This study assessed iron-related parameters in 100 protein-energy malnourished children aged 1-10 years in Calabar, Nigeria compared to 50 healthy controls. Key findings: Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and serum ferritin levels were significantly lower in malnourished children, while serum iron and transferrin saturation were significantly higher. Serum ferritin levels decreased with age in malnourished children. Iron parameters did not differ by type of protein-energy malnutrition. Body mass index was lower in malnourished children. Poor diet and low socioeconomic status were implicated in the reduced iron stores seen in malnourished children.
Cell Deveolpment and Biology- A Study of Liver Regeneration CapacityNatasha A. Mahadeo
This document summarizes a research article that studied how pregnancy can restore the regenerative capacity of the aged liver. The study found that activating the Akt/mTORC1 pathway in older mice through chemical induction stimulated liver cell hypertrophy and improved regeneration, mimicking the effects of pregnancy. Inhibiting this pathway increased only cell proliferation. This suggests activating the Akt/mTORC1 pathway could be a therapeutic strategy for resolving age-related liver cell deterioration. The abstract and introduction provide background on cellular aging and loss of liver regenerative function in the elderly, as well as evidence that heterochronic parabiosis and pregnancy can increase cell proliferation in other aged tissues.
Austin Hepatology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Hepatology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Hepatology. Austin Hepatology accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of hepatology.
Austin Hepatology strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
1) The study examined the impact of maternal vitamin D status on fetal skeletal development through 3D ultrasound measurements in 424 pregnant women.
2) It found that suboptimal maternal vitamin D status was associated with increased femur cross-sectional area and splaying in utero, resembling signs of rickets.
3) This suggests that ensuring optimal maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy may be important for proper fetal skeletal development.
Vitamin D Deficiency In Pre Birth Studiesalisonegypt
1) Lower maternal vitamin D status was associated with greater femoral metaphyseal cross-sectional area and higher femoral splaying index in fetuses at 19 weeks and 34 weeks gestation, suggesting maternal vitamin D insufficiency can influence fetal femoral development as early as 19 weeks.
2) Over 30% of mothers had vitamin D levels considered insufficient or deficient. Lower maternal vitamin D levels were related to increased femoral splaying and larger femoral cross-sectional area in fetuses.
3) The findings suggest that improving maternal vitamin D status early in pregnancy through supplementation may help support optimal fetal bone development.
Nutrigenomics is the study of how nutrients and other food components influence gene expression. It seeks to understand how nutrition impacts homeostasis at the cellular and genetic levels. The main concepts are that specific diets can modulate health and disease by affecting gene expression, an individual's genetic makeup influences their response to diet and disease risk, and personalized diets based on genetics may lower risk. Nutrigenomics examines how nutrients directly or indirectly regulate genes and how genetic variations impact nutrient metabolism and disease. It studies relationships between diet, genes and chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease.
PREDICT Study ASN Presentation June 2020Sara Gordon
Sarah Berry, Nicola Segata, Jose Ordovas and Tim Spector reveal novel findings from the world's largest ongoing nutrition study, PREDICT. The presentation shares learnings on how we metabolize food, the importance of food sequencing and combining, the gut microbiome and inflammation. These findings are some of the most cutting edge in the field of nutrition science, highlighting the need for precision nutrition. Learn more at www.joinzoe.com/science
The Impact of Nutrition and Environmental EpigeneticsDalia Al-Rousan
1. Nutrition and environmental exposures can impact human health and disease through epigenetic mechanisms. Maternal diet and pollution exposure during pregnancy can result in epigenetic changes in offspring that affect disease risk.
2. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and other pollutants are epigenetic toxins that can cause global and gene-specific changes to DNA methylation and histone modifications, interfering with normal development and increasing cancer risk.
3. Dietary factors like nutrients from the Mediterranean diet have been associated with reduced disease risk and positive neurodevelopmental outcomes in children through epigenetic effects.
Cell Deveolpment and Biology- A Study of Liver Regeneration CapacityNatasha A. Mahadeo
This document summarizes a research article that studied how pregnancy can restore the regenerative capacity of the aged liver. The study found that activating the Akt/mTORC1 pathway in older mice through chemical induction stimulated liver cell hypertrophy and improved regeneration, mimicking the effects of pregnancy. Inhibiting this pathway increased only cell proliferation. This suggests activating the Akt/mTORC1 pathway could be a therapeutic strategy for resolving age-related liver cell deterioration. The abstract and introduction provide background on cellular aging and loss of liver regenerative function in the elderly, as well as evidence that heterochronic parabiosis and pregnancy can increase cell proliferation in other aged tissues.
Austin Hepatology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Hepatology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Hepatology. Austin Hepatology accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of hepatology.
Austin Hepatology strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
1) The study examined the impact of maternal vitamin D status on fetal skeletal development through 3D ultrasound measurements in 424 pregnant women.
2) It found that suboptimal maternal vitamin D status was associated with increased femur cross-sectional area and splaying in utero, resembling signs of rickets.
3) This suggests that ensuring optimal maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy may be important for proper fetal skeletal development.
Vitamin D Deficiency In Pre Birth Studiesalisonegypt
1) Lower maternal vitamin D status was associated with greater femoral metaphyseal cross-sectional area and higher femoral splaying index in fetuses at 19 weeks and 34 weeks gestation, suggesting maternal vitamin D insufficiency can influence fetal femoral development as early as 19 weeks.
2) Over 30% of mothers had vitamin D levels considered insufficient or deficient. Lower maternal vitamin D levels were related to increased femoral splaying and larger femoral cross-sectional area in fetuses.
3) The findings suggest that improving maternal vitamin D status early in pregnancy through supplementation may help support optimal fetal bone development.
Nutrigenomics is the study of how nutrients and other food components influence gene expression. It seeks to understand how nutrition impacts homeostasis at the cellular and genetic levels. The main concepts are that specific diets can modulate health and disease by affecting gene expression, an individual's genetic makeup influences their response to diet and disease risk, and personalized diets based on genetics may lower risk. Nutrigenomics examines how nutrients directly or indirectly regulate genes and how genetic variations impact nutrient metabolism and disease. It studies relationships between diet, genes and chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease.
