM OF ANEMIA
MANAGEMENT
Introduction:
It is the commonest medical disorder of pregnancy.
Physiological changes.
Plasma volume increase by 50%.
Red cell mass increase by 25%.
Fall in Hb concentration and Ht due to haemodilution.
The document provides guidelines for managing iron deficiency in pregnancy. It defines iron deficiency anemia thresholds during different trimesters and postpartum. Iron deficiency anemia prevalence is 30-40% in pregnant women. Effects include increased risk of infections, poor work performance, and disturbances in cognition for mothers as well as preterm birth, low birth weight, and increased risk of iron deficiency in infants. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and laboratory tests like complete blood count and serum ferritin. Prevention focuses on universal iron supplementation. Management includes dietary advice, oral iron supplementation, parenteral iron for non-responders or intolerant women, and blood transfusion in rare severe cases.
Ms. T is a 38-year-old woman who presents with a 6-month history of heavy menstrual bleeding and fatigue. Her lab results show low hemoglobin, ferritin, iron, MCV and MCH levels consistent with iron deficiency anemia. Her risk factors include female gender, past pregnancies, long-term NSAID use, and intermenstrual bleeding. She is started on iron supplements to replenish her iron stores, treat her anemia, and resolve her symptoms.
The document discusses newer aspects of iron supplementation. It summarizes that iron amino acid chelate, or ferrous bis glycinate, has advantages over other forms of iron supplementation, including being non-buffered in the stomach, non-precipitated in the intestine, not antagonized by phytates, and having superior and dependable bioavailability due to its unique chelate design, which potentially allows for smaller doses with fewer side effects. The document examines what is known, unknown, and needs to be known about different forms of iron supplementation and their absorption parameters.
Iron deficiency anemia is common in older people and merits investigation and treatment. Laboratory tests like serum ferritin levels can help diagnose iron deficiency, though these levels may be elevated in older individuals due to other factors. Common causes of iron deficiency anemia in older adults include occult gastrointestinal bleeding from issues like NSAID use, colon polyps, gastric cancer, and angiodysplasia. Gastrointestinal investigation is generally warranted for older patients with iron deficiency anemia and a hemoglobin level below 13g/dL for men or 12g/dL for women, as upper or lower gastrointestinal lesions are frequently found. Oral ferrous iron supplementation is the standard treatment to correct anemia and replenish iron stores.
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is caused by not having enough iron available to make hemoglobin, limiting red blood cell and hemoglobin production and resulting in less oxygen delivery to tissues. IDA is common where meat intake is low and intestinal parasites are present. Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and weakness. Studies in Saudi Arabia found IDA prevalence of 8.5-55.4% among children and 31.9-32% among pregnant women. Treatment involves iron supplementation and addressing underlying causes, while prevention focuses on iron-rich foods and supplements during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Anemia is a common problem in pregnancy globally and in developing countries in particular. It can be caused by nutritional deficiencies like iron and folate, blood loss, and other diseases. In Pakistan, the incidence of anemia in pregnancy is between 40-90% due to factors like poor nutrition, repeated pregnancies, infections, and socioeconomic challenges. Untreated anemia can account for 40% of maternal deaths in developing nations. Oral iron supplementation is recommended to treat iron deficiency anemia, while parenteral therapy may be needed for severe cases or malabsorption. Education programs are important to address the underlying causes of anemia.
Iron is a mineral that is essential for the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It serves several vital functions in the body including carrying oxygen from the lungs to tissues. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition where the body lacks sufficient red blood cells due to low iron levels, preventing adequate oxygen transport. It is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide, affecting groups like infants, children, pregnant women, and menstruating women the most. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia in infants and children. It defines anemia and recommends universal screening for anemia at age 1 by the WHO and AAP. For positive screens, follow up is essential. Evaluation includes history, exam, and complete blood count to differentiate anemia types. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and is likely if hemoglobin increases over 1 g/dL with iron supplementation. Prevention focuses on adequate iron during pregnancy, delivery by delayed cord clamping, and supplementation for breastfed infants and children ages 1-3. Iron is important for brain development but supplementation alone does not necessarily improve development in iron deficient non-anemic children.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy and the role of Heme Iron Polypeptide (HIP) in preventing and treating anemia. It defines anemia in pregnancy and describes the prevalence, causes, and consequences of anemia globally and in pregnancy. It discusses the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, including oral and parenteral iron therapy options. It then describes HIP as an oral tablet containing heme iron polypeptide, which has advantages over traditional iron supplements like better absorption and gastrointestinal tolerability. Studies on HIP show rises in hemoglobin levels and efficacy in improving anemia.
A 54-year-old woman presented with fatigue and a history of hemorrhoidal bleeding. She was found to have pale skin, spoon-shaped nails, and laboratory results consistent with iron-deficiency anemia. Further evaluation ruled out other causes of bleeding. She was treated with oral iron supplements, which increased her hemoglobin levels over three months, though her nails remained unchanged. Koilonychia, or spoon-shaped nails, can be associated with iron-deficiency anemia and may persist even after successful treatment of the underlying cause.
