Anatomy Unit 2 Notes: Respiratory Disorders Summary
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This document discusses several respiratory disorders: bronchitis causes inflammation of the bronchioles from infection or irritants like smoking; pneumonia causes the bronchioles to fill with pus and mucus from bacterial or viral infection; cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder where thick mucus clogs the lungs and causes malnutrition; asthma causes oversensitive bronchioles that become easily inflamed from allergens; tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection of the lungs spread through the air that causes flu-like symptoms and coughing blood; and COPD results from repetitive respiratory disorders weakening the bronchioles over time.
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Anatomy unit 3 cardio and vascular systems respiratory notes
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm, and alveoli. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts to increase lung volume and draw air in. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes to decrease lung volume and push air out. Gases diffuse between the alveoli and blood capillaries to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide. Common respiratory disorders include bronchitis, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, asthma, tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air from the lungs. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses and develops from a cold or respiratory infection, while chronic bronchitis is often due to long-term smoking and causes constant irritation of the bronchial tubes. Risk factors for bronchitis include smoking cigarettes, exposure to air pollution, dust or toxic gases, and conditions that weaken the immune system such as colds, chronic illness, old age or young age.
Infeksi jamur pada paru 2
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is commonly found in bird and bat droppings. Most infections do not cause symptoms, but some people develop flu-like symptoms, chest pain, or disseminated infection affecting multiple organs. Diagnosis involves culturing the fungus from sputum, biopsy, or blood samples and treatment involves antifungal medications such as amphotericin B or itraconazole.
Chronic Bronchitis
Shahd Alali has chronic bronchitis, characterized by a chronic cough lasting over 2 years. Chronic bronchitis is common among smokers and is caused by smoking as well as air pollutants. It involves hypertrophy of the bronchial mucus glands leading to hypersecretion of mucus and inflammation in the large airways. On morphology, the large airways appear hyperemic, swollen, and covered in mucus secretions with increased goblet cells and inflammatory cells in the trachea and bronchi. Clinical features include a prominent cough producing sputum, cyanosis, increased risk of infection, and dyspnea.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi. Acute bronchitis causes cough and mucus production, often during a cold or flu. Chronic bronchitis is long-term cough and mucus production, usually caused by smoking or pollution. Acute bronchitis is usually viral but can be bacterial, while chronic bronchitis is caused by long-term airway irritation. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, and sore throat.
Chronic Bronchitis
This document describes the structure and pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis. It begins by outlining the divisions of the airway passage from the trachea down to the alveolar sacs. It then explains that chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation and damage to the airways from repeated infection or irritants like cigarette smoke. This causes increased mucus production and loss of cilia function, leading to a buildup of retained mucus in the lungs. Over time, this causes further inflammation and lung damage. The document outlines symptoms, stages of exacerbation, and treatments for chronic bronchitis.
Veterinary Pathology of Respiratory System
This document summarizes various respiratory diseases and conditions in veterinary pathology. It describes the typical locations of particle deposition in the respiratory tract. It then covers different types of pneumonia like bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia. Specific conditions discussed include rhinitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, atelectasis, and emphysema. It also covers circulatory issues, tumors, pneumoconiosis, and pleuritis. Hemorrhagic septicemia caused by Pasteurella multocida is explained in detail.
5 diseases of the lung pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that causes symptoms like cough, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial pneumonias often start as a primary infection in the bronchioles and spread within the lungs. Viral pneumonias typically cause a primary infection of the bronchioles as well but spread differently, resulting in interstitial pneumonia. The pathology of pneumonia interferes with gas exchange in the lungs, which can lead to hypoxemia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress if severe. Clinical signs depend on the causative agent and stage of illness, and may include fever, cough, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and lung sounds
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Anatomy unit 3 cardio and vascular systems respiratory notes
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm, and alveoli. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts to increase lung volume and draw air in. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes to decrease lung volume and push air out. Gases diffuse between the alveoli and blood capillaries to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide. Common respiratory disorders include bronchitis, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, asthma, tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air from the lungs. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses and develops from a cold or respiratory infection, while chronic bronchitis is often due to long-term smoking and causes constant irritation of the bronchial tubes. Risk factors for bronchitis include smoking cigarettes, exposure to air pollution, dust or toxic gases, and conditions that weaken the immune system such as colds, chronic illness, old age or young age.
