The document discusses the context of situation framework for analyzing texts, which includes field, tenor, and mode. Field refers to the subject matter or content of the text. Tenor describes the relationship between the participants, such as writer and reader. Mode concerns the channel of communication, such as written or spoken. The document provides examples of analyzing a cricket match news report based on these three dimensions. It also summarizes a research study that analyzed university student writing and found field was realized 47.2% of the time, tenor 33.1%, and mode 19.8%.
This document discusses styles and registers in language. It defines styles as varieties of language used for specific purposes, often analyzed on a scale of formality. Five levels of formality are described, ranging from oratorical style for public speaking to intimate style between close friends and family with no social inhibitions. Registers are varieties associated with occupational or socioeconomic groups, like legalese or the language of sports commentators. Verbal and nonverbal communication are also discussed, with nonverbal communication including body language, facial expressions, eye contact, space/proximity, artifacts, touch, and olfactory dimensions like smell.
Introduction to grammar & Approaches in teaching grammarConstance Chee
The document discusses various approaches to teaching grammar to young English language learners, including using grammar in context rather than in isolation, using the M-U-F (meaning, use, form) framework to introduce new grammar points meaningfully, and integrating grammar instruction with the teaching of other language skills like reading, listening, speaking and writing. It also compares descriptive and prescriptive grammar as well as covert and overt approaches to teaching grammar.
This document discusses several theories of second language acquisition, including behaviorism, innatism, and Krashen's Monitor Model. It provides details on behaviorist theory proposed by Skinner, innatist theory by Chomsky, and five hypotheses in Krashen's Monitor Model: acquisition vs learning, the Monitor, natural order, input, and affective filter. The theories differ in their views of the language learning process and what factors influence it.
The document discusses flouting and violating maxims, which are ways that speakers can deliberately fail to observe conversational maxims for the purpose of implicature (flouting) or to mislead (violating). It provides examples of characters flouting or violating the maxim of quality by lying or avoiding direct answers. Among the examples are a boy lying about studying all day, a student arriving late to class, friends avoiding directly answering where they are or have been, and characters avoiding answering direct questions about conversations or possessions.
The document discusses several factors that can affect second language learning, including intelligence, aptitude, personality, motivation, learner preferences/styles, and age of acquisition. Regarding intelligence, different types exist (e.g. linguistic, logical) and it may correlate more with rule-based learning than communicative skills. Aptitude predicts future achievement and includes abilities like sound identification and grammar rule inference. Personality's role is unclear but extroversion and risk-taking may help, while inhibition hinders pronunciation. Motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic/instrumental, and identity/attitudes also influence learning. Learner styles include visual/auditory preferences and field independence/dependence in processing information.
Grammar in isolation vs grammar in contextEl Sameeha
The document discusses teaching grammar in isolation versus teaching grammar in context. Teaching grammar in isolation involves separate grammar lessons focusing only on forms and meanings through exercises, while teaching grammar in context involves teaching grammar as it relates to real communication situations. While teaching grammar in isolation helps identify students' performance and ensure they learn rules, it risks being confusing and boring. Teaching grammar in context provides a meaningful framework that connects lessons to reality and allows students to learn how to correctly form and use grammatical structures for communication. The document recommends teaching grammar in context through methods like dialogues that match how language is used in the real world.
The document discusses the context of situation framework for analyzing texts, which includes field, tenor, and mode. Field refers to the subject matter or content of the text. Tenor describes the relationship between the participants, such as writer and reader. Mode concerns the channel of communication, such as written or spoken. The document provides examples of analyzing a cricket match news report based on these three dimensions. It also summarizes a research study that analyzed university student writing and found field was realized 47.2% of the time, tenor 33.1%, and mode 19.8%.
This document discusses styles and registers in language. It defines styles as varieties of language used for specific purposes, often analyzed on a scale of formality. Five levels of formality are described, ranging from oratorical style for public speaking to intimate style between close friends and family with no social inhibitions. Registers are varieties associated with occupational or socioeconomic groups, like legalese or the language of sports commentators. Verbal and nonverbal communication are also discussed, with nonverbal communication including body language, facial expressions, eye contact, space/proximity, artifacts, touch, and olfactory dimensions like smell.