Anemia is common in pregnancy, affecting nearly half of all pregnant women worldwide. It occurs when hemoglobin levels are low due to insufficient iron intake or increased demands. Symptoms include fatigue and increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Screening and treatment involves checking hemoglobin levels and administering oral or intravenous iron supplements depending on severity. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for oxygen transport throughout pregnancy and delivery.
- A 12-month-old girl is found to have mild microcytic, hypochromic anemia. The most appropriate next step is to order tests for serum iron and total iron-binding capacity to help establish a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia.
- Iron deficiency anemia is likely in patients with microcytic anemia, low ferritin, and low serum iron levels. Oral iron is recommended to treat suspected cases.
- Iron deficiency is common in infants and children. Screening and dietary changes aim to prevent and identify iron deficiency early to support neurodevelopment.
Anemia is a major public health problem in India, especially among women and children. It can be caused by iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, blood loss, or diseases. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and other indicators. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but often involves dietary changes and iron supplementation. Prevention strategies focus on improving nutrition, treating parasites, and supplementing at-risk groups like pregnant women.
Anaemia is a major global health problem, especially in developing countries. It is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide despite being preventable. The document defines anaemia and discusses its causes such as iron deficiency, folate deficiency, and hemoglobinopathies. It emphasizes the importance of treating the underlying cause, oral iron supplementation during pregnancy, and managing complications to reduce the burden of this condition.
This document summarizes different types of anemia seen in pregnancy. It discusses physiological anemia of pregnancy and pathological anemias including deficiency, hemorrhagic, hereditary, and those caused by bone marrow insufficiency or infection. Specific hereditary anemias covered are thalassemias, sickle cell disease, and other hemoglobinopathies. Causes, symptoms, investigations, and management are described for different types of anemia.
It is a ppt about is HPLC should be used as routine screening test for anemic and antenatal cases.This ppt is prepared by taking information from journal
Background: Anemia is a common Feature of chronic kidney disease, but the management of anemia in children is complex. Erythropoietin and Supplemental iron are used to maintain hemoglobin levels. The aim of this study to determine the Frequency of anemia and possible Risk Factors Among children with End stage renal disease.
Methods: A total of 96 children, 61males (63.5%) and 35 Females (36.5%), were attended at hemodialysis units in Khartoum state were enrolled in the study and Frequency of anemia was estimated by analyzing CBC on blood counter (sysmex). The concentration of iron profile, C-reactive protein and parathyroid hormone was measured using COBAS INTEGRA 400 PLUS and COBAS E411.
Results: 99% of children were anemic, 4.17% of them were suffering from iron deficiency anemia and there are other causes contributing to anemia in ESRD patients which are inflammation and hyperparathyroidism.
Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in children on hemodialysis in Sudan appears to be higher than that reported in other studies despite extensive use of rHuEPO and iron supplementation.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia globally. It is caused by low iron levels which prevents adequate hemoglobin production. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation to replenish iron stores depending on the severity and underlying cause of the anemia. Oral iron is usually the first line treatment but intravenous iron may be needed if oral iron is not absorbed or anemia does not improve. Both forms can cause side effects but are generally safe and effective ways to treat iron deficiency anemia.
This document provides information on a case study report for a 31-year-old pregnant woman admitted to the hospital. It includes sections on disease background covering an overview of anemia and details on iron-deficiency anemia. It discusses the patient's medical history, physical exam findings, lab results, and proposed nutrition care process including assessment, diagnosis, intervention, monitoring and evaluation. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide and can affect people of all ages and genders, especially women, children and the elderly. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests of hemoglobin, ferritin and other markers. Treatment focuses on iron supplementation and diet to
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia and describes the normal physiological changes in pregnancy that can cause dilutional anemia. It then discusses the most common types of anemia in pregnancy, focusing on iron deficiency anemia. It describes the causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. It notes the importance of treating anemia to prevent maternal and fetal complications.
Anemia in pregnancy (Iron deficiency)
WOMEN HEALTH IN CAMBODIA
ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY
RISK FACTOR ANEMIA
NORMAL IRON CYCLE
SIGN AND SYMPTOM OF ANEMIA
MANAGEMENT
Introduction:
It is the commonest medical disorder of pregnancy.
Physiological changes.
Plasma volume increase by 50%.
Red cell mass increase by 25%.
Fall in Hb concentration and Ht due to haemodilution.
The document provides guidelines for managing iron deficiency in pregnancy. It defines iron deficiency anemia thresholds during different trimesters and postpartum. Iron deficiency anemia prevalence is 30-40% in pregnant women. Effects include increased risk of infections, poor work performance, and disturbances in cognition for mothers as well as preterm birth, low birth weight, and increased risk of iron deficiency in infants. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and laboratory tests like complete blood count and serum ferritin. Prevention focuses on universal iron supplementation. Management includes dietary advice, oral iron supplementation, parenteral iron for non-responders or intolerant women, and blood transfusion in rare severe cases.
Ms. T is a 38-year-old woman who presents with a 6-month history of heavy menstrual bleeding and fatigue. Her lab results show low hemoglobin, ferritin, iron, MCV and MCH levels consistent with iron deficiency anemia. Her risk factors include female gender, past pregnancies, long-term NSAID use, and intermenstrual bleeding. She is started on iron supplements to replenish her iron stores, treat her anemia, and resolve her symptoms.
