This document reviews iron homeostasis and anemia in pulmonary tuberculosis. It discusses how inflammation induced by tuberculosis infection leads to changes in iron regulation and the development of anemia of inflammation. The iron regulatory protein hepcidin plays a key role by restricting iron absorption and sequestering iron in macrophages. This limits iron availability to bacteria but also contributes to anemia. Timely diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis is important to reduce transmission and mortality, but co-morbidities like anemia can increase risks. Screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis aims to prevent progression to active disease.
Ferrodyn 01 iron absorption and metabolismRoberto Conte
1) The liver regulates systemic iron homeostasis through the production of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin binds to the iron exporter ferroportin and causes its degradation, reducing iron efflux from cells.
2) Mutations that reduce hepcidin expression cause hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disorder, while mutations that impair hepcidin function directly cause juvenile hemochromatosis.
3) The hemojuvelin and transferrin receptor pathways in the liver sense iron levels and inflammatory signals to regulate hepcidin expression, thereby controlling iron absorption and recycling.
Small Linear/ Cyclic Bioactive/Synthetic peptides for the treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Softwares used were licenced versions. Method is specific for laboratory scale only, for fine crystals, Glycine / Alanine are better starting materials.
Iron is an essential trace element that plays many critical roles in the human body. It is required to produce red blood cells and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen throughout the body. A lack of iron can lead to iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms of iron deficiency include fatigue, dizziness, hair loss, and brittle nails. Good dietary sources of iron include red meat, poultry, lentils, beans, and leafy greens. Iron supplements are often used to treat iron deficiency. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for health, but too much iron can promote bacterial growth.
Iron is a mineral that serves three main functions in the human body: carrying oxygen, maintaining immune function, and aiding energy production. Insufficient dietary iron can lead to iron deficiency and related health issues. There are two types of iron - heme iron found mainly in meat which is well absorbed, and non-heme iron found in plants which is less well absorbed and can be improved by consuming vitamin C. Maintaining adequate iron levels through diet and supplements when needed is important for overall health and well-being.
This document discusses iron storage and transport in the human body. It describes how ferritin is an iron storage protein that stores iron in a safe form and releases it when needed. Transferrin is also discussed as a transport protein that carries iron through the bloodstream and delivers it to tissues. The document emphasizes the crucial role of iron in transporting oxygen via hemoglobin in red blood cells. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important to prevent deficiencies or anemia, though the body continually loses small amounts of iron through normal processes.
This document discusses iron absorption and iron deficiency anemia. It states that iron absorption primarily occurs in the duodenum and jejunum, and is regulated by both dietary intake and iron stores. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia worldwide, especially impacting women and children. The key signs of iron deficiency anemia are a decreased hemoglobin level and red blood cell size.
Hematopoietic agents are used to treat deficiencies in blood cell production and function. Key agents include iron supplements to treat iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 and folic acid for megaloblastic anemias, and hematopoietic growth factors like erythropoietin and colony stimulating factors to stimulate red blood cell and white blood cell production. These agents work by replacing deficient nutrients, stimulating hematopoietic stem cells, or correcting underlying causes like blood loss or bone marrow dysfunction.
Ferrodyn 01 iron absorption and metabolismRoberto Conte
1) The liver regulates systemic iron homeostasis through the production of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin binds to the iron exporter ferroportin and causes its degradation, reducing iron efflux from cells.
2) Mutations that reduce hepcidin expression cause hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disorder, while mutations that impair hepcidin function directly cause juvenile hemochromatosis.
3) The hemojuvelin and transferrin receptor pathways in the liver sense iron levels and inflammatory signals to regulate hepcidin expression, thereby controlling iron absorption and recycling.
Small Linear/ Cyclic Bioactive/Synthetic peptides for the treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Softwares used were licenced versions. Method is specific for laboratory scale only, for fine crystals, Glycine / Alanine are better starting materials.
Iron is an essential trace element that plays many critical roles in the human body. It is required to produce red blood cells and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen throughout the body. A lack of iron can lead to iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms of iron deficiency include fatigue, dizziness, hair loss, and brittle nails. Good dietary sources of iron include red meat, poultry, lentils, beans, and leafy greens. Iron supplements are often used to treat iron deficiency. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for health, but too much iron can promote bacterial growth.
Iron is a mineral that serves three main functions in the human body: carrying oxygen, maintaining immune function, and aiding energy production. Insufficient dietary iron can lead to iron deficiency and related health issues. There are two types of iron - heme iron found mainly in meat which is well absorbed, and non-heme iron found in plants which is less well absorbed and can be improved by consuming vitamin C. Maintaining adequate iron levels through diet and supplements when needed is important for overall health and well-being.
This document discusses iron storage and transport in the human body. It describes how ferritin is an iron storage protein that stores iron in a safe form and releases it when needed. Transferrin is also discussed as a transport protein that carries iron through the bloodstream and delivers it to tissues. The document emphasizes the crucial role of iron in transporting oxygen via hemoglobin in red blood cells. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important to prevent deficiencies or anemia, though the body continually loses small amounts of iron through normal processes.
This document discusses iron absorption and iron deficiency anemia. It states that iron absorption primarily occurs in the duodenum and jejunum, and is regulated by both dietary intake and iron stores. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia worldwide, especially impacting women and children. The key signs of iron deficiency anemia are a decreased hemoglobin level and red blood cell size.
Hematopoietic agents are used to treat deficiencies in blood cell production and function. Key agents include iron supplements to treat iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 and folic acid for megaloblastic anemias, and hematopoietic growth factors like erythropoietin and colony stimulating factors to stimulate red blood cell and white blood cell production. These agents work by replacing deficient nutrients, stimulating hematopoietic stem cells, or correcting underlying causes like blood loss or bone marrow dysfunction.
Iron plays an important role in the body, being essential for hematopoiesis, energy production, and enzyme/hormone synthesis. It exists in protein-bound forms like heme and ferritin or insoluble hemosiderin. Iron levels are tightly regulated through dietary intake and absorption in the small intestine. Deficiency can lead to anemia and other issues, while excess free iron is toxic. The document discusses iron transport, absorption, dietary sources, and factors affecting absorption.
Iron biochemical role, rda and deficiency bic 105JasmineJuliet
Macromineral iron - Introduction, Biochemical role, Recommended dietary Allowance of iron, dietary sources of iron, Deficiency diseases of iron - Hemochromatosis, hemociderosis.
1. Iron is an essential nutrient that is important for oxygen transport and cellular energy production. It must be tightly regulated as too little or too much can be toxic.
2. Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and transported through the blood bound to transferrin. Cells take up iron via transferrin receptors.
3. Laboratory tests can assess iron levels in the blood, transport and storage to diagnose iron deficiency or overload. These include serum iron, TIBC, ferritin and staining of tissues.
Iron is required by every cell and can interconvert between ferrous and ferric forms, making it useful for oxygen-binding molecules and enzymes. Free iron is highly toxic, but proteins bind iron to reduce this effect. The main roles of iron are to carry oxygen as part of hemoglobin and provide oxygen delivery to tissues. Iron circulates in the blood bound to transferrin and is stored in cells bound to ferritin. Eighty percent of iron passing through the plasma transferrin pool is recycled from broken-down red blood cells, and storage iron is derived from phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes by macrophages in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen.
This document discusses iron homeostasis in the human body. It covers the following key points:
1. Dietary iron is absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum. It is transported across intestinal cells via DMT1 and exported into circulation by ferroportin.
2. In the circulation, iron is carried by the protein transferrin and delivered to cells via transferrin receptors that undergo endocytosis.
3. Iron is either used in cellular processes or stored in ferritin complexes in tissues. Iron is also recycled from senescent red blood cells by macrophages.