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Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is commonly found in bird and bat droppings. Most infections do not cause symptoms, but some people develop flu-like symptoms, chest pain, or disseminated infection affecting multiple organs. Diagnosis involves culturing the fungus from sputum, biopsy, or blood samples and treatment involves antifungal medications such as amphotericin B or itraconazole.
Chronic Bronchitis
Shahd Alali has chronic bronchitis, characterized by a chronic cough lasting over 2 years. Chronic bronchitis is common among smokers and is caused by smoking as well as air pollutants. It involves hypertrophy of the bronchial mucus glands leading to hypersecretion of mucus and inflammation in the large airways. On morphology, the large airways appear hyperemic, swollen, and covered in mucus secretions with increased goblet cells and inflammatory cells in the trachea and bronchi. Clinical features include a prominent cough producing sputum, cyanosis, increased risk of infection, and dyspnea.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi. Acute bronchitis causes cough and mucus production, often during a cold or flu. Chronic bronchitis is long-term cough and mucus production, usually caused by smoking or pollution. Acute bronchitis is usually viral but can be bacterial, while chronic bronchitis is caused by long-term airway irritation. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, and sore throat.
Chronic Bronchitis
This document describes the structure and pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis. It begins by outlining the divisions of the airway passage from the trachea down to the alveolar sacs. It then explains that chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation and damage to the airways from repeated infection or irritants like cigarette smoke. This causes increased mucus production and loss of cilia function, leading to a buildup of retained mucus in the lungs. Over time, this causes further inflammation and lung damage. The document outlines symptoms, stages of exacerbation, and treatments for chronic bronchitis.
Veterinary Pathology of Respiratory System
This document summarizes various respiratory diseases and conditions in veterinary pathology. It describes the typical locations of particle deposition in the respiratory tract. It then covers different types of pneumonia like bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia. Specific conditions discussed include rhinitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, atelectasis, and emphysema. It also covers circulatory issues, tumors, pneumoconiosis, and pleuritis. Hemorrhagic septicemia caused by Pasteurella multocida is explained in detail.
5 diseases of the lung pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that causes symptoms like cough, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial pneumonias often start as a primary infection in the bronchioles and spread within the lungs. Viral pneumonias typically cause a primary infection of the bronchioles as well but spread differently, resulting in interstitial pneumonia. The pathology of pneumonia interferes with gas exchange in the lungs, which can lead to hypoxemia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress if severe. Clinical signs depend on the causative agent and stage of illness, and may include fever, cough, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and lung sounds
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viral or bacterial infection or irritants like smoke. It is classified as acute (lasting days to weeks) or chronic (lasting months). Acute bronchitis is usually caused by cold/flu viruses while chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term smoke inhalation. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, chest tightness and mucus production. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, opening airways, treating infection if present, and addressing underlying causes like smoking.
2 diseases of the upper respiratory tract
Diseases of the upper respiratory tract in animals include epistaxis (nosebleed), rhinitis, summer snuffles, and nasal parasites. Epistaxis can be caused by trauma, parasites, or infectious diseases. Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa and can be acute, chronic, cropous, or follicular. Summer snuffles occurs in cattle due to allergies and causes nasal discharge and breathing difficulties. Nasal parasites like Oestrus ovis can infect sheep and cause nasal irritation and discharge. Treatment depends on the specific disease but may include rest, irrigation, decongestants, antihistamines, and antibiotics.
Cronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs that is clinically defined as a persistent cough producing sputum for at least three months per year for two consecutive years. Signs include a productive cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Diagnosis involves examinations, pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, sputum samples, and blood tests to detect inflammation. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and addressing exacerbations. A study analyzed the direct healthcare costs of treating patients with chronic bronchitis exacerbations in several Latin American countries including Ecuador.