The document discusses newer aspects of iron supplementation. It summarizes that iron amino acid chelate, or ferrous bis glycinate, has advantages over other forms of iron supplementation, including being non-buffered in the stomach, non-precipitated in the intestine, not antagonized by phytates, and having superior and dependable bioavailability due to its unique chelate design, which potentially allows for smaller doses with fewer side effects. The document examines what is known, unknown, and needs to be known about different forms of iron supplementation and their absorption parameters.
Iron deficiency anemia is common in older people and merits investigation and treatment. Laboratory tests like serum ferritin levels can help diagnose iron deficiency, though these levels may be elevated in older individuals due to other factors. Common causes of iron deficiency anemia in older adults include occult gastrointestinal bleeding from issues like NSAID use, colon polyps, gastric cancer, and angiodysplasia. Gastrointestinal investigation is generally warranted for older patients with iron deficiency anemia and a hemoglobin level below 13g/dL for men or 12g/dL for women, as upper or lower gastrointestinal lesions are frequently found. Oral ferrous iron supplementation is the standard treatment to correct anemia and replenish iron stores.
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is caused by not having enough iron available to make hemoglobin, limiting red blood cell and hemoglobin production and resulting in less oxygen delivery to tissues. IDA is common where meat intake is low and intestinal parasites are present. Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and weakness. Studies in Saudi Arabia found IDA prevalence of 8.5-55.4% among children and 31.9-32% among pregnant women. Treatment involves iron supplementation and addressing underlying causes, while prevention focuses on iron-rich foods and supplements during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Anemia is a common problem in pregnancy globally and in developing countries in particular. It can be caused by nutritional deficiencies like iron and folate, blood loss, and other diseases. In Pakistan, the incidence of anemia in pregnancy is between 40-90% due to factors like poor nutrition, repeated pregnancies, infections, and socioeconomic challenges. Untreated anemia can account for 40% of maternal deaths in developing nations. Oral iron supplementation is recommended to treat iron deficiency anemia, while parenteral therapy may be needed for severe cases or malabsorption. Education programs are important to address the underlying causes of anemia.
Iron is a mineral that is essential for the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It serves several vital functions in the body including carrying oxygen from the lungs to tissues. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition where the body lacks sufficient red blood cells due to low iron levels, preventing adequate oxygen transport. It is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide, affecting groups like infants, children, pregnant women, and menstruating women the most. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia in infants and children. It defines anemia and recommends universal screening for anemia at age 1 by the WHO and AAP. For positive screens, follow up is essential. Evaluation includes history, exam, and complete blood count to differentiate anemia types. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and is likely if hemoglobin increases over 1 g/dL with iron supplementation. Prevention focuses on adequate iron during pregnancy, delivery by delayed cord clamping, and supplementation for breastfed infants and children ages 1-3. Iron is important for brain development but supplementation alone does not necessarily improve development in iron deficient non-anemic children.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy and the role of Heme Iron Polypeptide (HIP) in preventing and treating anemia. It defines anemia in pregnancy and describes the prevalence, causes, and consequences of anemia globally and in pregnancy. It discusses the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, including oral and parenteral iron therapy options. It then describes HIP as an oral tablet containing heme iron polypeptide, which has advantages over traditional iron supplements like better absorption and gastrointestinal tolerability. Studies on HIP show rises in hemoglobin levels and efficacy in improving anemia.
A 54-year-old woman presented with fatigue and a history of hemorrhoidal bleeding. She was found to have pale skin, spoon-shaped nails, and laboratory results consistent with iron-deficiency anemia. Further evaluation ruled out other causes of bleeding. She was treated with oral iron supplements, which increased her hemoglobin levels over three months, though her nails remained unchanged. Koilonychia, or spoon-shaped nails, can be associated with iron-deficiency anemia and may persist even after successful treatment of the underlying cause.
Anemia is common in pregnancy, affecting nearly half of all pregnant women worldwide. It occurs when hemoglobin levels are low due to insufficient iron intake or increased demands. Symptoms include fatigue and increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Screening and treatment involves checking hemoglobin levels and administering oral or intravenous iron supplements depending on severity. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for oxygen transport throughout pregnancy and delivery.
- A 12-month-old girl is found to have mild microcytic, hypochromic anemia. The most appropriate next step is to order tests for serum iron and total iron-binding capacity to help establish a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia.
- Iron deficiency anemia is likely in patients with microcytic anemia, low ferritin, and low serum iron levels. Oral iron is recommended to treat suspected cases.
- Iron deficiency is common in infants and children. Screening and dietary changes aim to prevent and identify iron deficiency early to support neurodevelopment.
Anemia is a major public health problem in India, especially among women and children. It can be caused by iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, blood loss, or diseases. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and other indicators. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but often involves dietary changes and iron supplementation. Prevention strategies focus on improving nutrition, treating parasites, and supplementing at-risk groups like pregnant women.
Anaemia is a major global health problem, especially in developing countries. It is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide despite being preventable. The document defines anaemia and discusses its causes such as iron deficiency, folate deficiency, and hemoglobinopathies. It emphasizes the importance of treating the underlying cause, oral iron supplementation during pregnancy, and managing complications to reduce the burden of this condition.