PREDICT Study ASN Presentation June 2020Sara Gordon
Sarah Berry, Nicola Segata, Jose Ordovas and Tim Spector reveal novel findings from the world's largest ongoing nutrition study, PREDICT. The presentation shares learnings on how we metabolize food, the importance of food sequencing and combining, the gut microbiome and inflammation. These findings are some of the most cutting edge in the field of nutrition science, highlighting the need for precision nutrition. Learn more at www.joinzoe.com/science
The Impact of Nutrition and Environmental EpigeneticsDalia Al-Rousan
1. Nutrition and environmental exposures can impact human health and disease through epigenetic mechanisms. Maternal diet and pollution exposure during pregnancy can result in epigenetic changes in offspring that affect disease risk.
2. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and other pollutants are epigenetic toxins that can cause global and gene-specific changes to DNA methylation and histone modifications, interfering with normal development and increasing cancer risk.
3. Dietary factors like nutrients from the Mediterranean diet have been associated with reduced disease risk and positive neurodevelopmental outcomes in children through epigenetic effects.
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. Experiments with genetically identical mice and rats showed that differences in maternal diet during pregnancy can lead to epigenetic changes that affect offspring phenotypes such as fur color, weight, and disease risk, without changing genotypes. Studies also demonstrate that early life experiences like levels of maternal care can induce epigenetic changes in brain development and stress response in offspring. These findings have potential applications for detecting and preventing health issues influenced by epigenetic factors during fetal development and across generations.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 1 (CXCL1) protein expression is increased in aggress...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
This study examined CXCL1 protein expression in 152 bladder tissue samples, including 142 cancer samples and 10 benign samples, using immunohistochemical staining. The key findings were:
1) CXCL1 protein expression was present in cancerous bladder tissues but entirely absent in benign bladder tissues.
2) CXCL1 expression was significantly higher in high-grade and high-stage tumors compared to low-grade and low-stage tumors.
3) Increased CXCL1 expression was associated with reduced disease-specific survival and overall survival.
So in summary, this study found that CXCL1 protein expression is increased in more aggressive bladder cancers and associated with poorer survival outcomes. This suggests CXCL1 may play a
My recent introduction talk for the Nutrigenomics Masterclass 2011in Wageningen (The Netherlands):
How to use Nutrigenomics & molecular nutrition? From challenges to solutions
This document discusses microRNAs and their role in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. It makes three key points:
1) MicroRNAs are epigenetic regulators that play a role in the developmental origins of type 2 diabetes. Changes in prenatal and early life nutrition can alter microRNA expression and DNA methylation, predisposing individuals to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes later in life.
2) Specific microRNAs like miR-375, miR-124, and miR-9 regulate key pathways involved in pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, including insulin secretion, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Deregulation of these microRNAs contributes to impaired insulin production and secretion.
3) MicroRNAs also regulate insulin resistance in
This document contains the curriculum vitae of Pankaj Kapahi, including his education, employment history, honors and awards, publications, and areas of research focus. Some key details include:
- He received his PhD from the University of Manchester in 1998 and currently works as a Professor at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging.
- His research focuses on understanding the biological mechanisms of aging and age-related diseases, particularly using model organisms like C. elegans and Drosophila.
- He has received several prestigious awards for his work including the 2015 Glenn AFAR award and the 2011 Julie Martin AFAR Mid-Career Award in Aging Research.
- He has published over 100 papers in high
This document discusses the relationship between type 2 diabetes and the gut microbiome. It notes that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing rapidly globally, especially in developing countries where people are developing diabetes at younger ages. The gut microbiome can influence whole body metabolism and is impacted by factors like nutrition and lifestyle. Studies have found differences in the gut microbiome of people with obesity and type 2 diabetes, but more research is needed on populations in developing countries. The gut microbiome may impact metabolic health through effects on nutrient processing, gut permeability, inflammation, and signaling molecule production.
1) Glyceollin I is a phytochemical that can reverse epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in letrozole-resistant breast cancer cells by inhibiting the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) transcription factor.
2) Treatment of letrozole-resistant breast cancer cells (LTLT-Ca cells) with glyceollin I led to decreased proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro as well as weaker ZEB1 and N-cadherin staining and stronger E-cadherin staining in vivo.
3) Glyceollin I treatment of LTLT-Ca cells caused a 3.39-fold
This document discusses nutrigenomics, which is the study of how genes are affected by nutrients and dietary components. It covers how individual genetic variations influence nutrient metabolism and disease risk, with the goal of developing personalized diets. Key applications of nutrigenomics discussed include cardiovascular disease, bone health, diabetes, Alzheimer's, and cancer. Advances in high-throughput omics technologies and bioinformatics are enabling more comprehensive analysis of gene-diet interactions.
This document provides an overview of nutritional genomics, which combines molecular biology, genetics, and nutrition. Nutritional genomics examines how diet, nutrients, and food components interact with an individual's genetic makeup to influence health and disease. It discusses key concepts like nutrigenomics, which focuses on how nutrients affect genes and metabolic processes, and nutrigenetics, which examines how genetic variations influence interactions between diet and health. The document also outlines some tools and techniques used in nutritional genomics, such as analyzing single nucleotide polymorphisms to understand individual responses to nutrients.
the new emerging field of science that is nutrigenomics can deal with the issues of health and improve out health with the simple tools by understanding the risk and the baic genome of a person
This document discusses nutrigenomics, which examines how diet interacts with an individual's genes and health. It describes how macronutrients and micronutrients can influence gene expression and molecular pathways related to energy homeostasis, nutrient absorption, cell proliferation, growth, immunity and normal body function. Specific examples are given of how fatty acids and glucose impact liver and adipose gene expression related to metabolism. The document also outlines techniques used in nutrigenomics research like RT-PCR, microarrays, and reporter systems that allow analysis of gene expression and regulation in response to dietary components.
biology folding. anticancer and antidiabetes GeorgeUPB
The document summarizes two scientific studies. The first study found that silencing a gene called p57 that inhibits cell replication caused insulin-producing beta cells to reproduce, showing potential for diabetes treatment. The second study showed that a small molecule called BMH-21 disrupted cancer cell transcription pathways and prevented replication, showing promise as an anti-cancer therapy. Both studies explored new pathways for treating important diseases.
This document discusses nutrigenomics, which is defined as the study of how foods and their constituents affect gene expression. It provides definitions of nutrigenomics and related terms like nutrigenetics, epigenetics, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The document also examines how nutrigenomics research can provide insights into gene-diet interactions and their relationships to diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Finally, it discusses some advantages and disadvantages of nutrigenomics as well as future directions for this area of research.