Introduction to grammar & Approaches in teaching grammarConstance Chee
The document discusses various approaches to teaching grammar to young English language learners, including using grammar in context rather than in isolation, using the M-U-F (meaning, use, form) framework to introduce new grammar points meaningfully, and integrating grammar instruction with the teaching of other language skills like reading, listening, speaking and writing. It also compares descriptive and prescriptive grammar as well as covert and overt approaches to teaching grammar.
This document discusses several theories of second language acquisition, including behaviorism, innatism, and Krashen's Monitor Model. It provides details on behaviorist theory proposed by Skinner, innatist theory by Chomsky, and five hypotheses in Krashen's Monitor Model: acquisition vs learning, the Monitor, natural order, input, and affective filter. The theories differ in their views of the language learning process and what factors influence it.
The document discusses flouting and violating maxims, which are ways that speakers can deliberately fail to observe conversational maxims for the purpose of implicature (flouting) or to mislead (violating). It provides examples of characters flouting or violating the maxim of quality by lying or avoiding direct answers. Among the examples are a boy lying about studying all day, a student arriving late to class, friends avoiding directly answering where they are or have been, and characters avoiding answering direct questions about conversations or possessions.
The document discusses several factors that can affect second language learning, including intelligence, aptitude, personality, motivation, learner preferences/styles, and age of acquisition. Regarding intelligence, different types exist (e.g. linguistic, logical) and it may correlate more with rule-based learning than communicative skills. Aptitude predicts future achievement and includes abilities like sound identification and grammar rule inference. Personality's role is unclear but extroversion and risk-taking may help, while inhibition hinders pronunciation. Motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic/instrumental, and identity/attitudes also influence learning. Learner styles include visual/auditory preferences and field independence/dependence in processing information.
Grammar in isolation vs grammar in contextEl Sameeha
The document discusses teaching grammar in isolation versus teaching grammar in context. Teaching grammar in isolation involves separate grammar lessons focusing only on forms and meanings through exercises, while teaching grammar in context involves teaching grammar as it relates to real communication situations. While teaching grammar in isolation helps identify students' performance and ensure they learn rules, it risks being confusing and boring. Teaching grammar in context provides a meaningful framework that connects lessons to reality and allows students to learn how to correctly form and use grammatical structures for communication. The document recommends teaching grammar in context through methods like dialogues that match how language is used in the real world.
THIS IS A METHOD OF APPLIED LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS. IT HAS BOTH MANY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. WE WORKED ON HARDLY WITH MY GROUP. HOPE IT WILL BE USEFUL FOR EVERYONE.
The document discusses principles of materials design according to various experts including Tomlinson, Nunan, Hutchinson, and Waters. It states that while there is no universal set of principles, experts have proposed frameworks and guidelines. Nunan outlined six principles such as materials linking to curriculum and encouraging application of skills. Tomlinson proposed 16 principles including achieving impact, relevance, and accommodating learning styles. Hutchinson and Waters presented a seven-step model of needs analysis, syllabus, development, methodology, trials, evaluation and revision. The document concludes that materials writers claim to rely more on intuition than explicit principles.
Language attitudes can influence how people communicate and perceive others. Semantic shift describes how word meanings change over time, such as "girl" shifting from a general child to specifically referring to females. Semantic derogation occurs when a word carries different positive or negative connotations when applied to different genders. Social identity theory and communication accommodation theory examine how language influences social interactions and perceptions of convergence or divergence from others.
http://www.facebook.com/sandi.juandi
This presentation prepared for my group assignment, please help us by giving suggestion to my facebook. Thank for download.
Krashen's theory on Second Language Acquisitionmilaazofeifa
Stephen Krashen transformed language teaching in the 1980s with his theory of second language acquisition, consisting of five hypotheses: acquisition-learning, monitor, natural order, input, and affective filter. The acquisition-learning hypothesis distinguishes between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning. Acquisition occurs through meaningful interaction, while learning involves formal instruction. The monitor hypothesis explains that learned grammar can be used to monitor speaking when certain conditions are met.