This document summarizes different types of anemia seen in pregnancy. It discusses physiological anemia of pregnancy and pathological anemias including deficiency, hemorrhagic, hereditary, and those caused by bone marrow insufficiency or infection. Specific hereditary anemias covered are thalassemias, sickle cell disease, and other hemoglobinopathies. Causes, symptoms, investigations, and management are described for different types of anemia.
It is a ppt about is HPLC should be used as routine screening test for anemic and antenatal cases.This ppt is prepared by taking information from journal
Background: Anemia is a common Feature of chronic kidney disease, but the management of anemia in children is complex. Erythropoietin and Supplemental iron are used to maintain hemoglobin levels. The aim of this study to determine the Frequency of anemia and possible Risk Factors Among children with End stage renal disease.
Methods: A total of 96 children, 61males (63.5%) and 35 Females (36.5%), were attended at hemodialysis units in Khartoum state were enrolled in the study and Frequency of anemia was estimated by analyzing CBC on blood counter (sysmex). The concentration of iron profile, C-reactive protein and parathyroid hormone was measured using COBAS INTEGRA 400 PLUS and COBAS E411.
Results: 99% of children were anemic, 4.17% of them were suffering from iron deficiency anemia and there are other causes contributing to anemia in ESRD patients which are inflammation and hyperparathyroidism.
Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in children on hemodialysis in Sudan appears to be higher than that reported in other studies despite extensive use of rHuEPO and iron supplementation.
Iron deficiency anemia- a review of diagnosis and managementUnggul Dedi
This document reviews iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), including its diagnosis and management. It begins by explaining that anemia is very common globally and IDA is the most frequent type, often caused by insufficient iron intake, absorption or blood loss. The review then describes iron metabolism and the process of erythropoiesis. It discusses evaluating patients for IDA through medical history, examination, and lab tests like ferritin and transferrin levels. For diagnosed IDA, the review recommends determining the underlying cause, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, and treating the specific condition. It emphasizes the importance of thorough diagnosis and management to address the health effects of IDA.
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Pregnant Women in Calabar, Cross ...IOSR Journals
Iron is a component of a number of proteins including haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes and enzymes involved in redox reactions. Inadequate iron intake can lead to varying degrees of deficiency, from low iron stores to early iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia and this is dangerous to both baby and mother. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria. Seventy pregnant women within the age range of 15-45 years from University of Calabar Teaching Hospital were recruited as subjects in this study. The control consisted of fifty age-matched apparently healthy non-pregnant women . The tests that were carried out using standard method include include full blood count (packed cell volume, haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration and red cell count), serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation,serum ferritin and soluble transferrin recptor. The prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05)><0.01)><0.01) increased in pregnant than non-pregnant. It was also shown that pregnant women in their third trimesters and multigravidae had the highest prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia while pregnant women in their second trimester had the highest prevalence of anaemia. In conclusion the study has shown that the prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in the studied area were still high and can be considered public health problem.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most advanced stage of iron deficiency which is characterized not only by low hemoglobin and Hematocrit levels but also by a reduction or depletion of iron stores, by low serum iron levels and decreased transferrin saturation.
Iron Status Audit Among Women of Reproductive Age Attending a Tertiary Hospital in South- East Region of Nigeria: A Frontier for Achieving Millennium Development Goals
IDA is the most common form of anemia worldwide, affecting approximately 50% of anemia cases. It results from prolonged negative iron balance in the body due to factors like inadequate iron intake, decreased absorption, increased demand, or blood loss. Diagnosis involves a complete history, physical exam, and lab tests showing low indicators of iron stores like serum ferritin and iron, along with an elevated TIBC. Treatment aims to replenish iron stores and typically consists of oral iron supplementation of 200mg elemental iron per day for 3-6 months.
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia globally, affecting approximately 1.6 billion people. It results from prolonged negative iron balance in the body due to inadequate intake, decreased absorption, increased demand, or losses. Diagnosis involves a complete blood count and serum iron studies showing microcytic anemia and low iron stores. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplementation of 200 mg elemental iron daily for 3-6 months to replenish stores and resolve symptoms, with intravenous options for intolerances or malabsorption. Education aims to prevent recurrences through lifestyle modifications.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia (IDA), including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points include:
- IDA is the most common type of anemia worldwide, affecting approximately 1.6 billion people. It occurs when iron levels and stores in the body are depleted.
- Risk factors for IDA include blood loss, inadequate iron intake, increased iron demands, and impaired iron absorption. Young children, women of childbearing age, and those with chronic blood loss are most at risk.
- IDA is diagnosed based on low hemoglobin and iron indicator levels. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation to replenish iron stores. Managing the underlying cause is also important for preventing
1. The document discusses a case of childhood iron deficiency anemia in an 18-month old child who presents with pale skin and fatigue.
2. Laboratory tests confirm the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia through low hemoglobin and iron levels.
3. Iron deficiency anemia is a major global health problem, affecting over 2 billion people worldwide, especially preschool children in developing countries. Treating the underlying cause and replacing iron stores orally or parenterally is important for management.
1. Microcytic anemia can be identified by a low MCV on a CBC, small RBCs on a blood smear, or an increased RDW. The most common causes are iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia.