This study found that flies expressing the human amyloid-b peptide (Ab42) in neurons exhibited significantly reduced consolidated sleep compared to control flies. When these Ab42 flies also expressed either the Drosophila or mammalian fatty acid binding protein (Fabp) transgene, they showed a significant increase in nighttime sleep and longer consolidated sleep bouts, rescuing the sleep disruption caused by Ab42. This suggests that Ab42 expression alone can disrupt sleep consolidation, and that Fabp expression may help mitigate Ab42-induced sleep disturbances, as seen in Alzheimer's disease patients. Understanding these relationships between Ab42, Fabp, and sleep could aid in developing therapies to delay Alzheimer's disease progression.
It is about aging and how aging is tried to controlled by different sort of methods and animals models are used in the testing the products created by science. It explains the different theories of aging in a very detailed manner. And the very least includes different animal models like mouse and monkey on which these treatments are applied and checked the effects of them that how we can control aging. We, can never say that controlling aging is something about that we are becoming immortal it is totally about finding the factors which can reduce tha aging and aging related diseases.
Nutritional genomics is the study of how genes interact with environmental factors like diet. It seeks to identify genes that influence disease risk and how bioactive foods can modify these genes to prevent or treat diseases. Research uses DNA microarrays to identify active and inactive genes in response to conditions. Small DNA variations called SNPs can increase disease risk when combined with environmental exposures like diet. Disease is influenced by multiple gene-environment interactions through the epigenome, which regulates genes in response to signals like dietary phytochemicals and nutrients. While adults can temporarily influence their epigenome through diet, most changes occur during development. Genetic testing can provide personalized nutrition advice but also raises ethical issues. Unethical companies falsely claim to provide personalized
Quantitative and qualitative analysis by hplc of major peganum harmala alkalo...Alexander Decker
The content and composition of major alkaloids in Peganum harmala varies significantly depending on the plant's developmental stage and organ. Analysis showed:
1) Roots contained the highest concentrations and greatest diversity of alkaloids, particularly harmine, which remained the most abundant molecule.
2) Alkaloid content generally increased during the first 3 weeks of growth and stabilized during vegetative growth before declining at flowering.
3) Optimal exploitation of P. harmala's alkaloids is harvesting plant material during vegetative growth when organs are richest.
Emily Senkowsky is a vocal performance graduate from New York University seeking administrative and customer service roles in New York City. She has experience as an actress in theatre productions, as well as serving and hosting. She is organized, punctual, and passionate about music and acting.
Este documento presenta los contenidos de la Tarea No. 11 para estudiantes de séptimo grado en la Unidad Educativa Particular Terranova. Los contenidos incluyen fracciones generatriz, graficar decimales en la recta numérica, pares ordenados, potenciación de decimales y operaciones combinadas.
Este documento describe un proyecto para recaudar fondos para mejorar las instalaciones de Palomitas Blancas a través de la venta de un kit que incluye un CD de audio con cuentos narrados por personalidades reconocidas y un libro de cuentos escritos por autores bahienses. El kit se comercializará principalmente durante las fiestas de fin de año y el Día del Niño para recaudar fondos y dar a conocer a los escritores, ilustradores y locutores participantes.
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. Experiments with genetically identical mice and rats showed that differences in maternal diet during pregnancy can lead to epigenetic changes that affect offspring phenotypes such as fur color, weight, and disease risk, without changing genotypes. Studies also demonstrate that early life experiences like levels of maternal care can induce epigenetic changes in brain development and stress response in offspring. These findings have potential applications for detecting and preventing health issues influenced by epigenetic factors during fetal development and across generations.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 1 (CXCL1) protein expression is increased in aggress...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
This study examined CXCL1 protein expression in 152 bladder tissue samples, including 142 cancer samples and 10 benign samples, using immunohistochemical staining. The key findings were:
1) CXCL1 protein expression was present in cancerous bladder tissues but entirely absent in benign bladder tissues.
2) CXCL1 expression was significantly higher in high-grade and high-stage tumors compared to low-grade and low-stage tumors.
3) Increased CXCL1 expression was associated with reduced disease-specific survival and overall survival.
So in summary, this study found that CXCL1 protein expression is increased in more aggressive bladder cancers and associated with poorer survival outcomes. This suggests CXCL1 may play a
My recent introduction talk for the Nutrigenomics Masterclass 2011in Wageningen (The Netherlands):
How to use Nutrigenomics & molecular nutrition? From challenges to solutions
This document discusses microRNAs and their role in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. It makes three key points:
1) MicroRNAs are epigenetic regulators that play a role in the developmental origins of type 2 diabetes. Changes in prenatal and early life nutrition can alter microRNA expression and DNA methylation, predisposing individuals to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes later in life.
2) Specific microRNAs like miR-375, miR-124, and miR-9 regulate key pathways involved in pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, including insulin secretion, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Deregulation of these microRNAs contributes to impaired insulin production and secretion.
3) MicroRNAs also regulate insulin resistance in
This document contains the curriculum vitae of Pankaj Kapahi, including his education, employment history, honors and awards, publications, and areas of research focus. Some key details include:
- He received his PhD from the University of Manchester in 1998 and currently works as a Professor at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging.
- His research focuses on understanding the biological mechanisms of aging and age-related diseases, particularly using model organisms like C. elegans and Drosophila.
- He has received several prestigious awards for his work including the 2015 Glenn AFAR award and the 2011 Julie Martin AFAR Mid-Career Award in Aging Research.
- He has published over 100 papers in high
This document discusses the relationship between type 2 diabetes and the gut microbiome. It notes that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing rapidly globally, especially in developing countries where people are developing diabetes at younger ages. The gut microbiome can influence whole body metabolism and is impacted by factors like nutrition and lifestyle. Studies have found differences in the gut microbiome of people with obesity and type 2 diabetes, but more research is needed on populations in developing countries. The gut microbiome may impact metabolic health through effects on nutrient processing, gut permeability, inflammation, and signaling molecule production.
1) Glyceollin I is a phytochemical that can reverse epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in letrozole-resistant breast cancer cells by inhibiting the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) transcription factor.
2) Treatment of letrozole-resistant breast cancer cells (LTLT-Ca cells) with glyceollin I led to decreased proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro as well as weaker ZEB1 and N-cadherin staining and stronger E-cadherin staining in vivo.
3) Glyceollin I treatment of LTLT-Ca cells caused a 3.39-fold
This document discusses nutrigenomics, which is the study of how genes are affected by nutrients and dietary components. It covers how individual genetic variations influence nutrient metabolism and disease risk, with the goal of developing personalized diets. Key applications of nutrigenomics discussed include cardiovascular disease, bone health, diabetes, Alzheimer's, and cancer. Advances in high-throughput omics technologies and bioinformatics are enabling more comprehensive analysis of gene-diet interactions.