The slides contain a short account of the relationship between discourse analysis and interactional sociolinguistics linguistics. They also provide a short account of different approaches to politeness. The influence of Gumperz and Goffman on politeness and facework is highlighted.
This document outlines the key differences between spoken and written discourse as presented in a lecture. It discusses 7 commonly held differences: grammatical intricacy, lexical density, nominalization, explicitness, contextualization, spontaneity, and repetition/hesitations. For each, it presents the commonly held view and potential rebuttals. It concludes by discussing McCarthy's view that these differences exist on a continuum rather than as absolute distinctions, and that genres can vary considerably within the spoken and written modes.
Applied linguistics is the branch of linguistics concerned with practical applications of language studies, such as language teaching, translation, and speech therapy. It involves solving language-related problems or addressing language-related concerns. Early applied linguistics work focused on improving foreign language teaching using a scientific approach. Over time, applied linguistics has evolved to encompass many disciplines and contexts involving language issues in fields such as law, speech pathology, and language planning. Modern applied linguists study topics like multilingualism, literacy, and language policies with the goal of providing practical insights for language users.
SLA ,Learning Theories , Second language Aquisitionmoji azimi
This document discusses theories of second language acquisition (SLA). It covers linguistic, psychological, and sociocultural theories including: Universal Grammar, Monitor Theory, Natural Order Hypothesis, Comprehension Input Hypothesis, Affective Filter Hypothesis, Behaviorism, Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, Cognitive Psychology, Information Processing Theory, Connectionism, Processability Theory, Interactionist Perspectives, Sociocultural Perspectives, Interlanguage, Developmental Sequences, and the role of the first language and instruction in SLA. The document provides an overview of many influential theories that aim to explain how people learn a second language.
Language death occurs when a language is no longer spoken by anyone. Languages do not naturally die out but are instead "killed" when their speakers abandon the language due to pressures to assimilate and adopt dominant languages that have greater social and economic opportunities. There are several types of language death including sudden, radical, gradual, and bottom-to-top death. Major causes of language death include globalization, urbanization, modern education, and the pressure of dominant languages that are given more prestige and power. Efforts can be made to revive languages through programs that promote acquisition by adults, create socially integrated speaker populations, develop literacy in the language, and encourage use of the language in various social domains over time.
Types of errors
Among the most frequent sources of errors Brown counts
(1) interlingual transfer,
(2) intralingual transfer,
(3) context of learning,
and (4) various communication strategies the learners use
This document provides an introduction to sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, exploring how social factors influence language use and how language variations exist between social groups. Some key topics covered include the differences between micro and macrolinguistics, sociolinguistics versus the sociology of language, social factors that determine language choice like participants and setting, and social dimensions of language like solidarity scales. The conclusion emphasizes that sociolinguistics research how language is used in a community and how social relationships and contexts influence linguistic variation and choices in vocabulary, sounds, words and grammar.
This document discusses the post-methods era in language teaching. It summarizes that methods were widely used until the late 1980s but gradually fell out of favor due to dissatisfaction with their rigid prescriptions. The post-methods paradigm emerged as an alternative that emphasizes teacher autonomy over prescribed methods. It focuses on three pedagogical parameters: particularity, considering local teaching contexts; practicality, enabling teachers to theorize from practice; and possibility, accounting for social factors that shape learning. The post-methods era aims to facilitate the development of each teacher's own teaching theory based on their unique situation and experiences.
Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) views language as a social semiotic system used to exchange meanings in social contexts. SFL was developed by Michael Halliday to study the relationship between language and its functions in social settings. It treats grammar as a meaning-making resource and considers how language evolves under the pressure of functions it must serve in society. SFL analyzes language through three metafunctions - the ideational to express experience, the interpersonal to enact social relationships, and the textual to create coherent messages.
Language Shift and Factors Contributing to Language Shiftnicaasoque
Language shift occurs when a population changes from using an old language to a new one. It is a social phenomenon driven by changes in society. There are several factors that can contribute to language shift, including economic, social, political, demographic, and attitude-related reasons. Maintaining minority languages often requires institutional support through education, administration, religion, and media to help the language survive.