Respiratory diseases : Asthma and bronchitis
This document discusses respiratory diseases asthma and bronchitis. It outlines the main types of asthma including allergic, non-allergic, mixed, cough variant, exercise induced, and nocturnal asthma. Bronchitis is defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane in the lungs and bronchial passages, which causes phlegm and breathlessness. The two main forms are acute and chronic bronchitis. Smoking is identified as a major cause of chronic bronchitis as it can damage cilia and impair their functioning, leaving lungs vulnerable to infection. The document provides treatments for asthma attacks and bronchitis including medications, nebulizers, bronchodilators, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking.
Bacterial Disease Of Equine by Surya Kant Agarwal
This document summarizes bacterial diseases that affect equines. It discusses key diseases such as glanders, strangles, tetanus, Rhodococcus equi, salmonellosis, anthrax, and others. For each disease, it describes the causative agent, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of understanding disease pathogenesis and implementing preventive control measures like biosecurity and surveillance to avoid production losses in equine farms.
Pulmonary adenomatosis by prof mohamed ghanem
1) Pulmonary adenomatosis is a contagious lung cancer of sheep caused by a retrovirus that leads to proliferation of epithelial cells in the lungs.
2) Clinical signs include weakness, emaciation, coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing. Mortality can reach 100% without treatment.
3) At the microscopic level, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lung cells is seen, forming papillary tumor masses. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and histopathology of lung tissue. There is no treatment, so control relies on culling infected animals and disinfecting premises.
Surya kant agarwal
This document summarizes common skin infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. It focuses on fungal and yeast infections, describing different types such as ringworm, athlete's foot, candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor. Causative organisms, clinical features and treatments are discussed for each infection. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings, nails or hair to identify fungal elements. Transmission from pets to humans is also addressed.
Pneumonia
The document presents information on pneumonia from Shahriar Jaman Antar of the World University of Bangladesh. It defines pneumonia as an infection of the lungs that causes difficulty breathing. Pneumonia can range from mild to life-threatening, especially for young children, older adults, and those with weak immune systems. The types of pneumonia are described as hospital-acquired, community-acquired, and ventilator-associated. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays and treatment focuses on fever control, increasing fluid intake, rest, and avoiding smoke to aid recovery.
Pneumonia in equine 2017
Pneumonia in equine can be caused by various infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Clinical signs include rapid shallow breathing, cough, nasal discharge, abnormal breath odor and crackling lung sounds. Diagnosis involves history, clinical examination, endoscopy, nasal swabs and ultrasound. Treatment focuses on isolation of infected animals, use of appropriate antibiotics, bronchodilators, antiparasitics, antihistamines and corticosteroids depending on the cause of pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia can result from careless drenching or vomiting and causes sudden death or pneumonia depending on material aspirated.
08 respiratory restrictive
Restrictive lung diseases (interstitial lung diseases)
Histological Structure of Alveoli
The wall of the alveoli is formed by a thin sheet of tissue separating two neighbouring alveoli.
This sheet is formed by epithelial cells and intervening connective tissue.
Collagenous , reticular and elastic fibres are present.
Between the connective tissue fibres we find a dense, anastomosing network of pulmonary capillaries. The wall of the capillaries are in direct contact with the epithelial lining of the alveoli.
Neighbouring alveoli may be connected to each other by small alveolar pores (pores of Kohn).
The epithelium of the alveoli is formed by two cell types:
Alveolar type I cells (small alveolar cells or type I pneumocytes) are extremely flattened and form the bulk (95%) of the surface of the alveolar walls.
Alveolar type II cells (large alveolar cells or type II pneumocytes) are irregularly (sometimes cuboidal) shaped.
They form small bulges on the alveolar walls.
Type II alveolar cells contain are large number of granules called cytosomes (or multilamellar bodies), which consist of precursors to pulmonary surfactant (the mixture of phospholipids which keep surface tension in the alveoli low) .
Cilia are absent from the alveolar epithelium and cannot help to remove particulate matter which continuously enters the alveoli with the inspired air. Alveolar macrophages take care of this job. They migrate freely over the alveolar epithelium and ingest particulate matter.