4. Tight regulation of iron absorption, transport, and storage is needed as iron is essential but also toxic in excess
1) Iron enters the body each day and is incorporated into hemoglobin in red blood cells or stored in ferritin. Iron is also transported in the blood bound to transferrin.
2) Ferritin stores iron inside its shell, while transferrin transports iron in the blood and is the only source of iron for hemoglobin.
3) Iron homeostasis is maintained through regulating iron absorption in the intestine and recycling iron from broken down red blood cells. Specialized proteins transport and regulate iron levels.
HIF PH inhibitors stabilize HIF and stimulate endogenous EPO production, facilitating erythropoiesis and improving iron metabolism in CKD patients. Compared to ESAs, HIF PH inhibitors maintain physiological EPO levels, decrease cardiovascular risks, and reduce need for rescue therapies like transfusions. By coordinating EPO production, iron transport, and hepcidin inhibition, HIF PH inhibitors provide a targeted approach to anemia in CKD.
- Iron is essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin and the total body iron content is around 3-5g, with most found in blood, liver, bone marrow and muscles.
- Daily iron requirements vary from 20mg for adults to 40mg for pregnant women. Absorption is regulated to maintain iron balance in the body.
- Sources of iron include leafy vegetables, pulses, cereals, liver and meat. Absorption is affected by factors like ascorbic acid and interfering substances like phytic acid.
Metals ions play critical roles in human health and disease. Some metals like iron, zinc, and copper are essential nutrients but can cause diseases if deficient. Iron deficiency leads to anemia, zinc deficiency causes growth retardation, and copper deficiency results in brain and heart diseases. However, some metals like mercury and lead are toxic even in small amounts and can damage organs. While metals like chromium, nickel, and cadmium are known carcinogens. Metals are found naturally in water and soil and their levels in the human body must be carefully regulated for health.
This document discusses iron physiology, including sources of iron from foods, daily iron requirements that vary by age and gender, and the roles of iron in the body. It describes how iron is absorbed in the small intestine, transported by transferrin in the blood, and stored or utilized in tissues. The document also addresses iron deficiency and overload, their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
Iron metabolism in the body involves several key processes:
1) Iron exists in the body bound to hemoglobin, myoglobin, enzymes, and cytochromes or stored as ferritin and hemosiderin.
2) Dietary non-heme iron is reduced and transported across the intestinal barrier by transporters before binding to transferrin in the bloodstream.
3) Transferrin transports iron through the bloodstream and delivers it to cells through endocytosis and release from endosomes.
4) Hepcidin regulates iron levels by inhibiting intestinal iron transport and macrophage recycling of iron.
This document discusses the distribution and regulation of iron in the human body. It states that the majority of iron in the body is found in hemoglobin. Iron absorption in the intestines is regulated to meet the body's needs and is modulated by factors like DMT1 and ferroportin. Hepcidin regulates circulating iron levels by controlling ferroportin. Iron recycling helps maintain iron balance as around 1mg is absorbed daily and lost daily through shedding and menstruation. Iron deficiency and iron overload are disorders of iron metabolism. Tests like serum ferritin, transferrin saturation and zinc protoporphyrin are used to assess iron status.
This document summarizes a study on chronic renal failure (CRF) and anemia. It discusses how anemia is a major complication of CRF, especially in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The study aims to correlate the hemodialysis process with inflammatory markers and oxidative stress at the cellular level. Blood samples will be taken from 80 CRF patients before and after hemodialysis to analyze markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme levels, apoptosis, iron levels, and more. The goal is to better understand the relationship between hemodialysis and the inflammatory response in CRF patients.
This document discusses iron metabolism in the human body. It covers:
1) Molecules involved in iron transport including DMT1, ferroportin, transferrin receptors, hephaestin, transferrin, ferritin, and hepcidin.
2) Steps of iron absorption in the gut and transport through the body.
3) Utilization of iron in erythropoiesis to produce hemoglobin.
4) Disorders of iron metabolism like iron deficiency anemia, hemochromatosis, and atransferrinemia.
This document contains a prayer asking God for guidance during new beginnings and times of uncertainty. It thanks God for the gift of faith that provides hope and assurance even during difficult times. It praises God for walking with people through both joyful and sorrowful days.
Iron is an essential micronutrient, but both iron deficiency and excess can be harmful. Iron deficiency anemia affects 65-75% of people in India and can impact growth and development. The body tightly regulates iron levels through absorption in the duodenum, transport by transferrin, and storage in ferritin and hemosiderin. Hepcidin is the key regulator of iron absorption and release, inhibiting the iron exporter ferroportin. Disorders of iron metabolism include iron deficiency anemia, hemosiderosis, and hereditary hemochromatosis.
Knowledge of Postpartum Women's Toward Iron Deficiency Anemia at AlNasiriyah ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Metal complexes in therapeutic use of non chelated compoundssanjeevani kashyap
1. The document discusses various metal complexes that are used as therapeutic agents, including cisplatin, ruthenium complexes, and gold complexes which are used as anticancer agents.
2. Bismuth complexes are mentioned as being used as antimicrobial agents to treat conditions caused by H. pylori bacteria.
3. Early metal complexes mentioned include salvarsan, an arsenic-containing drug used to treat syphilis, and osmium tetraoxide which was used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Iron is an essential nutrient that is important for many biological processes. It exists in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes. Iron is absorbed in the diet as heme or non-heme iron and is transported by transferrin in the blood. Disorders can result from iron deficiency or overload. Iron deficiency is common and causes anemia, while iron overload disorders like hemochromatosis result from genetic mutations affecting iron regulation.
Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Iron plays an important role in the body, being essential for hematopoiesis, energy production, and enzyme/hormone synthesis. It exists in protein-bound forms like heme and ferritin or insoluble hemosiderin. Iron levels are tightly regulated through dietary intake and absorption in the small intestine. Deficiency can lead to anemia and other issues, while excess free iron is toxic. The document discusses iron transport, absorption, dietary sources, and factors affecting absorption.
Iron biochemical role, rda and deficiency bic 105JasmineJuliet
Macromineral iron - Introduction, Biochemical role, Recommended dietary Allowance of iron, dietary sources of iron, Deficiency diseases of iron - Hemochromatosis, hemociderosis.
1. Iron is an essential nutrient that is important for oxygen transport and cellular energy production. It must be tightly regulated as too little or too much can be toxic.
2. Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and transported through the blood bound to transferrin. Cells take up iron via transferrin receptors.
3. Laboratory tests can assess iron levels in the blood, transport and storage to diagnose iron deficiency or overload. These include serum iron, TIBC, ferritin and staining of tissues.
Iron is required by every cell and can interconvert between ferrous and ferric forms, making it useful for oxygen-binding molecules and enzymes. Free iron is highly toxic, but proteins bind iron to reduce this effect. The main roles of iron are to carry oxygen as part of hemoglobin and provide oxygen delivery to tissues. Iron circulates in the blood bound to transferrin and is stored in cells bound to ferritin. Eighty percent of iron passing through the plasma transferrin pool is recycled from broken-down red blood cells, and storage iron is derived from phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes by macrophages in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen.
This document discusses iron homeostasis in the human body. It covers the following key points:
1. Dietary iron is absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum. It is transported across intestinal cells via DMT1 and exported into circulation by ferroportin.
2. In the circulation, iron is carried by the protein transferrin and delivered to cells via transferrin receptors that undergo endocytosis.
3. Iron is either used in cellular processes or stored in ferritin complexes in tissues. Iron is also recycled from senescent red blood cells by macrophages.
4. Tight regulation of iron absorption, transport, and storage is needed as iron is essential but also toxic in excess
1) Iron enters the body each day and is incorporated into hemoglobin in red blood cells or stored in ferritin. Iron is also transported in the blood bound to transferrin.
