Andrew Chesterman is a professor of translation theory in the Department of Romance Languages. The document discusses various cognitive, textual, sociological, and cultural models of translation including the comparative model, process model, and agent model. It also discusses various translation strategies such as syntactic strategies, literal translation, and unit shifts as well as cultural filtering and changes to formality levels. The document provides tips for producing text such as planning breaks, sharing work, changing tasks/surroundings, and adopting proofreading routines.

1. Wiltshire (1961)

2. Andrew Chesterman is currently professor of
translation theory in the Department of
Romance Languages.

4. cognitive
textual sociolog
cal
cultur
al

5. Comparative model
Process model
Agent model

7. The All-Writing- Translation
meme.
The Free v Literal meme.
Strategy memes

8. P S
R T
O R
B A
L T
E E
M G
Y

11.  Syntactic strategies
 Literal translation
 Transposition (word class change)
 Unit shift (morpheme, word, phrase...)
 Structure changes at level of phrase/
clause/ sentence.
 Cohesion change
 Change of rhetorical scheme (pattern),
e.g. alliteration, repetition.

12.  Using a near-synonym
 Using an antonym + a negation
 Using a hyponym or a super ordinate
 Changing between abstract and concrete
 Changing the distribution (condensing or
diluting)
 Change of emphasis
 Change of rhetorical trope
(metaphor, personification...)

13.  Cultural filtering
 Adding or omitting information
 Change of formality level
 Change of speech act
(e.g. rhetorical question; speech
representation...)
 Change of coherence
 Transediting

14. When producing text:
 Plan frequent small breaks
 Share the job with others
 Switch to another task for a bit
 Leave overnight
 Change internal state
 Change from ‘cogitate’ to contemplate’
 Change your surroundings
 Change the medium
 Consult someone else

15.  Put yourself in the place of the
author
 Read another document on the
same subject
 Get the subconscious working.

16.  Learn to forget
 Change the medium (screen, print)
 Give the text to someone else to read
 Imagine you are someone else reading
 Start reading in the middle
 Adopt a regular proof-reading routine
 Separate the tasks involved:
> completeness
> accuracy of numbers, spelling, names, formatting
> clarity of syntax and style
> transmission of the message