This document discusses the relationship between applied linguistics and language teaching. It defines applied linguistics as the theoretical and empirical investigation of real-world language problems. It explores how applied linguistics can positively impact language teachers by informing areas like teaching methods, materials development, and testing. The document also examines how linguistics, applied linguistics, and language teaching are interrelated and how descriptions of language can improve teaching.
Michael Long developed the Interaction Hypothesis in 1983, which posited that comprehensible input alone is not sufficient for second language acquisition. The hypothesis emphasizes that meaningful interaction and negotiation of meaning between interlocutors is essential. When learners do not understand, interaction provides opportunities to modify input through techniques like clarification requests and confirmation checks. This negotiated interaction allows learners to notice gaps and facilitates acquisition by connecting input, internal processes, and output. Long later incorporated aspects of Merrill Swain's Output Hypothesis by acknowledging the role of output in development.
The document discusses contrastive analysis and error analysis in language learning. It covers:
1) The weak, moderate, and strong versions of contrastive analysis hypothesis (CAH) and their limitations in predicting learner errors.
2) Factors like language transfer, both positive and negative, that can facilitate or hinder second language acquisition.
3) Problems with CAH predictions and the finding that many errors are not due to language differences.
4) Procedures for comparing languages in a contrastive analysis, including selecting areas, describing languages, comparing features, predicting difficulties, and verifying predictions.
5) Hierarchies of difficulty proposed to formalize predictions, including six categories ranging from
The document discusses the role of textbooks and materials in English language teaching. It addresses both the advantages and disadvantages of using textbooks in the classroom. Some key points made include:
- Textbooks are widely used but also debated in the ELT field due to issues around how well they guide learning and represent language/culture.
- Advantages of textbooks include helping students measure progress, being time/cost effective for teachers, and supporting less experienced instructors.
- Disadvantages include textbooks sometimes being too rigid or reflecting author biases, and unnatural language models.
- Effective adaptation of materials is important to achieve congruence between variables like objectives, students' needs, and teaching style. Teachers should analyze when and how
1) The document discusses input and interaction in second language acquisition. It defines input as the language directed at the non-native speaker through listening and reading. Input must be comprehensible and slightly above the learner's level.
2) The document also examines Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis which posits that language is acquired through comprehensible input that is one stage above the learner's current ability.
3) Interaction involves face-to-face communication between language learners and promotes language development through receiving feedback and negotiating meaning.
The document discusses discourse analysis and related concepts. It defines discourse as language use beyond the sentence level that occurs in social contexts. Discourse is realized through language, texts, and communication. Texts are analyzed at different levels, including semantics, lexicogrammar, and phonology/graphology. Discourse analysis examines how texts relate to their contexts and social practices.
This document discusses discourse analysis and various approaches to studying discourse. It defines discourse as language use above the sentence level and discusses the importance of situational context, background knowledge, and co-textual context in discourse analysis. It then describes several approaches to discourse analysis including conversation analysis, ethnography of communication, and pragmatics. Key concepts in these approaches like turn-taking, speech acts, implicature, and Hymes's SPEAKING model are also summarized.
THIS IS A METHOD OF APPLIED LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS. IT HAS BOTH MANY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. WE WORKED ON HARDLY WITH MY GROUP. HOPE IT WILL BE USEFUL FOR EVERYONE.
The document discusses principles of materials design according to various experts including Tomlinson, Nunan, Hutchinson, and Waters. It states that while there is no universal set of principles, experts have proposed frameworks and guidelines. Nunan outlined six principles such as materials linking to curriculum and encouraging application of skills. Tomlinson proposed 16 principles including achieving impact, relevance, and accommodating learning styles. Hutchinson and Waters presented a seven-step model of needs analysis, syllabus, development, methodology, trials, evaluation and revision. The document concludes that materials writers claim to rely more on intuition than explicit principles.
Language attitudes can influence how people communicate and perceive others. Semantic shift describes how word meanings change over time, such as "girl" shifting from a general child to specifically referring to females. Semantic derogation occurs when a word carries different positive or negative connotations when applied to different genders. Social identity theory and communication accommodation theory examine how language influences social interactions and perceptions of convergence or divergence from others.
http://www.facebook.com/sandi.juandi
This presentation prepared for my group assignment, please help us by giving suggestion to my facebook. Thank for download.