2) Ferritin stores iron inside its shell, while transferrin transports iron in the blood and is the only source of iron for hemoglobin.
3) Iron homeostasis is maintained through regulating iron absorption in the intestine and recycling iron from broken down red blood cells. Specialized proteins transport and regulate iron levels.
HIF PH inhibitors stabilize HIF and stimulate endogenous EPO production, facilitating erythropoiesis and improving iron metabolism in CKD patients. Compared to ESAs, HIF PH inhibitors maintain physiological EPO levels, decrease cardiovascular risks, and reduce need for rescue therapies like transfusions. By coordinating EPO production, iron transport, and hepcidin inhibition, HIF PH inhibitors provide a targeted approach to anemia in CKD.
- Iron is essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin and the total body iron content is around 3-5g, with most found in blood, liver, bone marrow and muscles.
- Daily iron requirements vary from 20mg for adults to 40mg for pregnant women. Absorption is regulated to maintain iron balance in the body.
- Sources of iron include leafy vegetables, pulses, cereals, liver and meat. Absorption is affected by factors like ascorbic acid and interfering substances like phytic acid.
Metals ions play critical roles in human health and disease. Some metals like iron, zinc, and copper are essential nutrients but can cause diseases if deficient. Iron deficiency leads to anemia, zinc deficiency causes growth retardation, and copper deficiency results in brain and heart diseases. However, some metals like mercury and lead are toxic even in small amounts and can damage organs. While metals like chromium, nickel, and cadmium are known carcinogens. Metals are found naturally in water and soil and their levels in the human body must be carefully regulated for health.
This document discusses iron physiology, including sources of iron from foods, daily iron requirements that vary by age and gender, and the roles of iron in the body. It describes how iron is absorbed in the small intestine, transported by transferrin in the blood, and stored or utilized in tissues. The document also addresses iron deficiency and overload, their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
Iron metabolism in the body involves several key processes:
1) Iron exists in the body bound to hemoglobin, myoglobin, enzymes, and cytochromes or stored as ferritin and hemosiderin.
2) Dietary non-heme iron is reduced and transported across the intestinal barrier by transporters before binding to transferrin in the bloodstream.
3) Transferrin transports iron through the bloodstream and delivers it to cells through endocytosis and release from endosomes.
4) Hepcidin regulates iron levels by inhibiting intestinal iron transport and macrophage recycling of iron.
This document discusses the distribution and regulation of iron in the human body. It states that the majority of iron in the body is found in hemoglobin. Iron absorption in the intestines is regulated to meet the body's needs and is modulated by factors like DMT1 and ferroportin. Hepcidin regulates circulating iron levels by controlling ferroportin. Iron recycling helps maintain iron balance as around 1mg is absorbed daily and lost daily through shedding and menstruation. Iron deficiency and iron overload are disorders of iron metabolism. Tests like serum ferritin, transferrin saturation and zinc protoporphyrin are used to assess iron status.
This document summarizes a study on chronic renal failure (CRF) and anemia. It discusses how anemia is a major complication of CRF, especially in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The study aims to correlate the hemodialysis process with inflammatory markers and oxidative stress at the cellular level. Blood samples will be taken from 80 CRF patients before and after hemodialysis to analyze markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme levels, apoptosis, iron levels, and more. The goal is to better understand the relationship between hemodialysis and the inflammatory response in CRF patients.
This document discusses iron metabolism in the human body. It covers:
1) Molecules involved in iron transport including DMT1, ferroportin, transferrin receptors, hephaestin, transferrin, ferritin, and hepcidin.
2) Steps of iron absorption in the gut and transport through the body.
3) Utilization of iron in erythropoiesis to produce hemoglobin.
4) Disorders of iron metabolism like iron deficiency anemia, hemochromatosis, and atransferrinemia.
This document contains a prayer asking God for guidance during new beginnings and times of uncertainty. It thanks God for the gift of faith that provides hope and assurance even during difficult times. It praises God for walking with people through both joyful and sorrowful days.
Iron is an essential micronutrient, but both iron deficiency and excess can be harmful. Iron deficiency anemia affects 65-75% of people in India and can impact growth and development. The body tightly regulates iron levels through absorption in the duodenum, transport by transferrin, and storage in ferritin and hemosiderin. Hepcidin is the key regulator of iron absorption and release, inhibiting the iron exporter ferroportin. Disorders of iron metabolism include iron deficiency anemia, hemosiderosis, and hereditary hemochromatosis.
Knowledge of Postpartum Women's Toward Iron Deficiency Anemia at AlNasiriyah ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Metal complexes in therapeutic use of non chelated compoundssanjeevani kashyap
1. The document discusses various metal complexes that are used as therapeutic agents, including cisplatin, ruthenium complexes, and gold complexes which are used as anticancer agents.
2. Bismuth complexes are mentioned as being used as antimicrobial agents to treat conditions caused by H. pylori bacteria.
3. Early metal complexes mentioned include salvarsan, an arsenic-containing drug used to treat syphilis, and osmium tetraoxide which was used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Iron is an essential nutrient that is important for many biological processes. It exists in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes. Iron is absorbed in the diet as heme or non-heme iron and is transported by transferrin in the blood. Disorders can result from iron deficiency or overload. Iron deficiency is common and causes anemia, while iron overload disorders like hemochromatosis result from genetic mutations affecting iron regulation.
Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Iron deficiency anemia- a review of diagnosis and managementUnggul Dedi
This document reviews iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), including its diagnosis and management. It begins by explaining that anemia is very common globally and IDA is the most frequent type, often caused by insufficient iron intake, absorption or blood loss. The review then describes iron metabolism and the process of erythropoiesis. It discusses evaluating patients for IDA through medical history, examination, and lab tests like ferritin and transferrin levels. For diagnosed IDA, the review recommends determining the underlying cause, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, and treating the specific condition. It emphasizes the importance of thorough diagnosis and management to address the health effects of IDA.
This document discusses iron refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA). It defines key terms like anemia and iron deficiency. It describes normal iron metabolism and the role of transport proteins like DMT1 and ferroportin in intestinal iron absorption. Hepcidin regulates iron transport by binding to ferroportin and inducing its degradation. Mutations in ferroportin can cause iron overload by preventing its binding to hepcidin. The document also discusses rare conditions like atransferrinemia caused by near absence of plasma transferrin.
The document provides an overview of iron metabolism in the human body. It discusses dietary iron sources and requirements, absorption of iron in the small intestine, transport of iron in the blood via transferrin, storage of iron in the liver, spleen and bone marrow as ferritin and hemosiderin, the role of iron in hemoglobin and other proteins, excretion of iron primarily in feces, and laboratory tests to diagnose iron deficiency or overload. Conditions related to iron such as iron deficiency anemia and hemochromatosis are also summarized.
Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Egyptiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
treating anemia is a big challenge.oral iron therapy do not adequately treat IDA. IV ferric carboxy maltose (FCM)effectively treats IDA by circumventing the problem compliance of oral iron therapy.
Blood is a vital fluid that constitutes 7% of body weight and transports gases, nutrients and acts as a messenger throughout the body. It contains various cells like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in plasma. Blood tests are important for evaluating health status by analyzing components like iron, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Diet has a direct impact on blood biochemistry since consumed foods are broken down and absorbed into blood circulation, influencing factors such as iron levels, lipid profiles and risk of conditions like cardiovascular disease. Maintaining proper nutrient intake through foods is crucial for ensuring blood remains healthy and able to perform its important functions in the body.