2. Iron deficiency anemia is usually caused by inadequate dietary iron intake or increased needs. It often affects young children, women, and pregnant women. Ferritin levels below 15 ng/mL indicate iron deficiency.
3. Thalassemia involves a genetic defect in hemoglobin production and is more common in those of Mediterranean, Southeast Asian, and African descent. Beta-thalassemia trait causes mild anemia while alpha-thalassemia trait
Reduced levels of some iron parameters of protein energyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed iron-related parameters in protein energy malnourished children in Calabar, Nigeria compared to healthy controls. The study found significantly lower levels of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and serum ferritin in malnourished children, but higher serum iron and transferrin saturation. Serum ferritin levels decreased with age in malnourished children. There were no differences in iron parameters based on type of protein energy malnutrition. The results indicate reduced iron stores in malnourished children compared to controls.
Reduced levels of some iron parameters of protein energyAlexander Decker
This study assessed iron-related parameters in 100 protein-energy malnourished children aged 1-10 years in Calabar, Nigeria compared to 50 healthy controls. Key findings: Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and serum ferritin levels were significantly lower in malnourished children, while serum iron and transferrin saturation were significantly higher. Serum ferritin levels decreased with age in malnourished children. Iron parameters did not differ by type of protein-energy malnutrition. Body mass index was lower in malnourished children. Poor diet and low socioeconomic status were implicated in the reduced iron stores seen in malnourished children.
This document reviews iron homeostasis and anemia in pulmonary tuberculosis. It discusses how inflammation induced by tuberculosis infection leads to changes in iron regulation and the development of anemia of inflammation. The iron regulatory protein hepcidin plays a key role by restricting iron absorption and sequestering iron in macrophages. This limits iron availability to bacteria but also contributes to anemia. Timely diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis is important to reduce transmission and mortality, but co-morbidities like anemia can increase risks. Screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis aims to prevent progression to active disease.
Iron deficiency is an extremely common comorbidity in patients with heart failure, affecting up to 50% of all ambulatory patients. It is associated with reduced exercise capacity and physical well-being and reduced quality of life. Cutoff values have been identified for diagnosing iron deficiency in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction as serum ferritin, <100 μg/l, or ferritin, 100 to 300 μg/l, with transferrin saturation of <20%. Oral iron products have been shown to have little efficacy in heart failure, where the preference is intravenous iron products. Most clinical studies have been performed using ferric carboxymaltose with good efficacy in terms of improvements in 6-min walk test distance, peak oxygen consumption, quality of life, and improvements in New York Heart Association functional class. Data from meta-analyses also suggest beneficial effects for hospitalization rates for heart failure and reduction in cardiovascular mortality rates. A prospective trial to investigate effects on morbidity and mortality is currently ongoing. This paper highlights current knowledge of the pathophysiology of iron deficiency in heart failure, its prevalence and clinical impact, and its possible treatment options
This document summarizes a study on iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant women in Iraq. The study evaluated serum levels of iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, sodium, and potassium in 3 groups: non-pregnant women (group 1), healthy pregnant women (group 2), and pregnant women with IDA (group 3). The results showed decreased serum iron and increased copper levels in group 2 compared to group 1. Groups 2 and 3 both had reductions in magnesium, manganese, calcium, and potassium compared to group 1. The findings indicate IDA affects levels of these elements in pregnant women, and they could serve as markers for assessing IDA during pregnancy.
A Study of Anemia Among children in Mansoura University Children's Hospital; ...Kareem Alnakeeb
A "Study of Anemia" Among children in Mansoura University Children's Hospital. It involved 30 male and female children aged from 5 to 120 months old, who were hospitalized in Mansoura University Children's Hospital. The study was performed in the period between 19 March 2018 and 18 April 2018.
Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease that can cause fatigue. While the kidneys normally produce erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production, CKD patients have relative erythropoietin deficiency. This leads to anemia which, if left untreated, can negatively impact quality of life and cardiovascular health. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and iron supplementation are used to treat anemia in CKD, though the appropriate hemoglobin target level remains an area of ongoing research and debate given risks identified with higher targets in some studies.
Prevalence of hypochromic microcytic anemia in the Hematology-oncology depart...Premier Publishers
Introduction: Microcytic hypochromic anemia is a distinct morphologic subtype of anemia with well-defined etiology and treatment. Anemia is a major public health problem worldwide despite the remarkable improvement in living conditions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypochromic microcytic anemia and to identify the different etiologies in patients hospitalized in the ward during the study period. Methods: This was a retrospective study two years, including patients hospitalized in the Hematology-oncology department. Results: Out of a total of 114 patients hospitalized for anemia, we collected 65 cases of hypochromic microcytic anemia (57.02%). The mean age was of 37.43 years. The sex ratio was 1.95. Pallor was the physical sign predominantly 100% of the cases. The most predominant associated pathology was malaria (95.38%). Twenty one patients (32.3%) had a hemoglobin level between 4 and 5 g/dl. The most incriminated causes in the occurrence of hypochromic microcytic anemia were anemia due to iron deficiency 50.77% and anemia due to inflammatory syndrome 43.08%. Conclusion: Our study shows that hypochromic microcytic anemia has various etiologies and its prevalence is not negligible in the Hematology-oncology department of Donka Hospital.