FUNCTIONS OF PULMONARY CELLS
Type I pneumocytes
Permeable to Oxygen and CO2, do not divide
Type II pneumocytes
Reserve cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant
Serve as repair cells
Alveolar macrophages
Phagocytosis
Pores of Kohn (allow passage of Macrophages)
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.
7 aspiration pneumonia
The document discusses several types of respiratory diseases including aspiration pneumonia, lungworm infestation, pulmonary abscess, pulmonary congestion and edema, and respiratory emphysema. Aspiration pneumonia is caused by inhalation of foreign material like liquids into the lungs. Lungworm infestation occurs when lungworm larvae are ingested and migrate to the lungs, causing bronchitis and broncho-pneumonia. Pulmonary abscesses develop from infections that cause lung tissue death and pus formation. Pulmonary congestion and edema involve abnormal blood filling or fluid accumulation in the lungs. Respiratory emphysema is a permanent over-expansion of the alveoli due to loss of elasticity in the lung tissues
Tonsilitis (AHN)
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. The document defines tonsillitis and describes the causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, potential complications, treatment options including medications and tonsillectomy, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions.
tonsilitis OM VERMA.pdf
TOPIC- TONSILITIS
OM VERMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING ABHANPUR RAIPUR ( C.G. )
Rsd
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including the anatomy and physiology of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It discusses the pathophysiology of various respiratory diseases, including infectious diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and SARS. It covers obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer. It also discusses restrictive lung diseases, vascular disorders of the lungs, and various respiratory infections that commonly affect children.
Pneumonia in equine 2017
This document discusses pneumonia in equines. It defines pneumonia as inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma, usually accompanied by inflammation of the bronchioles and often pleurisy. Pneumonia in horses can be caused by predisposing factors like poor weather or stress, as well as infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Clinical signs include rapid shallow breathing, cough, cyanosis, nasal discharge, abnormal breath odor, and lung sounds upon auscultation. Diagnosis involves history, clinical examination, endoscopy, nasal swabs and ultrasound. Treatment focuses on isolation, antibiotics, bronchodilators, antiparasitics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatories and supportive care. Aspiration pneumonia
Verminous pneumonia by prof m ghanem
This document discusses parasitic pneumonia in sheep caused by nematode infections. Three nematode species can cause the disease: Protostronglylus rufescens, Dictyocaulus filaria, and Muellerius capillaris. D. filaria resides in the bronchi and lays eggs that are coughed up and re-ingested, hatching in the intestines. The larvae migrate to the lungs via blood vessels. Clinical signs include persistent coughing, nasal discharge, rapid breathing, and reduced growth. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and detecting larvae in feces or adult worms in bronchi. Pathology shows worms and exudate in airways. Treatment includes lavamisole, albendazole,
Lecture 19 diseases of respiratory system
This document discusses various diseases of the respiratory system, including the nose, sinuses, larynx, bronchi, and lungs. It covers inflammatory conditions like rhinitis and sinusitis, as well as infections caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Benign and malignant tumors of the nose and larynx are also mentioned. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract discussed include bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, pulmonary edema, congestion, infarction, thrombosis, and embolism. The document provides an overview of pathological conditions that can affect different parts of the respiratory system.
What is tonsillitis
This document discusses tonsillitis, including what it is, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils caused by viruses or bacteria. It is commonly diagnosed in children and causes a sore throat and fever. Diagnosis involves examination of the throat. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, surgery to remove the tonsils, or home remedies like salt water gargles. Left untreated, tonsillitis can lead to complications, but with treatment symptoms usually resolve within a week. Preventing spread requires hand washing and avoiding contact with infected individuals.
Yersinia
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative coccobacillus that causes plague. It was discovered in 1894 by Alexandre Yersin and was formerly known as Pasteurella pestis. Y. pestis can cause bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, or septicemic plague. Bubonic plague affects lymph nodes and causes swelling, pneumonic plague damages the lungs, and septicemic plague spreads through the bloodstream. Plague is typically transmitted via flea bites but can also spread through respiratory droplets between humans. Diagnosis involves checking for antibodies, signs of infection in the lungs or lymphatic system, and culturing bodily fluids. Antibiotics like streptomycin if administered
Anatomy unit 3 cardio and respiratory systems respiratory disorder notes
(1) Bronchitis involves inflamed and mucus-filled bronchiole tubes, causing problems breathing, wheezing, and coughing up phlegm. It is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections or inhaling irritants like smoke.