Anemia of chronic disease, also known as anemia of inflammatory response, is a common type of anemia seen in patients with chronic illnesses like infections, immune disorders, or cancers. Recent research has found that the liver protein hepcidin, which regulates iron metabolism, plays a central role in causing this anemia by blocking the release of iron stores during inflammation. Hepcidin increases during inflammation and prevents the release of iron, leading to insufficient iron availability for red blood cell production. While locking up iron is beneficial in the short term for fighting infection, prolonged inflammation and iron sequestration can severely limit the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells. The ideal treatment is resolving the underlying chronic disease, but otherwise patients
This document summarizes a study on iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant women in Iraq. The study evaluated serum levels of iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, sodium, and potassium in 3 groups: non-pregnant women (group 1), healthy pregnant women (group 2), and pregnant women with IDA (group 3). The results showed decreased serum iron and increased copper levels in group 2 compared to group 1. Groups 2 and 3 both had reductions in magnesium, manganese, calcium, and potassium compared to group 1. The findings indicate IDA affects levels of these elements in pregnant women, and they could serve as markers for assessing IDA during pregnancy.
Biochemical aspects of anemirhdudtutua.pdfSriRam071
The document discusses biochemical aspects of anemia. It defines anemia as a low blood hemoglobin level below healthy levels for age and sex. Symptoms include tiredness, headaches and breathlessness. Causes include reduced red blood cell production due to nutritional deficiencies like iron, vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies, or increased red cell loss from bleeding or hemolysis. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common types worldwide and results from blood loss or malabsorption. Iron is essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin and exists in ferrous and ferric states, with most iron stored in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Hepcidin regulates iron homeostasis by degrading the iron exporter ferroportin. Transfer
Iron deficiency anemia is the most advanced stage of iron deficiency which is characterized not only by low hemoglobin and Hematocrit levels but also by a reduction or depletion of iron stores, by low serum iron levels and decreased transferrin saturation.
Iron chelators in treatment of iron overload syndromesDR RML DELHI
This document reviews different iron chelators used to treat iron overload syndromes. It discusses the main iron chelators - deferoxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox. Each chelator has advantages and disadvantages in terms of target diseases, levels of iron deposition, and patient symptoms, making the best choice complex. Proper evaluation of iron overload is important for monitoring chelation therapy effectiveness through measures like serum ferritin, liver biopsy, MRI. Chelation aims to prevent excess iron accumulation and related organ dysfunction through safely removing iron from the body.
Rolla Abu-Arja, clinical director of pediatric bone marrow transplant in Nationwide Children's Hospital (Columbus, OH) discusses iron overload in hematopoetic cell transplantation.
Dysregulation of ferroportin 1 interferes with spleen organogenesis in polycy...Miriam Mendoza
Regulatory interferences at the iron transporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) cause transient defects in iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis in polycythaemia (Pcm) mutant mice. The present study identified decreased Fpn1 expression in placental syncytiotrophoblast cells at late gestation as the mechanism of neonatal iron deficiency in Pcm mutants. Tissue specificity of embryonic Fpn1 dysregulation was evident from concomitant decreases in Fpn1 mRNA and protein expression in placenta and liver, as opposed to upregulation of Fpn1 protein despite decreased transcript levels in spleen, implicating post-transcriptional regulation of Fpn1. Dysregulation of Fpn1 and decreased
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia seen in clinical practice. It is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin and oxygen-carrying capacity due to low iron levels. Oral iron supplements are usually the first line treatment, with ferrous sulfate being a commonly used and inexpensive option. Parenteral iron is considered when oral iron is not tolerated or absorbed. The document provides details on causes of iron deficiency anemia, distribution and absorption of iron in the body, classification of anemias, oral and parenteral iron preparations and their administration, and indications and adverse effects of iron therapy.
The document discusses iron regulation in the brain. Iron is essential for brain functions but must be tightly regulated. Iron is transported around the body bound to transferrin and enters brain cells via transferrin receptors. In the brain, iron is involved in energy production, neurotransmitter synthesis, and myelination. Disruptions to iron regulation can cause neurological issues like anemia or neurodegenerative diseases as iron levels change. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases in particular involve abnormal brain iron accumulation that may contribute to disease progression.
Iron is an essential element but can be toxic in high amounts. Iron poisoning most often occurs when children accidentally ingest iron supplements. Symptoms of iron toxicity can be severe and include vomiting, abdominal pain, shock, liver damage, and gastrointestinal bleeding and necrosis. Diagnosis involves measuring serum iron levels and a chelation challenge test. Treatment focuses on gastric lavage, administering charcoal or antacids, correcting dehydration and acidosis, and chelation therapy with desferrioxamine or deferiprone to remove excess iron from the body.
Similar to A Review on Iron Homeostasis and Anaemia in Pulmonary Tuberculosis PDF (20)
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a major public health issue in the United States that accounts for approximately 50% of poisoning cases in the nation each year and around 50,000 emergency room visits. In most instances of CO poisoning, the culprit is a malfunctioning or poorly tended heating system within the home or, occasionally, commercial building, which causes the system to leak this hazardous gas. One of the more insidious aspects of CO poisoning is that the gas is odorless and colorless, and victims of CO poisoning often do not realize that there is a problem until they begin to experience the effects of poisoning and have no choice but to seek medical attention. Unfortunately, many victims of CO poisoning die before they are able to seek treatment. This paper makes use of a qualitative, systematic literature review to examine the four major parts of the brain that are most severely affected by CO poisoning. Overall, the literature review showed that the white matter, globus pallidus, basal ganglia, and cortex are the parts of the brain most severely impacted by CO poisoning. While many CO poisoning victims do make it to the hospital on time and are treated, they may nonetheless suffer long-term neurological consequences as a result of their exposure. As such, CO poisoning is a major public health issue.
Drug abuse has now become a major public health problem in Nigeria requiring urgent attention. Although drug abuse cut across all age groups, the youths are however the most affected. This study aimed at assessing Community Pharmacists involvement in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims. The study was carried out in Abuja Municipal Area Council, questionnaires were administered to Community Pharmacists practicing within the Area Council. A total of 176 Community Pharmacists participated in the study, and slightly above a quarter (27.43%) of them had post-graduate degrees. More than three-quarters (79.5%) of the study participants had received training on drug abuse. A total of 89.2% of the study participants had come across persons suspected to be abusing prescription medicines. Almost all (96.6%) of the study participants indicated that they are willing to advise persons suspected to be abusing drugs on the dangers of drug abuse, and 88.1% of the study participants had spoken to clients concerning abuse of prescription medicines. Also, more than three-quarters (80.1%) of the study participants indicated that pharmacists’ role in the prevention of drug abuse is very important. The study has revealed that Community Pharmacists can play an invaluable role in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims in Nigeria.
Background; Social Class has shown relation with admissions at Emergency Departments. To assess whether there is a relationship between the level of triage and the social class of patients who attend the emergency department and whether there are other variables that can modulate this association. Methods Observational study with 1000 patients was carried out between May and July 2018 in the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova in Lleida. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, country of origin and marital status were analyzed. The triage level and the main explanatory variable was social class. Social class was calculated based on the CSO-SEE 2012 scale. Results 49.4% were male and the average age was 51.7 years. Most of the patients (66.6%) attended the emergency department under their own volition and the most common triage levels were level III or Emergency (45%). There is a significant relationship between age and triage level. The younger patients had a lower triage level (p <0.001). The percentage of patients with lower social class who attended the emergency department for minor reasons was 42% higher compared to the rest of the patients (RR = 1.42; 1.21-1.67 95% CI, p <0.001). Conclusions; Patients with a lower socioeconomic class go to the Emergency Department for less serious pathologies.
This document summarizes a study exploring child healthcare and treatment-seeking behavior in a village located in a haor region of Bangladesh. The study utilized interviews and focus groups to understand the various factors influencing healthcare choices, including the interrelationship between local ecology and health. Key findings were that the haor ecosystem is declining due to overuse of resources, and villagers utilize multiple healthcare sectors - including popular/family-based care, folk healers, and biomedical professionals - with choices influenced by cultural and socioeconomic factors. Government and NGOs could help improve child health by increasing access to services and promoting awareness of nutrition and sanitation practices.