Krashen's theory on Second Language Acquisitionmilaazofeifa
Stephen Krashen transformed language teaching in the 1980s with his theory of second language acquisition, consisting of five hypotheses: acquisition-learning, monitor, natural order, input, and affective filter. The acquisition-learning hypothesis distinguishes between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning. Acquisition occurs through meaningful interaction, while learning involves formal instruction. The monitor hypothesis explains that learned grammar can be used to monitor speaking when certain conditions are met.
The slides contain a short account of the relationship between discourse analysis and interactional sociolinguistics linguistics. They also provide a short account of different approaches to politeness. The influence of Gumperz and Goffman on politeness and facework is highlighted.
This document outlines the key differences between spoken and written discourse as presented in a lecture. It discusses 7 commonly held differences: grammatical intricacy, lexical density, nominalization, explicitness, contextualization, spontaneity, and repetition/hesitations. For each, it presents the commonly held view and potential rebuttals. It concludes by discussing McCarthy's view that these differences exist on a continuum rather than as absolute distinctions, and that genres can vary considerably within the spoken and written modes.
Applied linguistics is the branch of linguistics concerned with practical applications of language studies, such as language teaching, translation, and speech therapy. It involves solving language-related problems or addressing language-related concerns. Early applied linguistics work focused on improving foreign language teaching using a scientific approach. Over time, applied linguistics has evolved to encompass many disciplines and contexts involving language issues in fields such as law, speech pathology, and language planning. Modern applied linguists study topics like multilingualism, literacy, and language policies with the goal of providing practical insights for language users.
SLA ,Learning Theories , Second language Aquisitionmoji azimi
This document discusses theories of second language acquisition (SLA). It covers linguistic, psychological, and sociocultural theories including: Universal Grammar, Monitor Theory, Natural Order Hypothesis, Comprehension Input Hypothesis, Affective Filter Hypothesis, Behaviorism, Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, Cognitive Psychology, Information Processing Theory, Connectionism, Processability Theory, Interactionist Perspectives, Sociocultural Perspectives, Interlanguage, Developmental Sequences, and the role of the first language and instruction in SLA. The document provides an overview of many influential theories that aim to explain how people learn a second language.
Language death occurs when a language is no longer spoken by anyone. Languages do not naturally die out but are instead "killed" when their speakers abandon the language due to pressures to assimilate and adopt dominant languages that have greater social and economic opportunities. There are several types of language death including sudden, radical, gradual, and bottom-to-top death. Major causes of language death include globalization, urbanization, modern education, and the pressure of dominant languages that are given more prestige and power. Efforts can be made to revive languages through programs that promote acquisition by adults, create socially integrated speaker populations, develop literacy in the language, and encourage use of the language in various social domains over time.
Types of errors
Among the most frequent sources of errors Brown counts
(1) interlingual transfer,
(2) intralingual transfer,
(3) context of learning,
and (4) various communication strategies the learners use
This document provides an introduction to sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, exploring how social factors influence language use and how language variations exist between social groups. Some key topics covered include the differences between micro and macrolinguistics, sociolinguistics versus the sociology of language, social factors that determine language choice like participants and setting, and social dimensions of language like solidarity scales. The conclusion emphasizes that sociolinguistics research how language is used in a community and how social relationships and contexts influence linguistic variation and choices in vocabulary, sounds, words and grammar.
This document discusses the post-methods era in language teaching. It summarizes that methods were widely used until the late 1980s but gradually fell out of favor due to dissatisfaction with their rigid prescriptions. The post-methods paradigm emerged as an alternative that emphasizes teacher autonomy over prescribed methods. It focuses on three pedagogical parameters: particularity, considering local teaching contexts; practicality, enabling teachers to theorize from practice; and possibility, accounting for social factors that shape learning. The post-methods era aims to facilitate the development of each teacher's own teaching theory based on their unique situation and experiences.
Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) views language as a social semiotic system used to exchange meanings in social contexts. SFL was developed by Michael Halliday to study the relationship between language and its functions in social settings. It treats grammar as a meaning-making resource and considers how language evolves under the pressure of functions it must serve in society. SFL analyzes language through three metafunctions - the ideational to express experience, the interpersonal to enact social relationships, and the textual to create coherent messages.