(2) Pneumonia causes the bronchioles to fill with pus and mucus, resulting in fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms. It is typically caused by bacterial or viral infections.
(3) Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder where the CFTR gene causes overproduction of thick mucus due to excess sodium, leading to malnutrition and suffocation. There is no cure.
5 diseases of the lung pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that causes symptoms like cough, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial pneumonias often start as a primary infection in the bronchioles and spread within the lungs. Viral pneumonias typically cause a primary infection of the bronchioles as well but spread differently, resulting in interstitial pneumonia. The pathology of pneumonia interferes with gas exchange in the lungs, which can lead to hypoxemia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress if severe. Clinical signs depend on the causative agent and stage of illness, and may include fever, cough, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and lung sounds
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Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viral or bacterial infection or irritants like smoke. It is classified as acute (lasting days to weeks) or chronic (lasting months). Acute bronchitis is usually caused by cold/flu viruses while chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term smoke inhalation. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, chest tightness and mucus production. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, opening airways, treating infection if present, and addressing underlying causes like smoking.
2 diseases of the upper respiratory tract
Diseases of the upper respiratory tract in animals include epistaxis (nosebleed), rhinitis, summer snuffles, and nasal parasites. Epistaxis can be caused by trauma, parasites, or infectious diseases. Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa and can be acute, chronic, cropous, or follicular. Summer snuffles occurs in cattle due to allergies and causes nasal discharge and breathing difficulties. Nasal parasites like Oestrus ovis can infect sheep and cause nasal irritation and discharge. Treatment depends on the specific disease but may include rest, irrigation, decongestants, antihistamines, and antibiotics.
Cronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs that is clinically defined as a persistent cough producing sputum for at least three months per year for two consecutive years. Signs include a productive cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Diagnosis involves examinations, pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, sputum samples, and blood tests to detect inflammation. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and addressing exacerbations. A study analyzed the direct healthcare costs of treating patients with chronic bronchitis exacerbations in several Latin American countries including Ecuador.
Respiratory diseases : Asthma and bronchitis
This document discusses respiratory diseases asthma and bronchitis. It outlines the main types of asthma including allergic, non-allergic, mixed, cough variant, exercise induced, and nocturnal asthma. Bronchitis is defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane in the lungs and bronchial passages, which causes phlegm and breathlessness. The two main forms are acute and chronic bronchitis. Smoking is identified as a major cause of chronic bronchitis as it can damage cilia and impair their functioning, leaving lungs vulnerable to infection. The document provides treatments for asthma attacks and bronchitis including medications, nebulizers, bronchodilators, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking.
Bacterial Disease Of Equine by Surya Kant Agarwal
This document summarizes bacterial diseases that affect equines. It discusses key diseases such as glanders, strangles, tetanus, Rhodococcus equi, salmonellosis, anthrax, and others. For each disease, it describes the causative agent, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of understanding disease pathogenesis and implementing preventive control measures like biosecurity and surveillance to avoid production losses in equine farms.
Pulmonary adenomatosis by prof mohamed ghanem
1) Pulmonary adenomatosis is a contagious lung cancer of sheep caused by a retrovirus that leads to proliferation of epithelial cells in the lungs.
2) Clinical signs include weakness, emaciation, coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing. Mortality can reach 100% without treatment.
3) At the microscopic level, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lung cells is seen, forming papillary tumor masses. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and histopathology of lung tissue. There is no treatment, so control relies on culling infected animals and disinfecting premises.
Surya kant agarwal
This document summarizes common skin infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. It focuses on fungal and yeast infections, describing different types such as ringworm, athlete's foot, candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor. Causative organisms, clinical features and treatments are discussed for each infection. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings, nails or hair to identify fungal elements. Transmission from pets to humans is also addressed.