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on music and biomarkers of stress in order to (1) Identify music interventions and (2) Detail the biomarkers of stress associated with music. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in performing this systematic review. Studies published from January 1995 to January 2020 that pertain to biomarkers of stress and music were identified through the use of the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘music’ AND ‘biomarker’ OR ‘marker’ OR ‘hormone’. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on 16 studies that met the specific selection criteria and passed the study quality checks. Results: The reviewed studies were all randomized controlled trials. Reviewed music interventions included Music Listening (ML), Meditational Music (MM), ‘Guided Imagery and Music’ (GIM), and Singing. The studies showed that music is associated with a decreasing trend in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as an increasing trend in Immunoglobulin A (IgA), oxytocin, and EEG theta wave, while testosterone was associated with sex-related differences. Conclusion: Music is associated with significant changes in biomarkers of stress, suggesting that it could be utilized for the development of stress reduction tools.
Background: Nurse practitioners play a vital role in wound care and management because of the prevalence of wounds in the community and hospital setting. Aims and objectives: The purpose was to identify current knowledge and practices of nurses with respect to wound management. Method: A qualitative descriptive research was designed, nineteen nurses in wound care wards in Bingham University teaching hospital were recruited into this study. This was achieved with the aid of a self-administered questionnaire for a two-week period. Results: Three groups of nurses responded to this survey (73.7% males; 31.6% aged 31-40 years). Registered nurses dominated (68.4%), majority of them worked in male ward (36.8%) and private ward (36.8%). Almost on full-time (94.7%), more than half were diploma holders (57.9%) with 1 to 5 years of experience (47.4%). Majority (84.2%) were involved in wound treatment and management, there were significant association between years of experience and wound classification, wound treatment, treatment failure and treatment failure factors. Conclusion: Wound care practices require accurate knowledge and assessment skills, a better understanding of wound management provides comprehensible, rapid patient wound care and minimizes patient mortality as well as reduces health services financial costs.
Background: Job satisfaction is a significant indicator of the way nurses feel about their profession, the efforts to perform their professional duties, or otherwise abandons it willingly. Method: cross-sectional research design approach was used to assess the job satisfaction and the associated factors among 300 hundred nurses. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and kruskal wallis test for association between the socio-demographic variables and job satisfaction at significance level of 0.05 Result: About 1/3 of the respondents (31%) reported gross dissatisfaction with their job, 0% reported being well satisfaction while (68.7%) respondents reported moderate satisfaction with their job. Across items on the scale, gross dissatisfaction was noted on key managerial factors and the salary of the workers. Job satisfaction was associated with specialty (p<0.018), gender (P<0.002) and age (P<0.000) of Nurses. Conclusion: majority of the respondents were moderately satisfied with their job but grossly dissatisfied with salary and administrative roles like communication flow.
Viral infections have always been of major concern in communities, health care settings and medical fields including radiotherapy and Radiology. Recently corona virus infection has attained global attention in the wake of covid-19 outbreak and consequently highlighted importance of viral prevention, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to control and treat viral disease. In view of the recent events, the author reviewed the current and past literature to discuss contagious versus infectious viral transmission, as well as simple and effective ways of preventing the spread of viral diseases in community and health care setting so that this information can be used for preventing viral transmission at all levels. The article is written for a wide variety of audiences i.e. scientific and medical communities policy makers and general public.
The Coronavirus Disease – 2019 (COVID-19) is officially now a pandemic and not just a public health emergency of international concern as previously labelled. Worldwide, the new coronavirus has infected more than 4.9 million people and leaving more than 300,000 people dead in 188 countries. As countries of the world get locked down in an effort to contain the widespread of the virus, experts are concern about the global impacts of the pandemic on individuals, countries and the world at large. Millions of people are currently under quarantine across the globe. Many countries have responded by proclaiming a public health emergency, closed their borders and restrict incoming flights from high risk countries. This has grossly affected the travel plan of many. Several international programs, conferences, workshops and sporting activities are either postponed or cancelled. As the number of confirmed cases continues to escalate across the globe, hospitals seems to be running out of medical supplies, hospital spaces and personnel. Health workers are being overwhelmed by the numbers of people requesting for testing and treatment. Many of such health workers have been infected with the coronavirus and even lost their lives since the fight against COVID-19 started. Public health experts are also concerned about the huge medical wastes coming from the hospitals at this time and the adverse effects associated with improper management of such medical wastes, both at the hospital and community levels. The pandemic has also impacted negatively on the global economy. There have been serious crises in the stock market, with gross fall in the price of crude oil resulting in inflation and economic hardship among the populace. Many are currently out of job and as a result, the level of crime, protest and violence have continued to escalate in different parts of the world. The deaths of loved ones due to the coronavirus has left many emotionally traumatized. Nigeria, like other African countries is not spared of the ravaging effects of the pandemic, even as the government take strict measures to contain the virus. No doubt, this is very challenging, but the country is capable of surmounting the virus with the needed help from her international partners and cooperation from the citizenry. But if we as a people, remain complacent and continue with business as usual, without taking measures to flatten the curve, the disease will escalate too quickly beyond our capacity to handle and our health system will be overwhelmed and may collapse eventually. We cannot therefore afford to be complacent in our response to containing the pandemic.
Purpose: To investigate the effect of sulfur dioxide on the lung microbiota of healthy rats. Methods Fifteen male rats were randomly divided into high dose and low dose exposure group and control group. After 7 days of SO2 exposure, the lung tissues were obtained and the lung microbiota was identified by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Results The microbial community of lung microbiota was significantly alternated in the exposure group and the dominant phylum changed from Firmicutes to Proteobacteria. In addition, the SO2 exposure caused the bronchial wall thickening and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs of rats in exposure groups. Conclusions The results suggest that SO2 can significantly alter the lung microbiota and pathological structure of the lungs.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
This document presents a mathematical model to eliminate malaria transmission by breaking the life cycle of Anopheles mosquitoes. The model introduces two natural enemies - copepods to prey on mosquito larvae and tadpoles to prey on pupae. Differential equations were derived to model the growth of each mosquito life stage from egg to adult when under attack by these predators. Stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium was conducted using equilibrium points, Beltrami's conditions, and Diekmann's conditions. The results indicate that introducing copepods and tadpoles makes the disease-free equilibrium stable, meaning the mosquito life cycle would be broken and no adult mosquitoes emerge to transmit malaria.
Spindle cell neoplasms usually occur in head, neck, orbit, soft tissues of scalp and along the upper aerodigestive tract. They are relatively uncommon in lower gastrointestinal tract and represent a distinct clinical entity. Increased awareness is required among colorectal surgeons and pathologists due to their benign nature & uncertain etiology, to avoid misdiagnosis of rectal cancer. Definitive diagnosis necessitates immunohistochemical analysis. We present an unusual case of spindle cell neoplasm of rectum in an asymptomatic elderly gentleman, detected on screening colonoscopy. Following thorough evaluation with MRI pelvis, CT scan thorax, abdomen, pelvis with contrast and multidisciplinary meeting discussion (MDT) at our institution, he was successfully treated with a specialized minimally invasive approach (TAMIS). Histopathology with immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasm. As they are uncommon in colorectum & non-invasive, management and long-term follow-up is still under study. These lesions should be differentiated from other stromal tumours in GIT.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the prevalence of brucellosis among community members in Mandera East Sub-County, Kenya. Blood samples from 420 respondents were tested for brucellosis using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Serum Slow Agglutination Test (SSAT). The RBPT indicated a prevalence of 24.8% while the SSAT, a confirmatory test, indicated a prevalence of 14.3%. The study found the seroprevalence was higher among males (98% by RBPT and 98% by SSAT) and there was a significant relationship between gender and seroprevalence. Socio-demographic data
The Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is involved in several pathologies. Its strong presence in ocular pathologies explains our interest for its genetic variation in cataract, glaucoma and retinoblastoma in Senegal. MMP9 is highly polymorphic with cataract and glaucoma. 77 mutations were noted with 21 haplotypes for the entire population. The haplotype diversity Hd is 0.831 and the nucleotide diversity Pi is 0.016; k = 17.395. The polymorphism of the Matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene is associated with all three diseases and SNP 3918249 is found in both cataract and glaucoma.