Language Shift and Factors Contributing to Language Shiftnicaasoque
Language shift occurs when a population changes from using an old language to a new one. It is a social phenomenon driven by changes in society. There are several factors that can contribute to language shift, including economic, social, political, demographic, and attitude-related reasons. Maintaining minority languages often requires institutional support through education, administration, religion, and media to help the language survive.
This document discusses the relationship between applied linguistics and language teaching. It defines applied linguistics as the theoretical and empirical investigation of real-world language problems. It explores how applied linguistics can positively impact language teachers by informing areas like teaching methods, materials development, and testing. The document also examines how linguistics, applied linguistics, and language teaching are interrelated and how descriptions of language can improve teaching.
Michael Long developed the Interaction Hypothesis in 1983, which posited that comprehensible input alone is not sufficient for second language acquisition. The hypothesis emphasizes that meaningful interaction and negotiation of meaning between interlocutors is essential. When learners do not understand, interaction provides opportunities to modify input through techniques like clarification requests and confirmation checks. This negotiated interaction allows learners to notice gaps and facilitates acquisition by connecting input, internal processes, and output. Long later incorporated aspects of Merrill Swain's Output Hypothesis by acknowledging the role of output in development.
The document discusses contrastive analysis and error analysis in language learning. It covers:
1) The weak, moderate, and strong versions of contrastive analysis hypothesis (CAH) and their limitations in predicting learner errors.
2) Factors like language transfer, both positive and negative, that can facilitate or hinder second language acquisition.
3) Problems with CAH predictions and the finding that many errors are not due to language differences.
4) Procedures for comparing languages in a contrastive analysis, including selecting areas, describing languages, comparing features, predicting difficulties, and verifying predictions.
5) Hierarchies of difficulty proposed to formalize predictions, including six categories ranging from
The document discusses the role of textbooks and materials in English language teaching. It addresses both the advantages and disadvantages of using textbooks in the classroom. Some key points made include:
- Textbooks are widely used but also debated in the ELT field due to issues around how well they guide learning and represent language/culture.
- Advantages of textbooks include helping students measure progress, being time/cost effective for teachers, and supporting less experienced instructors.
- Disadvantages include textbooks sometimes being too rigid or reflecting author biases, and unnatural language models.
- Effective adaptation of materials is important to achieve congruence between variables like objectives, students' needs, and teaching style. Teachers should analyze when and how
1) The document discusses input and interaction in second language acquisition. It defines input as the language directed at the non-native speaker through listening and reading. Input must be comprehensible and slightly above the learner's level.
2) The document also examines Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis which posits that language is acquired through comprehensible input that is one stage above the learner's current ability.
3) Interaction involves face-to-face communication between language learners and promotes language development through receiving feedback and negotiating meaning.
The document discusses discourse analysis and related concepts. It defines discourse as language use beyond the sentence level that occurs in social contexts. Discourse is realized through language, texts, and communication. Texts are analyzed at different levels, including semantics, lexicogrammar, and phonology/graphology. Discourse analysis examines how texts relate to their contexts and social practices.
This document discusses discourse analysis and various approaches to studying discourse. It defines discourse as language use above the sentence level and discusses the importance of situational context, background knowledge, and co-textual context in discourse analysis. It then describes several approaches to discourse analysis including conversation analysis, ethnography of communication, and pragmatics. Key concepts in these approaches like turn-taking, speech acts, implicature, and Hymes's SPEAKING model are also summarized.
This guide for students and practitioners is introduced by Christopher J. Hall, Patrick H. Smith, and Rachel Wicaksono. This presentation talks about discourse analysis and its several definitions including the pervasive relevance of discourse (analysis), linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, social approaches to discourse analysis, and themes in contemporary discourse analysis. This will discuss the nature of discourse analysis in context significant to all PhD Language Studies students around the globe.
1. Discourse analysis examines language in context rather than just grammar. It analyzes how we interpret language based on context, relationships between speakers, intonation, and speech conventions.
2. Spoken and written discourse can be analyzed differently. Spoken discourse looks at things like phone calls, interviews, etc, while written looks at texts like newspapers, poems, and letters.