This document provides an overview of nutritional genomics, which combines molecular biology, genetics, and nutrition. Nutritional genomics examines how diet, nutrients, and food components interact with an individual's genetic makeup to influence health and disease. It discusses key concepts like nutrigenomics, which focuses on how nutrients affect genes and metabolic processes, and nutrigenetics, which examines how genetic variations influence interactions between diet and health. The document also outlines some tools and techniques used in nutritional genomics, such as analyzing single nucleotide polymorphisms to understand individual responses to nutrients.
the new emerging field of science that is nutrigenomics can deal with the issues of health and improve out health with the simple tools by understanding the risk and the baic genome of a person
This document discusses nutrigenomics, which examines how diet interacts with an individual's genes and health. It describes how macronutrients and micronutrients can influence gene expression and molecular pathways related to energy homeostasis, nutrient absorption, cell proliferation, growth, immunity and normal body function. Specific examples are given of how fatty acids and glucose impact liver and adipose gene expression related to metabolism. The document also outlines techniques used in nutrigenomics research like RT-PCR, microarrays, and reporter systems that allow analysis of gene expression and regulation in response to dietary components.
biology folding. anticancer and antidiabetes GeorgeUPB
The document summarizes two scientific studies. The first study found that silencing a gene called p57 that inhibits cell replication caused insulin-producing beta cells to reproduce, showing potential for diabetes treatment. The second study showed that a small molecule called BMH-21 disrupted cancer cell transcription pathways and prevented replication, showing promise as an anti-cancer therapy. Both studies explored new pathways for treating important diseases.
This document discusses nutrigenomics, which is defined as the study of how foods and their constituents affect gene expression. It provides definitions of nutrigenomics and related terms like nutrigenetics, epigenetics, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The document also examines how nutrigenomics research can provide insights into gene-diet interactions and their relationships to diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Finally, it discusses some advantages and disadvantages of nutrigenomics as well as future directions for this area of research.
This study found that flies expressing the human amyloid-b peptide (Ab42) in neurons exhibited significantly reduced consolidated sleep compared to control flies. When these Ab42 flies also expressed either the Drosophila or mammalian fatty acid binding protein (Fabp) transgene, they showed a significant increase in nighttime sleep and longer consolidated sleep bouts, rescuing the sleep disruption caused by Ab42. This suggests that Ab42 expression alone can disrupt sleep consolidation, and that Fabp expression may help mitigate Ab42-induced sleep disturbances, as seen in Alzheimer's disease patients. Understanding these relationships between Ab42, Fabp, and sleep could aid in developing therapies to delay Alzheimer's disease progression.
It is about aging and how aging is tried to controlled by different sort of methods and animals models are used in the testing the products created by science. It explains the different theories of aging in a very detailed manner. And the very least includes different animal models like mouse and monkey on which these treatments are applied and checked the effects of them that how we can control aging. We, can never say that controlling aging is something about that we are becoming immortal it is totally about finding the factors which can reduce tha aging and aging related diseases.
Nutritional genomics is the study of how genes interact with environmental factors like diet. It seeks to identify genes that influence disease risk and how bioactive foods can modify these genes to prevent or treat diseases. Research uses DNA microarrays to identify active and inactive genes in response to conditions. Small DNA variations called SNPs can increase disease risk when combined with environmental exposures like diet. Disease is influenced by multiple gene-environment interactions through the epigenome, which regulates genes in response to signals like dietary phytochemicals and nutrients. While adults can temporarily influence their epigenome through diet, most changes occur during development. Genetic testing can provide personalized nutrition advice but also raises ethical issues. Unethical companies falsely claim to provide personalized
Quantitative and qualitative analysis by hplc of major peganum harmala alkalo...Alexander Decker
The content and composition of major alkaloids in Peganum harmala varies significantly depending on the plant's developmental stage and organ. Analysis showed:
1) Roots contained the highest concentrations and greatest diversity of alkaloids, particularly harmine, which remained the most abundant molecule.
2) Alkaloid content generally increased during the first 3 weeks of growth and stabilized during vegetative growth before declining at flowering.
3) Optimal exploitation of P. harmala's alkaloids is harvesting plant material during vegetative growth when organs are richest.
Emily Senkowsky is a vocal performance graduate from New York University seeking administrative and customer service roles in New York City. She has experience as an actress in theatre productions, as well as serving and hosting. She is organized, punctual, and passionate about music and acting.
Este documento presenta los contenidos de la Tarea No. 11 para estudiantes de séptimo grado en la Unidad Educativa Particular Terranova. Los contenidos incluyen fracciones generatriz, graficar decimales en la recta numérica, pares ordenados, potenciación de decimales y operaciones combinadas.
Este documento describe un proyecto para recaudar fondos para mejorar las instalaciones de Palomitas Blancas a través de la venta de un kit que incluye un CD de audio con cuentos narrados por personalidades reconocidas y un libro de cuentos escritos por autores bahienses. El kit se comercializará principalmente durante las fiestas de fin de año y el Día del Niño para recaudar fondos y dar a conocer a los escritores, ilustradores y locutores participantes.
Role of trade associations how does it affect entrepreneurial framework condi...Alexander Decker
The document discusses how trade associations in Nigeria's transport industry can influence entrepreneurial conditions through both pro-competitive and anti-competitive roles. A study was conducted of 144 trade associations and 657 related organizations using questionnaires to determine the extent of influence. The results showed that anti-competitive roles had a significantly higher mean score than pro-competitive roles, suggesting they negatively impact entrepreneurial conditions more. The document recommends that government measures aim to inhibit anti-competitive roles while promoting pro-competitive ones among trade associations.
Removal of lead and oil hydrocarbon from oil refining contaminated wastewater...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential of three Pseudomonas bacterial species (P. florescence, P. paucimobilis, and Pseudomonas sp.) to remove lead and crude oil from wastewater from an oil refinery in Alexandria, Egypt. The study tested different bacteria to wastewater ratios in batch experiments and measured the removal efficiency of lead, oil, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results showed high removal efficiency of lead (over 90%) and oil (56.8-68.8%) and partial removal of COD and BOD. P. florescence was the most effective and a bacteria to wastewater ratio of
Result oriented target setting and leading high performance teamsAlexander Decker
This document discusses result oriented target setting and leading high performance teams. It begins by defining result oriented target setting based on goal setting theory of motivation. It states that specific, difficult goals with feedback can lead to higher performance if employees are committed to achieving them. It also discusses different types of teams like self-managed teams, cross-functional teams, and virtual teams. It identifies factors that affect team effectiveness like organizational environment, team design, and team processes. Overall, the document emphasizes that setting results-oriented goals and effective team leadership are important for organizational effectiveness.