This paper proposes the development of a software that performs the pre-diagnosis of malignant melanoma, spincellular carcinoma and basal-cell carcinoma. The software is divided into five modules, these being: digital imaging, analysis and processing, storage, feature extraction and classification by means of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results shown the performance of the software for two different combination of activation functions in the network. With the use of spectroscopic techniques for the acquisition of images and the combination of non-linear and linear activation functions in the ANN, the software shows an effectiveness greater than 80%, concluding that it can be an effective tool as an aid in the diagnosis of cancer of skin.
Background: Tuberculous meningitis is defined as an inflammatory response to mycobacterial bacterial infection of the pia, arachnoid and CSF of the subarachnoid space. It is a dangerous form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis because it can cause permanent neurological disabilities and even death. Stroke is a devastating complication which further increase the morbidity and mortality in the disease. Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases which degrade all the components of the extracellular matrix and thus have potential to disrupt blood brain barrier and cause CNS damage. Matrix metalloproteinases have been associated with pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. MMP levels in serum and CSF have also been seen to rise with advancing stage of TBM. So it is postulated that MMP may have role in the pathophysiology of stroke in TBM and may serve as a biomarker to predict stroke in TBM. Aims: To compare Serum Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with Tuberculous Meningitis with and without Stroke and correlate it with various clinical, biochemical and radiological features of TBM. Methods: 40 Patients of probable or definite TBM and 40 age and sex matched patients of TBM with clinical stroke were enrolled in the study and formed two groups i.e. cases and controls. The two groups were compared for various clinical parameters, biochemical parameters (CSF cytology, glucose and protein), neuroimaging parameters and serum MMP-9 levels. Serum MMP-9 was estimated by ELISA method. Results: Serum MMP-9 levels were (224 ± 261.627 ng/ml) in cases and (157.23 ± 197.155 ng/ml) controls, which though higher in cases but no difference was statistically significant (p value 0.157) between two groups. Also there was no correlation between the serum MMP-9 levels and various clinical features (duration of illness, fever, headache, vomiting, weight loss, seizure, hemiparesis), CSF characteristics (protein, sugar and cytology) and radiological findings (tuberculoma, and hydrocephalus). Conclusion: we conclude that MMP-9 levels is not correlated with occurrence of stroke in TBM. MMP-9 levels were not increased with severity of disease, complications and outcomes.
This study aimed to determine factors influencing postnatal monitoring in the Bafang Health District of Cameroon. The study found that women who were informed of postnatal appointment dates by midwives, those who believed the appropriate period for follow-up was 6 weeks postpartum, and those who massaged their abdomen after childbirth were more likely to have knowledge of postnatal follow-up. In contrast, women with no knowledge of the appropriate periods for postnatal consultations were less likely to have knowledge. The study concluded that lack of knowledge about postnatal consultations and traditional practices are factors influencing postnatal follow-up in the district, and increased awareness campaigns are needed.
Aim: To highlight the challenge in the management of Arginosuccinic acidemia as well as demonstrate the importance of newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism. Method: Report of two cases of neonatal onset ASA with encephalopathy and review of relevant literature. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and institution of appropriate intervention can significantly improve outcome. Routine newborn metabolic screening should not only be implemented universally, the result should be available promptly.
To form the basis of a respiratory disease model in rats by investigating the microbial distribution and composition in the lower respiratory tracts of normal rats. Methods: DNA was extracted from the intestine, trachea, bronchus and lung samples collected from healthy rats under sterile conditions. The 16S rDNA V4-V5 region was sequenced using Illumina high-throughput technology. Results: The sequencing results showed that there was no significant difference in abundance and species diversity of microbiota between the lower respiratory and the intestine. The microbiota structure analysis showed samples from lungs and intestinal shared similarity. However, the dominant species at the levels of phylum, family, and genus diverged. The similarity analysis showed that the lung microbiota were different from the intestines. The linear discriminant analysis showed significantly different species in different tissues; function prediction also showed different microbiota function in different tissues. Conclusions: These results suggest that bacterial colonization depends on the sample’s anatomical location. The human pathogen Acinetobacter lwoffii was also detected in the rat lower respiratory tract samples.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
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Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
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TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
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Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
Join us for a comprehensive 90-minute lesson designed specifically for Compliance Officers and Practice/Business Managers. This 2024 HIPAA Training session will guide you through the critical steps needed to ensure your practice is fully prepared for upcoming audits. Key updates and significant changes under the Omnibus Rule will be covered, along with the latest applicable updates for 2024.
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This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
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International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
A Review on Iron Homeostasis and Anaemia in Pulmonary Tuberculosis PDF
1. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences
ISSN(e): 2414-2999, ISSN(p): 2415-5233
Vol. 4, Issue. 5, pp: 84-89, 2018
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=13&info=aims
Academic Research Publishing
Group
84
Original Research Open Access
A Review on Iron Homeostasis and Anaemia in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi
Diagnostic Laboratory unit, Department of University Health Services, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,
Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
Abstract
The paper discussed iron homeostasis and anaemia in pulmonary tuberculosis. Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant
elements in the earth‟s crust and an essential nutrient for almost all known organisms. It is able to receive and release
electrons during conversion from Fe (II) to Fe (III) and plays a major role in DNA production and in energy
generation. A system of highly regulated mechanisms is in place to control iron homeostasis. Regulation occurs at
both the systemic and cellular levels and influences a number of iron-associated proteins. The iron regulatory
protein, hepcidin, plays an important role in the mechanisms responsible for AI and the inflammation-mediated
alteration of iron homeostasis. Specifically, hepcidin binds to and degrades the iron export protein ferroportin and
down-regulates expression of the iron importer DMT1.Since hepcidin transcription is induced by the pro-
inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), inflammation leads to a reduction in iron absorption and causes iron to
be sequestered in macrophages and enterocytes.The inflammatory cytokines that are released upon innate
recognition of a pathogen induce changes in plasma concentrations of other proteins. This phenomenon is referred to
as the acute phase response (APR) and the affected proteins are considered acute phase proteins (APPs). The iron
homeostasis proteins ferritin, transferrin and hepcidin are considered APPs, as are C-reactive protein (CRP) and
alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), both of which are often utilized in studies as markers of inflammation. In the
context of infection, iron‟s limited availability within the human body and its physiological importance to both hosts
and microbes make it a valuable commodity. Many microbes depend on host-acquired iron and, in response; hosts
use their complex system of iron regulation to modify their iron metabolism and restrict iron availability. Evidence
links iron with PTB pathogenesis both from the perspective of the pathogen and the host. Upon infection, host
immune recognition of Mtb induces a pro-inflammatory reaction that restricts iron access. Most strikingly, a pattern
of altered host iron status characterized by high ferritin, low transferrin, and low hemoglobin has been identified as a
risk factor for progression to PTB. Decreasing iron availability (regardless of the mechanism) reduces Mtb growth,
and addition of iron to Mtb almost always enhances growth.