This document is a project submitted by Shruti Singh to the Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Homoeopathic Medicine and Surgery degree. It examines the role of homeopathic medicines in treating iron deficiency anemia. The project was conducted under the supervision of Dr. Meenakshi Soni and certifies that the work is original and of standard quality. It includes chapters on epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management with modern medicine, and homeopathic management of iron deficiency anemia.
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Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Egypt
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 5, Issue 4 (April 2015), PP. 30-34
30
Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Egypt
Afaf A. Tawfik1
, Emily T. Hanna2
, Awatif M. Abdel-Maksoud3
1
(Field studies and research Dept., National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt.)
2
(Nutrition Biochemistry and Metabolism Dept., National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt.)
3
(Nutrition requirements and Growth Dept., National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt.)
Abstract : Blood hemoglobin and serum ferritin analysis were used to identify the extent of anemia and iron
deficiency anemia in Egypt. The study conducted in 2010/11, among 4526 households from eleven governorates
and focus on four population groups: mothers (20 – 49.9 yr), children <5 yr (preschool children), children 5-
<12 yr (schoolchildren), and adolescents (12-18 yr). The analysis was performed for hemoglobin Hb (18338
subject) and serum ferritin (12293 subjects), and C-reactive protein (CRP) was made for high ferritin sample.
Median Hb values for mothers, adolescents, schoolchildren and preschool children were 12.0, 12.5, 11.9 and
11.2 g/dl, respectively. The corresponding median ferritin values were 14.9, 15.9, 18.9 and 15.4 µg/l. Iron
deficiency was more prevalent among whole sample than anemia (44.7% Vs. 39.1%). Cross tabulation for
hemoglobin and ferritin, indicated that iron deficiency anemia (IDA, low Hb and low ferritin) was recognized
among 18.5% of whole sample population, with high prevalence for mothers (25.1%). Prevalence of iron
deficiency without anemia (low ferritin with normal Hb) reach 26.0% in whole population, and adolescents
showed highest prevalence (29.4%). Almost one-fifth (20.6%) of cases had high ferritin values but still anemic
(low Hb) and CRP confirm presence of inflammation.
Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia must always be taken into consideration for they have a clear impact on the
patient’s quality of life and they can be the consequence of severe diseases.
Keywords – adolescents, children, C-reactive protein, ferritin, hemoglobin, mothers.
I. INTRODUCTION
Iron deficiency is one of the leading risk factors for disability and death worldwide, affecting an
estimate of two billion people [1]. The high prevalence of iron deficiency in the developing world has
substantial health and economic costs, including poor pregnancy outcome, impaired school performance, and
decreased productivity [2]. Nutritional iron deficiency anemia IDA arises when physiological requirements
cannot be met by iron absorption from diet. Low iron bioavailability in populations consuming monotonous
plant-based diets is another dietary factor for IDA. Although iron deficiency is the most common cause of
anemia, deficiencies of other micronutrients (such as folate and vitamin B12) and other factors (such as chronic
infection and inflammation) can cause different forms of anemia or contribute to their severity. Because iron
deficiency is often accompanied by deficiencies of other nutrients, the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency
can be difficult to isolate [3].
The absence of iron stores (iron deficiency) can be diagnosed by showing that there is no stainable iron
in the reticuloendothelial cells in bone marrow smears or, more easily, by a low concentration of ferritin in
serum (<15mg/l). Even before iron stores are completely exhausted, the supply of iron to the erythrocyte
precursors in the bone marrow is compromised, leading to iron deficient erythropoiesis [4]. A possible
explanation is that the rate of release of iron from stores is influenced by the amount of iron remaining. It can
then be assumed that the supply of iron to other tissues needing iron is also insufficient because the identical
transport system is used. During the development of iron deficiency hemoglobin concentration, transferrin
concentration, transferrin saturation, transferrin receptors in plasma, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and erythrocyte
indexes are changed. All these indicators, however, show a marked overlap between normal and iron deficient
subjects, which makes it impossible to identify the single subject with mild iron deficiency by looking at any
single one of these indicators [5].
Ferritin concentration together with that of hemosiderin reflects the body iron stores. They store iron in
an insoluble form and are present primarily in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow [6]. The majority of iron is
bound to the ubiquitous and highly conserved iron-binding protein, ferritin [7]. Hemosiderin is an iron storage
complex that less readily releases iron for body needs. Under steady state conditions, serum ferritin
concentrations correlate well with total body iron stores [8]. Thus, serum ferritin is the most convenient
laboratory test to estimate iron stores.
2. Anemia and Iron Deficiency…
31
Prevalence of anemia among population is commonly used through determination of hemoglobin (Hb)
and the cut-off levels of Hb according to age, sex and physiological status has been set by WHO, 2001. The
2004 joint WHO/CDC technical consultation supported the use of serum ferritin as an indicator of depleted iron
stores and as an assessment of iron-intervention programmers [9]. However, because serum ferritin is an acute-
phase reactant, there are challenges in the applicability of previously established cut-off values (12–15 µg/L) for
determining iron deficiency. In 2001, a proposal was made to increase the serum ferritin threshold to 30 µg/l in
the presence of infection [10]. However, as summarized in the 2004 consultation, there is a need to validate this
threshold in all population groups. An increase in serum ferritin levels has previously been shown to parallel the
rise in C-Rective Protein (CRP), particularly at the onset of infection or inflammation [11]. CRP levels initially
rise rapidly, but quickly fall, even as ferritin levels remain elevated [12], [13]. Micronutrient deficiencies,
especially anemia, were a public health problem in Egypt, where the prevalence of anemia reached 40% [14].