El documento presenta diferentes modelos pedagógicos como el personalismo, la pedagogía dialogante, la pedagogía de la humanización, la pedagogía del amor, la pedagogía Waldorf, la psicología transpersonal y la pedagogía humanista. Cada modelo se enfoca en aspectos como el valor de la persona, la construcción del conocimiento a través del diálogo, la formación de sujetos con responsabilidad social y el respeto mutuo entre docente y estudiante.
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Pregnant Women in Calabar, Cross ...IOSR Journals
Iron is a component of a number of proteins including haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes and enzymes involved in redox reactions. Inadequate iron intake can lead to varying degrees of deficiency, from low iron stores to early iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia and this is dangerous to both baby and mother. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria. Seventy pregnant women within the age range of 15-45 years from University of Calabar Teaching Hospital were recruited as subjects in this study. The control consisted of fifty age-matched apparently healthy non-pregnant women . The tests that were carried out using standard method include include full blood count (packed cell volume, haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration and red cell count), serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation,serum ferritin and soluble transferrin recptor. The prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05)><0.01)><0.01) increased in pregnant than non-pregnant. It was also shown that pregnant women in their third trimesters and multigravidae had the highest prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia while pregnant women in their second trimester had the highest prevalence of anaemia. In conclusion the study has shown that the prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in the studied area were still high and can be considered public health problem.
This document summarizes a study on biochemical nutritional indicators in children with protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in Nepal. The study aimed to determine biochemical parameters related to PEM and compare them to well-nourished children. 120 children aged 6-59 months were divided into a PEM group and control group based on weight-for-height measurements. Biochemical tests found significantly lower mean total protein, albumin, and calcium levels in the PEM group compared to controls, indicating higher rates of hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia in PEM children. Educational status and occupations of parents of PEM children also differed significantly from parents of control children.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a large-scale iron-fortified milk distribution program on anemia and iron deficiency in young children in Mexico. Researchers conducted a group-randomized trial assigning 12 milk distribution centers to provide either fortified or non-fortified milk to over 18,000 children aged 12-30 months. They found lower prevalences of anemia and iron deficiency in the fortified milk group compared to the non-fortified group at both 6 and 12 months. Fortified milk reduced the risk of mild-moderate anemia by 36% at 6 months and 57% at 12 months. The results suggest that fortifying milk provided through existing distribution programs can help reduce iron deficiency and anemia in low-
Dietary iron status and health of third trimester pregnant women in kenyaAlexander Decker
1) The study aimed to assess dietary iron intake among third trimester pregnant women in Kenya through 24-hour dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires.
2) The mean daily dietary iron intake was found to be 19.62mg, which meets the recommended daily intake of 21mg. However, 15.4% of women consumed less than 19.62mg of iron per day.
3) Education level was found to be associated with iron intake, as women with higher education levels generally consumed more iron-rich foods. It was also associated with uptake of iron supplements.
Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Egyptiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Prevalence of anemia among teenage pregnant girls attending antenatal clinic ...Alexander Decker
The study found that the prevalence of anemia among teenage pregnant girls in Bungoma District, Western Kenya was 61%. Nearly half (48.3%) had mild anemia, 31.2% had moderate anemia, and 20.5% had severe anemia. Factors associated with anemia included parasitic infections like hookworm, which were linked to inadequate calcium intake, and malaria parasites, which affected folate intake. Food intake and socioeconomic factors also played a role, as iron intake was associated with perceived food shortage and over 65% of participants had a monthly income below $100. The high rates of anemia found indicate the need for deworming and anemia treatment programs for pregnant teenage girls in the region
This review article summarizes evidence from 26 randomized controlled trials on the health benefits and risks of iron supplementation in young children aged 0-59 months in developing countries.
The main benefits found were: 1) Iron supplementation improved hemoglobin concentrations and reduced anemia prevalence in iron-deficient or anemic children. 2) Improvements in cognitive and motor development were observed, particularly with longer, lower-dose supplementation regimens.
However, the results for effects on growth, morbidity, and mortality were mixed. While iron supplementation improved weight gains in iron-deficient children, it adversely affected gains in iron-replete children. Most studies found no effect on morbidity, and the evidence for effects on
Nutritional status of boarding and non boarding children in selected schools ...Alexander Decker
This study assessed and compared the nutritional status of boarding and non-boarding children aged 8-10 years in selected private schools in Accra, Ghana. A total of 124 children participated, with 94 being non-boarders and 30 boarders. Anthropometric measurements and 24-hour dietary recalls were collected. The prevalence of stunting and underweight was low at 0.8% each, while overweight and obesity were higher at 12.1% and 11.3%, respectively. Nutrient intakes of calcium and energy were inadequate for many children. No significant differences were found in nutritional status or nutrient intakes between boarding and non-boarding children.
This study assessed levels of trace elements (iron, zinc, selenium, and chromium) in pregnant women in Nigeria. Blood samples were taken from 120 pregnant women in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters and 40 non-pregnant controls. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry found:
- Iron, zinc, and selenium levels decreased significantly from the 1st to 3rd trimester and were lower than controls.
- Chromium levels decreased non-significantly from the 1st to 3rd trimester and were lower than controls.
The study concludes routine nutritional supplements of iron, zinc, and folic acid are recommended during pregnancy to prevent deficiencies.
This document summarizes a study on iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant women in Iraq. The study evaluated serum levels of iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, sodium, and potassium in 3 groups: non-pregnant women (group 1), healthy pregnant women (group 2), and pregnant women with IDA (group 3). The results showed decreased serum iron and increased copper levels in group 2 compared to group 1. Groups 2 and 3 both had reductions in magnesium, manganese, calcium, and potassium compared to group 1. The findings indicate IDA affects levels of these elements in pregnant women, and they could serve as markers for assessing IDA during pregnancy.