Keywords: Iron homeostasis; Anaemia; Pulmonary tuberculosis.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant elements in the earth‟s crust and an essential nutrient for almost all known
organisms. It is able to receive and release electrons during conversion from Fe (II) to Fe (III) and plays a major role
in DNA production and in energy generation [1]. In humans, iron is considered indispensible because it serves as a
co-factor for many proteins, including hemoproteins and enzymes, which are essential for fundamental cellular
processes [2].
At a given time, between three and five grams of iron are present in the human body, with the majority in the
form of haeme in hemoglobin. Macrophages, muscle myoglobin, and the liver parenchyma also contain significant
portions of body iron. Absorption of dietary inorganic iron occurs through enterocytes via divalent metal transporter
1 (DMT1) following reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II). Internalization of dietary haeme also occurs through enterocytes.
Export of iron from enterocytes is mediated by ferroportin and coupled with re-oxidation from Fe (II) to Fe (III) by
either the ferroxidase hephaestin or its homologue, ceruloplasmin. Once exported, iron binds to the iron transport
protein, transferrin, for delivery to tissues and erythroblasts.
The potential consequences of “too much” or “too little” iron in the human body are dire. They include
oxidative damage, anemia and increased susceptibility to infection. To avoid these consequences, a system of highly
regulated mechanisms is in place to control iron homeostasis. Regulation occurs at both the systemic and cellular
levels and influences a number of iron-associated proteins including the five proteins: ferritin, hepcidin, transferrin,
soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and hemoglobin [2].
2. Anaemia
When hemoglobin concentration falls below a certain cutoff (which varies by age, sex and race [3], oxygen
delivery to tissues is considered to be impaired and the individual with low hemoglobin is considered to be anaemic.
Anaemia affects an estimated one-quarter of the world‟s population [4], with a disproportionate share of cases
occurring in sub-Saharan Africa [5]. Consequences of anemia include increased morbidity and mortality [6],
decreased quality of life [6], and diminished productivity [6]. Causes of anemia are diverse and often act in
combination with each other. While the largest worldwide contributor to anemia is thought to be iron-deficiency [3],
2. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences
85
factors including hemoglobinopathies, other micronutrient deficiencies and infection also play important roles in
contributing to the worldwide anemia burden [4].
While determinants of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are diverse (e.g., parasitic worms, diet, and pregnancy), the
mechanisms responsible for IDA are straightforward: either decreased iron supply impairs hemoglobin production,
or bleeding causes the loss of erythrocytes faster than they can be replaced. Anemia of inflammation (AI) (also
referred to as “anemia of chronic disease (ACD)”), is considered to be the second largest contributor to anemia after
iron deficiency [7]. It is a particularly important factor to consider in settings where anemia co-exists with high rates
of infection. AI arises as a result of an innate immune response, in which pattern-recognition receptors on
monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells recognize motifs specific to pathogens and release
inflammatory cytokines. The resulting inflammation leads to general alteration of iron homeostasis as well as
anemia-causing pathologies including short erythrocyte life-span, poor erythrocyte iron incorporation and decreased
sensitivity to or supply of erythropoietin [8].
The iron regulatory protein, hepcidin, plays an important role in the mechanisms responsible for AI and the
inflammation-mediated alteration of iron homeostasis. Specifically, hepcidin binds to and degrades the iron export
protein ferroportin and down-regulates expression of the iron importer DMT1.Since hepcidin transcription is induced
by the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), inflammation leads to a reduction in iron absorption and
causes iron to be sequestered in macrophages and enterocytes.This mechanism [9], contributes to the overall
alteration of ironhomeostasis that is a hallmark of AI and also limits iron delivery to erythroblasts, functionally
causing anemia [10, 11].
3. Acute Phase Response
In addition to lower hemoglobin concentrations, the inflammatory cytokines that are released upon innate
recognition of a pathogen induce changes in plasma concentrations of other proteins. This phenomenon is referred to
as the acute phase response (APR) and the affected proteins are considered acute phase proteins (APPs). The iron
homeostasis proteins ferritin, transferrin and hepcidin are considered APPs, as are C-reactive protein (CRP) and
alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), both of which are often utilized in studies as markers of inflammation. Changes in
APPs must be considered when interpreting concentrations of iron homeostasis proteins. For example, a study in
rural Zambian children reported that measurements of serum ferritin were 279-356% higher for those experiencing
infection [12].
4. Iron and Infection
In the context of infection, iron‟s limited availability within the human body and its physiological importance to
both hosts and microbes make it a valuable commodity. Many microbes depend on host-acquired iron and, in
response; hosts use their complex system of iron regulation to modify their iron metabolism and restrict iron
availability. Microbes, in turn, employ complex iron acquisition strategies to obtain the restricted resource [13].
Since microbes cultured in iron-scarce environments show decreased energy and nucleic acid production the
nutritional immunity suggests that iron-deficient host environments are better equipped to resist infection than iron-
rich host environments. Iron deficiency or „too little iron‟ is known to compromise cell-mediated immune function
[14] and iron sufficiency or „too much iron‟ increases iron availability to pathogens leading to increased disease
susceptibility [14-16]. The optimal or „just right‟ level of iron status, which has not been defined, may maintain
immune function while also conferring some protection against pathogens.
5. Pulmonary Tuberculosis Prevalence
Estimates suggest that approximately one-third of the world‟s population is infected with PTB causing bacteria,
also known as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) Complex (MTBC) [7].
While the vast majority of infected individuals will never progress from latent PTB infection (LTBI) to active
PTB disease, PTB is widespread and considered the world‟s second leading cause of infectious disease mortality.
World Health Organization estimates for 2013 indicated that there were 9.0 million new cases of PTB and 1.5
million deaths from PTB worldwide, with the bulk of both cases and deaths occurring in Africa and Southeast Asia
[17].
6. Pulmonary Tuberculosis Prevalence Pathogenesis
While there are several mycobacterial species that make up the MTBC and cause PTB, most cases of active PTB
disease are attributed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Transmission of Mtb occurs when an individual with
active pulmonary TB disease coughs, sneezes, or shouts – liberating tiny airborne particles of tubercle bacilli that
can be inhaled by anyone in close proximity. Inhaled bacilli make their way to the alveoli of the lungs where they are
phagocytosed (internalized) by alveolar macrophages. Phagocytosis is followed by maturation of the phagosome, a
process in which the chamber containing the Mtb bacilli is subject to acidification, production of reactive
oxygen/nitrogen species, and release of anti-microbial peptides. Phagosomal maturation is often sufficient to destroy
pathogens, but Mtb’s unique cell wall enables it to tolerate and in some cases impair the phagosomal maturation
process [18, 19].
Infected macrophages move from the airways into pulmonary tissue where a local inflammatory response
initiates formation of a granuloma. The granuloma is a hallmark of PTB and is characterized by a core of infected
macrophages surrounded by monocytes and T lymphocytes. In most people infected with Mtb, granuloma formation
3. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences
86
signals that the host immune system has mostly managed to halt the replication and spread of Mtb. This stage of
pathogenesis is known clinically as latent PTB infection (LTBI).During LTBI, the host immune [8] system keeps
Mtb in check through deployment of phagosomal defense mechanisms and promotion of unfavorable conditions
within the granumloma, while Mtb enters a state of dormancy in which its metabolic activity decreases and its ability
to resist host defense mechanisms increases [20]. LTBI is asymptomatic and may be short lived or last for the
individual‟s remaining years of life.
While some individuals progress directly from Mtb infection to active TB disease, most experience some form
of LTBI between infection and active TB disease [21]. In the 5-10% [21] of individuals who progress from LTBI to
active PTB disease, dormant Mtb reactivates and begins replicating within the granuloma. Due in part to increased
metabolic activity by Mtb, the granuloma‟s previously solid center becomes caseous and begins to lose its structure.