Determination of hemoglobin level was the criteria used by EDHS to identify the prevalence of anemia. It is
important to identify iron store status beside hemoglobin values. Therefore, the objective of this study was to
use both hemoglobin and serum ferritin to assess the extent of anemia and iron deficiency among Egyptian.
II. METHODOLOGY
Survey was conducted during year 2010 among four target population groups: women of reproductive
age 20 – 49.9 yr (mothers); female and male age 12-19 yr (adolescents); children 5 - <12 yr (schoolchildren);
children under 5 yr (preschool children). The target groups were covered from 4526 households (HH) obtained
through a stratified community cluster sample (about 151 cluster 30 HH each) from eleven governorates
representing six geographic regions: Urban governorates: Cairo; Costal governorates: Alexandria; Suez Canal
governorates: Suez; Lower Egypt governorates: Kafr Elshaik; Sharkia; and Behaira; Upper Egypt governorates:
Bani-suif; Aswan; and Kena and Frontier governorates: New Valley and North Sinai. Urban and rural areas
from Lower & Upper regions were considered.
The most recent census data was considered for the selection of villages/cities. The selection of HH in
each cluster was randomly selected according to the presence of primary health care facility (PHC), and schools.
The selection of HH was based on presence of mother and at least one child (<5yr child or schoolchild).
Households' children 6-18yr were selected from the nearest schools (primary, intermediate & secondary
schools). Approval of the research and ethical committees and the consent of HH guardian to collect blood
sample were obtained. A venous blood sample of 5 ml was collected in heparinized tubes from the target
individuals. Blood hemoglobin was immediately determined and the rest of the blood sample was centrifuged to
obtain the plasma, divided into two aliquots in Eppendorf vials and stored at -20° C for determination of ferritin
and C-reactive protein (CRP). Blood hemoglobin was determined using Cyanmethemoglobin method according
to [15]. The quantitative determination of circulating plasma ferritin concentrations were assayed by a
microplate immuno-enzymometric assay using Accu Bind Kit according to the method of [16]. The quantitative
determination of plasma (CRP) concentrations was done by a microplate immuno-enzymometric assay using
Accu Bind Ellisa Microwells, according to [17]. C-reactive protein (CRP) was performed for the samples of
high ferritin levels to identify infection and/or inflammation.
The WHO cut-off level to identify anemia is 12 g/dl hemoglobin level for mothers and adolescents.
Normal hemoglobin level for children 5-<12 years is 11.5 g/dl while that for children <5 years is 11 g/dl [1].
The cut-off point for ferritin, below which iron stores are considered to be depleted, is < 12 μg/L for <5
years of age and <15 µg/L for >5 years of age [1].
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Blood hemoglobin and serum ferritin biochemical analysis have been used in this study to identify the
extent of anemia and iron deficiency anemia through cross tabulation analysis between hemoglobin and ferritin
(iron store). The study focus on population groups most at risk for iron deficiency anemia: mothers (20 – 49.9
yr), children <5 yr (preschool children), children 5-<12 yr (schoolchildren), and adolescents (12-18 yr).
3.1 Hemoglobin analysis:
Hemoglobin was determined among 18338 subjects, representing the four target groups. Median
hemoglobin values (Table 1) were varied among groups (11.2 - 12.5 g/dl). This variation was expected, where
hemoglobin is an iron-containing component of red blood cells that is needed for oxygen transport and its level
in the blood depends on age, sex and physiological state. Identifying prevalence of anemia, WHO cutoffs levels
of hemoglobin concentration below which anemia may be present were used for the four target groups (Table
1). The prevalence of anemia among mothers was the highest (47.2%), followed by preschool children (39.6%),
while other groups (schoolchildren and adolescents) recorded almost similar percentages (35.3% & 35.9%). The
overall prevalence (39.1%) would classify anemia as significant public health problem among Egyptian
population [18].
3. Anemia and Iron Deficiency…
32
The prevalence of anemia reported by EDHS of 2005, was 39.4% for ever-married women (age 15 to
49 yr); 35.6% in never-married female youth (age 11 to19 yr); and 48.5% in preschool children (age 6 to 59
months). This mean that prevalence of anemia considerably increased among mothers in current study than in
2005 (from 39.4% to 47.2%), the opposite picture was observed for young children (prevalence decreased from
48.5% to 39.6%). However, anemia in adolescent remains the same as in 2005.
Table (1): Median hemoglobin level and prevalence of anemia among population segments in
Egypt.