Perioperative fluid therapy and intraoperative blood loss in children.pptxthiyaguR11
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Determination the Levels of Zinc and Copper in Patients with LeukemiaHussein Alkufi
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This study investigated the nutritional behavior of 168 female high school students in Khorramshahr, Iran regarding calcium-rich food consumption. The students' knowledge about calcium-rich foods was moderate (50.6%) or poor (28%), and their attitudes were moderate (47.6%) or poor (29.2%). Most students (57.1%) did not consume enough calcium daily. There were significant relationships between demographic factors, attitudes, and calcium consumption behavior. The study indicates knowledge and attitude improvement programs could help increase students' calcium intake.
Abstract—This study was aimed to find out relationship of maternal Zinc, Copper and Iron levels with birth weight. Epidemiological observations are that Low birth weight babies i.e. weighing less than 2,500 grams, are approximately 20 times more likely to die than heavier babies. LBWs are more common in developing than developed countries. This study was conducted on 100 new born infant and their mother. Mothers of just delivered babies were investigated for assessing serum zinc, iron and copper levels on atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Along with this cord blood samples of newborn delivered by these identified women were investigated for zinc, iron and copper levels. Simultaneously birth weight of newborns delivered by these mothers were assessed. Association of maternal Zinc, Copper and Iron with birth weight of newborn was analyzed by unpaired student's’ test of significance. It was found in this study that maternal and newborn serum Zinc and Copper level were significantly lower and higher respectively in LBWs whereas serum Iron was not associated with birth weight of infants.
Comparison of prolonged low volume milk and routine volume milk onamir mohammad Armanian
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A link between premenopausal iron deficiency and breast cancer malignancyEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
This document summarizes a study that found a link between premenopausal iron deficiency and breast cancer malignancy. The study used mouse models and human patient data to show that host iron deficiency promotes primary tumor growth and lung metastasis in mice. It also found that mild iron deficiency in young human breast cancer patients was significantly associated with lymph node invasion. The results indicate that host iron deficiency could be a contributing factor to the poorer prognosis often seen in young breast cancer patients.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of low dose iron and zinc interventions during the first 1000 days of life, from conception to age 2 years. The review found that supplying iron or zinc during pregnancy had no effects on birth outcomes. There was limited data on the effects during pregnancy and lactation on child outcomes. Providing up to 15 mg of iron per day to infants increased hemoglobin and ferritin levels and reduced anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia, but had no effect on growth or development. Providing up to 10 mg of additional zinc to infants increased zinc levels and reduced zinc deficiency, and had positive effects on weight-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores
Dietary Supplementation with Calcium in Healthy Rats Administered with Artemi...IOSR Journals
Reports on the role of calcium on predisposition to cardiovascular disease have been rather inconsistent while studies on its interaction with other medications are ongoing. We therefore investigated the effect of separate and combine administration of calcium supplement with artemisinin-based combination drug on hepatic and serum lipid profile. Thirty two male wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of eight rats each. The control (group A) received normal saline. Group B and D were placed on 10mg/Kg calcium twice daily for four weeks. On the thirtieth day, therapeutic dose of artemisinin-based combination was simultaneously administered to group C and group D twice daily for three days. All the rats were then sacrificed after 12 hours fasting, blood was withdrawn and the liver removed and homogenized in an appropriate buffer. Biochemical analysis showed no significant (p>0.05) variation in hepatic triaacylglycerol in all the treated groups whereas calcium supplementation was observed to induce a significant (p<0.05) reduction in hepatic cholesterol. Significant elevations due to calcium supplementation were also observed in serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol level and atherogenic risk index with a concomitant reduction in serum HDL cholesterol. No significant change was observed in serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and serum lipoproteins in all other treatment groups. Our study suggests that calcium supplementation may predispose to cardiovascular disease and that its co administration with ACT may not aggravate nor reduced the predisposition risk.
This study investigated the effects of moderate perinatal choline deficiency in piglets. Sows were fed either a choline sufficient or deficient diet during gestation. After farrowing, piglets were fed one of two milk replacers, either choline sufficient or deficient, for 4 weeks. Piglets exposed to postnatal choline deficiency had lower plasma choline levels and higher liver enzymes. They also had higher liver lipid content and lower plasma cholesterol. Prenatal choline deficiency resulted in smaller brain size. The results suggest piglets are a useful model for studying effects of perinatal choline deficiency seen in humans and rodents.
Similar to Reduced levels of some iron parameters of protein energy (20)
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This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
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Overview
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Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
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4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
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5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
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11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
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12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Reduced levels of some iron parameters of protein energy
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Reduced Levels of Some Iron Parameters of Protein Energy
Malnourished Children in Calabar, Nigeria
Naomi Ernest 1, Patience Akpan 2, Emmanuel Uko 2
1.Department of Haematology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross-River State, Nigeria.
2.Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haematology Unit, University of Calabar, P.O. box 1115, Calabar,
Cross-River State, Nigeria.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: apu0520@yahoo.com
Abstract
Hunger and malnutrition are among the most devastating problems dominating the health of the world’s poorest
nations. This research was carried out to assess iron related parameters of protein energy malnourished children
in Calabar. One hundred (100) malnourished children within the ages of 1-10 years and admitted in the
Paediatric clinic of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar were enrolled for this study. Fifty (50)
apparently healthy children of similar age were used as controls. Assays were performed using standard methods.
The mean values of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and serum ferritin obtained from protein energy
malnourished (PEM) children were significantly lower (P<0.05) when compared to values for control subjects.
Conversely, the serum iron and transferrin saturation of the test group were significantly higher (P<0.05) than
that of the controls. Serum ferritin level of the protein energy malnourished children who were 6-10 years of age
was significantly lower (P<0.05) than their counterparts who were 1-5 years old. Iron parameters were observed
to be the same irrespective of the type of PEM. The body mass index (BMI) of the control was higher than that
of the test group. The iron stores of protein energy malnourished children has been observed to be significantly
reduced (P<0.05) when compared with apparently healthy children. Poor diet and the low socio-economic status
of the parents are implicated.
Key words: Protein energy malnutrition, iron, kwashiorkor, marasmus
1.