Pneumonia
The document presents information on pneumonia from Shahriar Jaman Antar of the World University of Bangladesh. It defines pneumonia as an infection of the lungs that causes difficulty breathing. Pneumonia can range from mild to life-threatening, especially for young children, older adults, and those with weak immune systems. The types of pneumonia are described as hospital-acquired, community-acquired, and ventilator-associated. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays and treatment focuses on fever control, increasing fluid intake, rest, and avoiding smoke to aid recovery.
Pneumonia in equine 2017
Pneumonia in equine can be caused by various infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Clinical signs include rapid shallow breathing, cough, nasal discharge, abnormal breath odor and crackling lung sounds. Diagnosis involves history, clinical examination, endoscopy, nasal swabs and ultrasound. Treatment focuses on isolation of infected animals, use of appropriate antibiotics, bronchodilators, antiparasitics, antihistamines and corticosteroids depending on the cause of pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia can result from careless drenching or vomiting and causes sudden death or pneumonia depending on material aspirated.
08 respiratory restrictive
Restrictive lung diseases (interstitial lung diseases)
Histological Structure of Alveoli
The wall of the alveoli is formed by a thin sheet of tissue separating two neighbouring alveoli.
This sheet is formed by epithelial cells and intervening connective tissue.
Collagenous , reticular and elastic fibres are present.
Between the connective tissue fibres we find a dense, anastomosing network of pulmonary capillaries. The wall of the capillaries are in direct contact with the epithelial lining of the alveoli.
Neighbouring alveoli may be connected to each other by small alveolar pores (pores of Kohn).
The epithelium of the alveoli is formed by two cell types:
Alveolar type I cells (small alveolar cells or type I pneumocytes) are extremely flattened and form the bulk (95%) of the surface of the alveolar walls.
Alveolar type II cells (large alveolar cells or type II pneumocytes) are irregularly (sometimes cuboidal) shaped.
They form small bulges on the alveolar walls.
Type II alveolar cells contain are large number of granules called cytosomes (or multilamellar bodies), which consist of precursors to pulmonary surfactant (the mixture of phospholipids which keep surface tension in the alveoli low) .
Cilia are absent from the alveolar epithelium and cannot help to remove particulate matter which continuously enters the alveoli with the inspired air. Alveolar macrophages take care of this job. They migrate freely over the alveolar epithelium and ingest particulate matter.
FUNCTIONS OF PULMONARY CELLS
Type I pneumocytes
Permeable to Oxygen and CO2, do not divide
Type II pneumocytes
Reserve cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant
Serve as repair cells
Alveolar macrophages
Phagocytosis
Pores of Kohn (allow passage of Macrophages)
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.
7 aspiration pneumonia
The document discusses several types of respiratory diseases including aspiration pneumonia, lungworm infestation, pulmonary abscess, pulmonary congestion and edema, and respiratory emphysema. Aspiration pneumonia is caused by inhalation of foreign material like liquids into the lungs. Lungworm infestation occurs when lungworm larvae are ingested and migrate to the lungs, causing bronchitis and broncho-pneumonia. Pulmonary abscesses develop from infections that cause lung tissue death and pus formation. Pulmonary congestion and edema involve abnormal blood filling or fluid accumulation in the lungs. Respiratory emphysema is a permanent over-expansion of the alveoli due to loss of elasticity in the lung tissues
Tonsilitis (AHN)
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. The document defines tonsillitis and describes the causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, potential complications, treatment options including medications and tonsillectomy, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions.
tonsilitis OM VERMA.pdf
TOPIC- TONSILITIS
OM VERMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING ABHANPUR RAIPUR ( C.G. )
Rsd
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including the anatomy and physiology of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It discusses the pathophysiology of various respiratory diseases, including infectious diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and SARS. It covers obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer. It also discusses restrictive lung diseases, vascular disorders of the lungs, and various respiratory infections that commonly affect children.