Target population Hemoglobin Anemic
Number Median (g/dl) Number (%)
Mothers 4526 12.0 2135 47.2*
Adolescents 6816 12.5 2436 35.7*
Schoolchildren 2620 11.9 926 35.3**
Preschool children 4376 11.2 1731 39.6***
Total 18338 - 7228 39.1
Anemia as hemoglobin levels: * <12 g/dl; **<11.5 g/dl; *** <11 g/dl
3.2 Ferritin analysis:
Serum ferritin was performed for 12255 subjects and the median values (Table 2) for the target groups
range between 14.9 ug/l (mothers) and 18.9 ug/l (schoolchildren). The ferritin level is the most specific
biochemical test that correlates with relative total body iron stores. A low ferritin level reflects depleted iron
stores and hence is a precondition for iron deficiency if there is no concurrent infection. Iron depletion (ferritin
level <15ug/L) was recognized among 49.6% of mothers; 47.4% of adolescent and 38.2% in schoolchildren.
Low iron level (ferritin <12ug/L) for preschool children accounted for 38.2%.
When infection is present, the concentration of ferritin may increase even if iron stores are low; this
means that it can be difficult to interpret the concentration of ferritin in situations in which infectious diseases
are common. Therefore, CRP was determined for high serum ferritin samples. CRP analysis showed that a quite
high percent of mothers (38.1%) had positive CRP value, while (19.1%) of adolescents had positive CRP value.
CRP analysis showed that (24.1%) of schoolchildren and (25.1%) of preschool children had positive CRP
values.
Table (2): Median ferritin level and prevalence of iron depletion among population segments in
Egypt.
Target population Ferritin Iron depletion
Number Median (ug/L) Number (%)
Mothers 3037 14.9 1511 49.6*
Adolescents 5020 15.9 2378 47.4*
Schoolchildren 1853 18.9 707 38.2*
Preschool children 2345 15.4 895 38.2**
Total 12293 - 5491 44.7
Iron depleted as ferritin levels: * <15 ug/l; ** <12 ug/l
3.3 Anemia and iron deficiency anemia:
Iron deficiency has earned distinction as the most common nutritional deficiency in the world today.
Because iron is important for blood formation, iron deficiency often leads to anemia, defined as a blood
hemoglobin level below standard. [19] reported that the development of iron deficiency is characterized by
sequential changes in the amount of iron in the various iron compartments of the body. In the first stage iron
stores becomes depleted but there is enough iron to meet the needs of red cell production. When iron stores are
exhausted, the amount of iron in the circulation starts to fall and red cell production becomes compromised (iron
deficient erythropoiesis). In the final stage iron stores exhausted, the amount of iron in circulation was very low,
red cell production drastically reduced and anemia developed.
4. Anemia and Iron Deficiency…
33
Previous Tables (1 & 2) indicated that iron deficiency among almost all studied groups was more
prevalent than anemia, and it was clearly shown for the whole sample being (44.7% Vs. 39.4%). Therefore,
further analysis for hemoglobin/ferritin cross tabulation was made whereby the studied population can be
divided into four groups depending on the presence or absence of anemia (as defined by hemoglobin level) and
the presence or absence of iron deficiency (as indicated by iron stores).
Hemoglobin/ferritin cross tabulation for the whole sample of 12023 subjects (Table 3), showed that
almost one third (34.7%) of sample population considered normal subjects (having normal hemoglobin and
ferritin levels). Iron deficiency anemia IDA (iron depletion with low hemoglobin) was clearly identified among
only 18.5% of the whole sample, but iron deficiency without anemia (low ferritin and normal hemoglobin) was
recognized in 26.2% of the population. Almost one-fifth (20.6%) of cases had high ferritin values but still
anemic (low hemoglobin). CRP analysis showed almost similar percent (25.1%) had positive CRP value, which
confirm the presence of inflammation.
Table (3): Percent distribution of all population segments according to hemoglobin and ferritin
cross tabulation
Hemoglobin status Total
Anemic Not-anemic
Ferritin
status
Iron depleted (No.) 2227 3154 5381
(%) 18.5 26.2 44.7
Iron not
depleted
(No.) 2476 4166 6642
(%) 20.6 34.7 55.3
Total (No.) 4703 7320 12023
(%) 39.1 60.9 100.0
On the other hand, hemoglobin/ferritin cross tabulation analysis was made for mothers (3065 subjects),
adolescents (4823), schoolchildren (1836), preschool children (2345) and the results are demonstrated in “Fig.”
(1). IDA was identified more among mothers (25.1%), followed by adolescents (17.9%) than other groups (13.6
and 15.1% schoolchildren and preschool children). The hidden iron deficiency expressed in terms of low ferritin
but with normal hemoglobin found in higher percent in adolescents (29.4%) than the prevalence among other
groups. As adolescence is a time of increased iron needs because of the expansion of blood volume and
increases in muscle mass and iron needs are higher in adolescent girls after the onset of menstruation because of
monthly blood loss.
5. Anemia and Iron Deficiency…
34
IV. CONCLUSION
Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia must always be taken into consideration as they have a clear
impact on the patient’s quality of life, and therefore they require adequate treatment and they can be the
consequence of significant or severe diseases, so it is essential to investigate their origin. Hemoglobin and
ferritin were chosen in this study to diagnose Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia. Further study is
recommended including other important indicators as transferrin, serum transferrin receptor and serum iron for
in-depth study of Iron Deficiency Anemia and for better management.
Acknowledgements
We thank Prof. Dr. Naffisa Eid for her assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.
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