Introduction
Nutrition is a fundamental need for health and in all stages of development in humans (WHO, 2000). Growth
and development is being threatened by the growing surge of malnutrition in our society especially in children
aged between one and ten years. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines malnutrition as the cellular
imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and the body’s demand for them to ensure growth
maintenance and specific function (WHO, 2003). Hunger and malnutrition remain among the most devastating
problems facing majority of the poor and needy in resource poor countries in the world and thus continue to
dominate the health problems in these nations (WHO, 2000). Commonly referred to as “the silent emergency”,
malnutrition is said to be an accomplice in at least half of the 10.9 million child deaths each year in developing
countries. Sadly, of all the various forms of malnutrition, protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is considered the
most lethal (WHO, 2000) and infants are its targeted victims. A study on the nutritional status of Nigerian
children revealed that 52% of child deaths are attributed to PEM making it the single greatest cause of infant
mortality (Abdullahi et al., 2001). PEM covers a range of deficiency states from mild to severe and is defined as
a range of pathological conditions arising from coincident lack in varying proportions of protein and calories
occurring most frequently in infants or young children. The clinical disorders present either as kwashiorkor
(insufficient high quality proteins) or marasmus (deficiency of calories). A combination of both is known as
marasmic-kwashiorkor (Petason and Watson, 2004). Iron is a universal co-factor for mitochondrial energy
generation and supports the growth and differentiation of all cell types. The regulation of systemic iron is
through the proteins transferrin (iron mobilization) and ferritin (iron sequestration) (Ruskins and Connors, 1994).
Maintenance of total body iron is dependent on absorption of ingested iron by the intestinal mucosa. Iron
absorption is a very complex process that is influenced by the body iron store, its rate of utilization and the
availability of transport proteins. This study was aimed at providing information on the iron status of protein
energy malnourished children in Calabar, Nigeria.
1.1 Materials and methods
A total of one hundred children between the ages of one to ten (1-10) years diagnosed with various forms of
protein energy malnutrition and admitted at the Paediatric clinic of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital,
Calabar, Nigeria were enrolled in this study. Of these, forty three (43) were males while fifty seven (57) were
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females. Fifty apparently healthy children of similar age consisting of twenty nine (29) males and twenty one
(21) females, selected from Madonna Montessori Nursery and Primary school, Calabar served as control
subjects. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital
(UCTH). Informed consent and a standard questionnaire on medical and social history were administered to the
parents of each subject. The protein energy malnourished children who were less than a year old or older than 10
years and had other clinical complications were excluded from the study.
Five milliliters (5ml) of venous blood was collected aseptically into two sample containers. Two (2) ml of blood
was delivered into dipotassium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (K2EDTA) container to a final concentration of
2mg/ml for the estimation of haemoglobin and packed cell volume while the remaining 3ml was delivered into
sterile iron-free screw-cap bottles and allowed to clot within one hour at room temperature, then centrifuged at
3,000 rpm for 10 minutes and the serum separated into iron-free containers and stored at -20oC until the analysis
was performed. Haemoglobin (Hb) was estimated using Cyanmethaemoglobin method while packed cell volume
(PCV) was measured using the microhaematocrit method (Dacie and Lewis, 2001). Serum iron (SI) and total
iron binding capacity (TIBC) were measured colorimetrically using kits purchased from Audit Diagnostics,
Ireland. Serum ferritin (SF) determination was based on a solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Transferrin saturation (TS) was derived by calculation from serum iron and total iron binding capacity.
The body mass index (BMI) of the test and control subjects was also determined. The data generated from this
study were subjected to student t-test analysis and one-way analysis of variance. A two tailed P-value of < 0.05
was considered indicative of a statistically significant difference.
1.1.1 Results
This research work examined iron-related parameters of one hundred protein energy malnourished children in
Calabar aged between one to ten years as compared to fifty apparently healthy control subjects of similar age.
The tests performed were haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), serum iron (SI),
total iron binding capacity (TIBC), serum ferritin (SF) and transferrin saturation (TS). As shown in table 1, the
mean values obtained for haemoglobin, packed cell volume and serum ferritin of PEM children were
8.70±1.10g/dl, 0.26±0.04L/L and 15.10±13.45ng/ml respectively and these values were significantly lower
(P<0.05) when compared to values obtained for control subjects (11.00±0.90g/dl, 0.33±0.02L/L,
53.50±30.13ng/ml). Conversely, the serum iron and transferrin saturation of the test group (14.00±3.90µmol/L,
25.70±8.30%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the controls (9.80±2.32µmol/L, 15.90±4.76%).
There was no change (P>0.05) in the total iron binding capacity with PEM subjects and controls having values
of 55.80±8.30µmol/L and 62.80±8.90µmol/L respectively. Table 2 shows the influence of age on the parameters
measured for PEM children and controls. The study population was grouped into ages 1-5 and 6-10 years. Serum
ferritin level of the 1-5 years group (24.02±32.35ng/ml) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the 6-10 years
group (13.88±8.41ng/ml) for the test subjects. Similarly, the values for the control subjects were
64.48±28.30ng/ml and 45.39±28.40ng/ml for the 1-5 and 6-10 years group respectively. Other parameters were
not influenced by age. Table 3 shows that iron parameters are the same irrespective of the type of PEM. The
body mass index (BMI) of the control (20.91±3.10) was higher than that of the test group (18.39±3.27) though
not significantly. A comparison of the weight and height of PEM children and control subjects is presented in
Figures 1 and 2.