3. Pragmatics systematically explains language use in context to understand meanings not evident from words alone, like understanding the speech act "Man on" as a football warning based on context rather than just word definitions.
This document discusses discourse analysis and pragmatics. It begins by defining discourse analysis as the study of language in context, including both spoken and written forms. Spoken discourse examples include phone calls and interviews, while written discourse includes newspapers and poems. The document then discusses speech acts, including locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It defines pragmatics as the study of language use in context to explain meanings beyond plain definitions of words. The document uses the example of a football player shouting "Man on!" to illustrate pragmatic meaning.
This document provides an overview of semantics and the different types and components of meaning. It discusses the following:
- The major branches of linguistics including semantics, which is concerned with the study of meanings.
- Components of lexical meaning including designation (basic meaning), connotation (additional information or attributes), and range of application (restrictions on a word's use).
- Ogden and Richards' meaning triangle which shows the relationship between words, concepts, and referents.
- Geoffrey Leech's seven types of meaning: conceptual, connotative, social, affective, reflected, collocative, and thematic.
- Examples are provided to illustrate designation, connotation, range
The document discusses discourse analysis and key concepts in analyzing language use and interpretation. It covers the Hallidayan model of language which analyzes context of culture, context of situation (including field, tenor, mode), genre, and register. It also discusses Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation, implicatures, and approaches to discourse analysis including initial analysis, conversation analysis, and critical discourse analysis.
Style refers to language variation based on situational factors like audience, setting, task or topic. Context refers to the words and sentences surrounding discourse that help determine meaning. Register is the specific language used in a given situation depending on factors like role, audience and channel. Some registers include formal, informal, over-formal and motherese. Style, context and register are interrelated as the language used reflects the situation through variations in vocabulary, grammar and speech patterns.
Style refers to language variation based on situational factors like audience, setting, task or topic. Context refers to the words and sentences surrounding discourse that help determine meaning. Register is the specific language used in a given situation depending on factors like participant roles, topic and means of communication. Some examples of registers include formal, informal, over-formal and motherese registers. Style, context and register are interrelated as the language and vocabulary used varies based on these situational and social factors. Understanding one requires understanding how they influence each other.
Discourse analysis considers language use beyond the sentence level and in its full social context. It examines how texts are structured through cohesion and coherence. Cohesion refers to linguistic connections between parts of a text, while coherence is the meaningful unity created in the reader's mind. Discourse analysis also looks at spoken and written styles, genres, and conversation structure through phenomena like turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and back-channeling. Background knowledge and expectations also influence how a text is understood.
The document discusses the importance of context in language and communication. It defines context as the conditions in which something exists or occurs, including the physical, social, and linguistic aspects that help determine meaning. Context includes preceding and following statements, the immediate situation, social relationships and shared knowledge between speakers. There are three main types of context: physical, linguistic, and social. Understanding context is essential for properly interpreting utterances, but overreliance on context can also lead to misunderstandings if not shared correctly between speakers.
This is a brief xplanation of the different functions of texts, as well as the different rhetoric organizations they must follow depending on what the function they have.
Discourse analysis session 1_ 10_10_2021 Introduction to the couse.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document provides an introduction to a university course on discourse analysis. It defines discourse analysis as the study of language patterns across texts and how they are shaped by social and cultural contexts. Discourse analysis examines how language presents different world views and identities. The document outlines several key aspects of discourse analysis, including how context influences meaning, cultural variations in language, the social construction of reality through language, and the relationship between language and identity. It also discusses different views of discourse analysis and provides examples to illustrate core concepts. Students will be assigned to groups to discuss questions related to the course material.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of register in academic writing. It defines register as how language use changes based on context, and identifies three components of register: field, tenor, and mode.
Field refers to the topic or content of communication. In academic contexts, field varies by discipline and involves learning specialized terminology. Tenor concerns relationships between communicators and how status and formality affect language. Mode relates to how communication is organized based on factors like time, distance, and whether it is spoken or written.