Eventually the unstructured granuloma ruptures, releasing TB bacilli into the airways [20].Some studies have
speculated that resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf) plays a role in inducing reactivation [22].The Mtb genome
contains several Rpf orthologs [22] and a 2010 study showed that addition of Rpf to sputum from PTB patients
increased recovery of Mtb [23]. Another model suggests that „scout‟ Mtb organisms may determine whether or not
broader Mtb reactivation will occur by sensing the attractiveness of the environment for replication [20]. In this
model limitation of nutrients, including iron, would likely play an important role in determining the likelihood of
Mtb reactivation.
7. Pulmonary Tuberculosis Prevalence Diagnosis and Treatment
Sustained high levels of new PTB cases and deaths from PTB serve as evidence that diagnosis and treatment of
PTB present major challenges. PTB diagnosis has traditionally been [9] based on a “passive case finding” strategy,
in which symptomatic individuals who presented at medical facilities were tested for the disease using sputum-smear
microscopy and mycobacterial culture. While passive case finding, microscopy and culture are still in wide use,
recent advances have improved case identification and accelerated PTB diagnosis. In particular, community based
case finding strategies (e.g., enhanced case finding, in which communities are sensitized about PTB signs/symptoms
and PTB contacts are screened) and the Xpert MTB/RIF test have had recent impacts [24, 25]. These developments
are proving to be especially important in resource restricted settings where PTB prevalence is high and access to
laboratories outfitted for PTB culture is decreased.
Upon diagnosis, current treatment guidelines for active TB disease include an intensive phase of the anti-TB
drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampicin for
four months [26]. Isoniazid and ethambutol work against PTB causing bacteria by interfering with mycobacterial cell
wall production, rifampicin inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis and pyrazinamide impairs mycobacterial fatty acid
synthesis. With timely diagnosis these drugs are extremely effective. Cure rates for patients (non-multi-drug resistant
TB) on PTB treatment are close to 90% [27]. However, cure rates for untreated PTB cases or for patients in whom
treatment is delayed, are poor. 70% of adults with untreated PTB die within 10 years [28] and delayed PTB
treatment is linked to increased risk of mortality [29]. In addition, foregoing or delaying treatment fundamentally
increases the likelihood of transmission of PTB causing bacteria [30]. Similar to patients who experience delays in
PTB treatment, PTB patients with co-morbidities who are undergoing treatment are at higher-risk for poor PTB
outcomes. Anemia at PTB diagnosis, for example, has been linked to an increased risk of Prentice, et al. [10] death
[31, 32]. The same is true for individuals with malnutrition , bacterial pneumonia (Shimazaki et al.,2013), and
HIV/TB co-infection [33]. Thus, timely diagnosis, swift administration of treatment, and resolution of co-morbidities
are key components in reducing PTB transmission and death from PTB.
8. LTBI Screening and Treatment
The standard screening method for LTBI is the mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST). The TST is administered as
an intradermal injection of a standard volume of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) into the inner-forearm.
Results of the test are based on the diameter of the induration 48 to 72 hours following administration. While the
TST is generally effective, results require several days to obtain and specificity is low in populations vaccinated with
the TB-vaccine, BCG, due to overlapping antigens present in both the vaccine and PPD [34]. These issues likely
spurred the development of interferon gamma release assays (IGRA), which yield results within 24 hours and utilize
antigens not found in BCG [35].
Treatment of individuals at risk for transitioning from LTBI to active PTB disease is an important strategy in
fighting the global PTB epidemic. Treatment for LTBI typically includes some combination of self-administered
isoniazid and/or rifampetine and is considered to be highly effective in decreasing the probability of progressing to
active PTB disease [36]. The challenge in implementing treatment of LTBI is identification of when and in whom
treatment should be initiated. The global population with LTBI includes an estimated two billion people, and it is
unlikely that all of these individuals could or should be subjected to a lengthy course of antibiotics. Thus, an
important step in treating LTBI will be identifying those individuals who are at risk of progressing to PTB and in
need of treatment. The ability to identify who is at risk for [11] transitioning from an infected and stable state to an
infected but disease progressing state is critical for both the clinical management of the individual and for the
prevention of PTB transmission at the population level.
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9. Role of Iron in Pulmonary tuberculosis
Evidence links iron with PTB pathogenesis both from the perspective of the pathogen and the host. Upon
infection, host immune recognition of Mtb induces a pro-inflammatory reaction that restricts iron access [37].Since
host-acquired iron is a co-factor involved in vital Mtb cellular processes, Mtb responds by manufacturing
siderophores, molecules capable of binding iron more strongly than host iron-storage proteins. Specifically, Mtb
synthesizes two types of siderophores: lipophilic, cell-bound mycobactins and free carboxymycobactins, which work
together to capture iron from a variety of host iron sources (including transferrin, lactoferrin and haeme [38, 39] and
transfer it across the Mtb cell wall. This process has been shown to be essential for Mtb growth and virulence [40,
41] and capable of increasing iron availability in the mycobacterial phagosome almost 20-fold [42]. Evidence
highlighting the importance of siderophores to Mtb growth is consistent with studies examining the effect of
modified iron status on Mtb growth. Decreasing iron availability (regardless of the mechanism) reduces Mtb growth,
and addition of iron to Mtb almost always enhances growth [37].Similarly, genetics support the important role for
iron in Mtb growth. Mtb mutants with defective genes involved in siderophore synthesis [40] and/or iron-utilization
machinery show reduced growth [43].
Examination of the role of iron in PTB from the perspective of the host echoes its importance. Most strikingly, a
pattern of altered host iron status characterized by high ferritin, low transferrin, and low hemoglobin has been
identified as a risk factor for progression to PTB [44]. This is consistent with evidence indicating that high
macrophage iron stores are linked to an increased likelihood of contracting Mycobacterium spp. infections as well as
studies suggesting that dietary iron overload is associated with an increased risk of developing pulmonary
tuberculosis (PTB) [45] and dying from PTB . It is also consistent with studies that have identified anemia is a risk
factor for poorer PTB outcomes. From the genetic perspective, polymorphisms in the phagolysosomal iron
transporter SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) are associated with TB susceptibility [46, 47] and hereditary hemochromatosis,
which leads to iron deficient macrophages, is thought to be protective against TB [48].
10. Conclusion
Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant elements in the earth‟s crust and an essential nutrient for almost all known
organisms. It is able to receive and release electrons during conversion from Fe (II) to Fe (III) and plays a major role
in DNA production and in energy generation. A system of highly regulated mechanisms is in place to control iron
homeostasis. Regulation occurs at both the systemic and cellular levels and influences a number of iron-associated
proteins.
The iron regulatory protein, hepcidin, plays an important role in the mechanisms responsible for AI and the
inflammation-mediated alteration of iron homeostasis. Specifically, hepcidin binds to and degrades the iron export
protein ferroportin and down-regulates expression of the iron importer DMT1.Since hepcidin transcription is induced
by the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), inflammation leads to a reduction in iron absorption and
causes iron to be sequestered in macrophages and enterocytes.
The inflammatory cytokines that are released upon innate recognition of a pathogen induce changes in plasma
concentrations of other proteins. This phenomenon is referred to as the acute phase response (APR) and the affected
proteins are considered acute phase proteins (APPs). The iron homeostasis proteins ferritin, transferrin and hepcidin
are considered APPs, as are C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), both of which are often
utilized in studies as markers of inflammation.
Evidence links iron with PTB pathogenesis both from the perspective of the pathogen and the host. Upon
infection, host immune recognition of Mtb induces a pro-inflammatory reaction that restricts iron access. Most
strikingly, a pattern of altered host iron status characterized by high ferritin, low transferrin, and low hemoglobin has
been identified as a risk factor for progression to PTB.
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