1.1.2 Discussion
Protein energy malnutrition is one of the most serious problems encountered in early childhood. It is implicated
in childhood mortality and morbidity. This study was designed to investigate and evaluate some iron related
parameters of protein energy malnourished children in Calabar. It was observed that the haemoglobin, packed
cell volume and serum ferritin (8.70±1.10g/dl, 0.26±0.04L/L and 15.10±13.45ng/ml) of protein energy
malnourished children were significantly lower (P<0.05) than values obtained for control subjects
(11.00±0.90g/dl, 0.33±0.02L/L, 53.50±30.13ng/ml). This finding is in accordance with the report of previous
studies (Reeds and Laditan, 1996; Emeribe, et al. 1994; Usanga, 1990; Taiwo, et al. 1992). These low values
could be attributed to poor diet due to low socio-economic status of the parents. It was observed from the
administered questionnaire that these children were from very poor background, not well breast-fed or
abandoned. The significant reduction in haemoglobin and packed cell volume in this study could be explained by
the fact that synthesis of haemoglobin is impaired in protein-depletion conditions. Indirect evidence that protein
deficiency is the cause of anemia in PEM was shown by Allen and Dean (1993). However, it has been shown
that an erythropoietic adaptation rather than anaemia occurs in children with PEM as a consequence of a
reduction in lean body mass, as measured indirectly by urinary creatinine excretion. According to Viteri and
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Alvarado (1970), total circulating haemoglobin is reduced in proportion to the degree of depletion of the lean
body mass. Conversely, mild to moderate anaemia (Hb of about 10g/dl) had earlier been reported to be more
commonly associated with PEM in Zimbabwe (Nkrumah, et al. 1988); Uganda (Allen and Dean, 1993) and
South Africa (Macdougall, et al. 1999). Serum ferritin was found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) in protein
energy malnourished children than in the control group. Low SF level in malnourished children defines the
onset of iron deficiency and denotes complete exhaustion of iron stores (Ramdath & Goklien, 1989). The lack of
iron has been reported by several workers to be the main cause of anaemia in malnutrition. Iron deficiency in
relation to PEM, impairs normal motor and mental development in children (Pollit, 1995). In
contrast serum iron and transferrin saturation (14.00±3.90µmol/L, 25.70±8.30%) of protein energy malnourished
children were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control group (9.80±2.32µmol/L, 15.90±4.76%). This is
in accordance with work done by Taiwo, et al (1992) in Ile-Ife, western Nigeria. This significant increase in SI
and TS may be due to the fact that transferrin which is responsible for transport of free iron to storage sites is
lacking due to the deficiency in protein. This results in a high level of unbound iron in the serum. Cook and
Skikne (2005) reported that serum iron is not enough to measure iron stores and anaemia. In contrast, Sa’iah, et
al (2007) reported a decrease in serum iron in PEM. This could be attributed to the fact that the malnourished
children in their study suffered from severe trichuriasis which was a significant contributor to anaemia and iron
deficiency in that population. According to Mclaren, et al (1986), increased transferrin saturation in protein
energy malnourished children may be due to the bone marrow presenting normal or elevated iron deposits.
Transferrin saturation may also play a key role in infection resistance during period of physiological low
concentration of immunoglobulins in growing children (Dallman, 1987).
When the age of protein energy malnourished children was considered in relation to iron (table 2), the serum
ferritin was significantly different (p<0.05) for the two age groups. This implies that body iron stores decreases
with age. This is in agreement with previous findings (Abdulkader and Ataur, 1992). This study has shown no
significant differences (p>0.05) in mean values of all analyzed iron related parameters between the PEM types
(table 3) and agrees with previous report (Saad, 1974). The low level of haemoglobin and PCV in relation to
PEM groups could be attributed to an adaptation to decreased body mass. The haematological alterations in PEM
must be viewed as a dynamic phenomenon of balance between body composition and the erythron (Viteri, et
al.1998).
Comparing the weights and heights in relation to the ages of protein energy malnourished children with the
control group (figures 1 & 2), it was observed that there was a stunt in the growth of those children who were
malnourished. This reflects the cumulative effect of under nutrition. This Anthropometry measurement is in
accordance with the World Health Organization standard as it relates to PEM.
This study has shown that a statistical difference exists between the iron levels of protein energy malnourished
children when compared with apparently healthy children. Due to the significant decrease in the iron related
parameters of malnourished children in this part of the world, it is recommended that haemoglobin
concentration, packed cell volume and serum ferritin should be part of the routine tests for children reporting to
hospitals for any ailment. Also, early hospital attendance when PEM related symptom is noticed is
recommended. Improvement in societal infrastructure, better maternal education and nutrition, provision of
adequate child welfare clinics, and proper child welfare which should include balanced and adequate dieting will
contribute significantly to reduce the incidence of protein energy malnutrition and its effects.
References
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Pakistani infants and children. British Journal of Nutrition. (28) 191.
Abdullahi, S.H., Ajayi O.A., Akomas, O.E.U., Aminu, F.T., Bako S., Ekezie, E.O., Ekpunobi, I.O., Eze, U.E.,
Falana, A.O., Iwajomo, F.A., Jeminiwa, A.C., Ndiokwelu, C.I., Nnam, N.M., Nyam, A.I., Oguntona,
T., Omotola, B. Sanusi, R.A., & Williams, A. C. (2001). Nutrition situation in Nigeria. A call for Action
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Emeribe, A. O., Uko, E.., & Ejezie, G.C. (1994). Common Laboratory findings in protein energy malnutrition in
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Table 1
Iron related parameters of protein energy malnourished children and control subjects
PEM patients
Control subjects P-value
(N=100)
(N=50)
HB (g/dL)
8.70±1.10
11.00±0.90
<0.05
PCV (L/L)
0.26±0.04
0.33±0.02
<0.05
SF (ng/ml)
15.10±13.45
53.50±30.13
<0.05
SI (µmol/L)
14.00±3.90
9.80±2.32
<0.05
TIBC (µmol/L)
55.80±8.30
62.80±8.90
>0.05
T/S (%)
25.70±8.30
15.90±4.76
<0.05
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Table 2
Iron related parameters of PEM children and controls based on age
PEM patients
Control subjects
(N=100)
(N=50)
AGES (years)
1-5
6-10
1-5
6-10
(n=75)
(n=25)
(n=28)
(n=22)
P-value
HB (g/dL)
8.70±1.10
8.50±1.30
11.10±1.00
11.10±1.00
>0.05
PCV (L/L)
0.27±0.03
0.26±0.04
0.33±0.02
0.32±0.02
>0.05
SF (ng/ml)
24.02±32.35
13.88±8.41
64.48±28.30
45.39±28.40
<0.05
SI (µmol/L)
13.84±3.70
14.55±4.40
10.19±2.60
9.17±1.60
>0.05
TIBC(µmol/L)
55.03±8.40
57.69±7.50
62.32±8.10
62.61±9.20
>0.05
T/S (%)
25.53±7.80
26.08±9.60
17.13±5.30
15.03±3.80
>0.05
Table 3
Iron related parameters of children based on types of PEM
Marasmic
Underweight
kwashiokor
kwashiokor
(<60% with oedema) (60 -80% oedema)
(n=62)
(n=13)
Marasmus
(<60% without
oedema)
(n=25)
P-value
HB(g/dL)
8.50±0.09
8.60±1.30
8.80±0.80
>0.05
PCV(L/L)
0.26±0.03
0.26±0.04
0.27±0.02
>0.05
SF(ng/ml)
13.01±8.66
16.56±11.62
17.15±21.89
>0.05
SI(µmol/L)
13.90±4.50
14.30±3.90
12.90±3.00
>0.05
TIBC (µmol/L)
55.90±10.50
55.60±7.60
56.60±8.60
>0.05
T/S (%)
26.10±10.80
26.30±8.10
23.90±6.80
>0.05
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Age in years
Figure 1 Weight and age of control children compared with PEM children
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Figure 2 Height and age of control children compared with PEM children
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