The document then provides examples to analyze in terms of field, tenor, and mode. It concludes that while academic language varies by discipline, there are also shared features that make up the academic
This document provides an overview of systemic functional grammar and linguistics. It discusses traditional grammar, formal grammar, and functional grammar. Functional grammar is concerned with both language structures and how those structures construct meaning. It analyzes clauses in terms of participants, processes, and circumstances rather than parts of speech. The document also discusses the connection between context and text, explaining how context of situation and culture influence language use and meaning. Context of situation includes factors like field, tenor, and mode. Finally, the document defines genre as culturally specific text types used to accomplish purposes, with distinctive stages and linguistic features.
This document discusses Systemic Functional Grammar and its focus on the relationship between forms and meanings in language. It provides an overview of traditional formal grammar versus functional grammar, which views grammar as a resource for making meanings. Key concepts discussed include context-text connections, ideational meanings about phenomena, interpersonal meanings expressing attitudes, and textual meanings relating to coherence. Mood and residue constituents of clauses are also explained.
This document discusses Systemic Functional Grammar and its focus on the relationship between forms and meanings in language. It provides an overview of traditional formal grammar versus functional grammar, which views grammar as a resource for making meanings. It also discusses the context-text connection in language and how context influences the ideational, interpersonal and textual meanings encoded in language.
The document discusses the rhetorical triangle and how it applies to different communication contexts. The rhetorical triangle consists of three sides - the speaker, the audience, and the situation or problem. It is used in speeches/lectures, workshops/group activities, and discussions. For each communication type, the summary provides an example of how the rhetorical triangle would apply by identifying the speaker, audience, and situation.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis and related concepts. It defines discourse as language longer than a sentence that is meaningful and communicates purpose. Discourse analysis examines patterns of language use across texts and their social/cultural contexts. Key areas discussed include the relationship between language and context, text cohesion/coherence, genre analysis involving text conventions and functions, and discourse communities sharing goals/practices. The objects of discourse analysis are defined as coherent sequences of language conveying information.
The document discusses the topic of pragmatics, which is presented by a group including Mohammad Waqas, Tayyaba ishfaq, Rabia, and Danish. Pragmatics is introduced as the study of language in use and actual conversation, concerned with speaker meaning rather than dictionary definitions. While pragmatics involves social and psychological factors making it interdisciplinary, it is also considered a branch of linguistics. Key aspects of pragmatics discussed include speech acts, rhetorical structure, conversational implicature, and management of reference through deixis.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
2. Context
Context must take into consideration while
studying discourse analysis.
According to George Yule:
“Context is the physical environment in which
a word is used.”
One common point of the context is the
environment in which a discourse occurs.
3. Cont.
Context refers to the setting in which
communication takes place.
The context helps establish meaning and can
influence what is said and how it is said.
4. Situational Context
Situational context, or context of situation,
refers to the environment, time and place, etc.
in which the discourse occurs, and also the
relationship between the participants.
It is one of the types of context that influence
communication.
Deals with appropriate behavior and actions
associated with the situation.
5. Cont.
This is the immediate physical
correspondence, the situation where the
interaction is taking place at the moment of
speaking.
For example:
o People talking on the phone and making
gestures with their hands or face.
o Go right or take left (by indicating).
6. Cont.
The hearer and speaker do not share the
situational context, so the gestures do not add
meaning to the words.
7. Cont.
Each atmosphere has its own set of rules for
how to communicate.
You would not talk in the same manner in a
same situation.
For example:
o At funeral or at wedding
9. Cont.
For example:
o In a classroom, a lecturer creates an imaginary
situation to write a story i.e. robbery of a bank.
Setting (Classroom)
Activity (Writing)
Environment (Material, no. of people)
11. Situational context & register
The Field-Tenor-Mode approach is used for
text analysis and, simply how text produce
o Field (What)
o Tenor (Who)
o Mode (How)
12. Cont.
Field (What):
o Field of discourse refers to the ongoing
activity.
Tenor (Who):
o Refers to the participants in a discourse, their
relationships to each other, and their purposes.
Mode (How):
Mean of communication i.e. written or spoken
13. Conclusion
The situational context is defined by the event
itself; you communicate differently in different
settings.
You use differing types and styles of
communication in different type of settings.
Imagine using the same type of speech in
different situations.
This would not be appropriate at all.