Pneumonia in equine 2017
This document discusses pneumonia in equines. It defines pneumonia as inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma, usually accompanied by inflammation of the bronchioles and often pleurisy. Pneumonia in horses can be caused by predisposing factors like poor weather or stress, as well as infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Clinical signs include rapid shallow breathing, cough, cyanosis, nasal discharge, abnormal breath odor, and lung sounds upon auscultation. Diagnosis involves history, clinical examination, endoscopy, nasal swabs and ultrasound. Treatment focuses on isolation, antibiotics, bronchodilators, antiparasitics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatories and supportive care. Aspiration pneumonia
Verminous pneumonia by prof m ghanem
This document discusses parasitic pneumonia in sheep caused by nematode infections. Three nematode species can cause the disease: Protostronglylus rufescens, Dictyocaulus filaria, and Muellerius capillaris. D. filaria resides in the bronchi and lays eggs that are coughed up and re-ingested, hatching in the intestines. The larvae migrate to the lungs via blood vessels. Clinical signs include persistent coughing, nasal discharge, rapid breathing, and reduced growth. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and detecting larvae in feces or adult worms in bronchi. Pathology shows worms and exudate in airways. Treatment includes lavamisole, albendazole,
Lecture 19 diseases of respiratory system
This document discusses various diseases of the respiratory system, including the nose, sinuses, larynx, bronchi, and lungs. It covers inflammatory conditions like rhinitis and sinusitis, as well as infections caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Benign and malignant tumors of the nose and larynx are also mentioned. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract discussed include bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, pulmonary edema, congestion, infarction, thrombosis, and embolism. The document provides an overview of pathological conditions that can affect different parts of the respiratory system.
What is tonsillitis
This document discusses tonsillitis, including what it is, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils caused by viruses or bacteria. It is commonly diagnosed in children and causes a sore throat and fever. Diagnosis involves examination of the throat. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, surgery to remove the tonsils, or home remedies like salt water gargles. Left untreated, tonsillitis can lead to complications, but with treatment symptoms usually resolve within a week. Preventing spread requires hand washing and avoiding contact with infected individuals.
Yersinia
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative coccobacillus that causes plague. It was discovered in 1894 by Alexandre Yersin and was formerly known as Pasteurella pestis. Y. pestis can cause bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, or septicemic plague. Bubonic plague affects lymph nodes and causes swelling, pneumonic plague damages the lungs, and septicemic plague spreads through the bloodstream. Plague is typically transmitted via flea bites but can also spread through respiratory droplets between humans. Diagnosis involves checking for antibodies, signs of infection in the lungs or lymphatic system, and culturing bodily fluids. Antibiotics like streptomycin if administered
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Similar to Anatomy Unit 2 Notes: Respiratory Disorders Summary
Anatomy unit 3 cardio and respiratory systems respiratory disorder notes
(1) Bronchitis involves inflamed and mucus-filled bronchiole tubes, causing problems breathing, wheezing, and coughing up phlegm. It is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections or inhaling irritants like smoke.
(2) Pneumonia causes the bronchioles to fill with pus and mucus, resulting in fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms. It is typically caused by bacterial or viral infections.
(3) Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder where the CFTR gene causes overproduction of thick mucus due to excess sodium, leading to malnutrition and suffocation. There is no cure.
5 diseases of the lung pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that causes symptoms like cough, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial pneumonias often start as a primary infection in the bronchioles and spread within the lungs. Viral pneumonias typically cause a primary infection of the bronchioles as well but spread differently, resulting in interstitial pneumonia. The pathology of pneumonia interferes with gas exchange in the lungs, which can lead to hypoxemia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress if severe. Clinical signs depend on the causative agent and stage of illness, and may include fever, cough, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and lung sounds
Bronchitis (1).pptx
•Bronchitis
•By bhumi senta
•Type
•Acute
•Chronic
•Definition:
•Acute infection of mucous membrane of trachea and
•bronchi produced by viruses, bacteria or external irritants.
•Causes
•Precipitating causes–
• (i) Infection – Either bacterial or viral, or descending infection from nasal sinuses or throat.
•(ii) Complicating other diseases – e.g. measles, whooping cough.
•(iii) Physical and chemical irritants – Inhaled dust, steam, gases like SO2, ether.
•(iv) Allergic bronchitis – following inhalation of pollens or organic dusts.
•Symptoms
•1. Toxaemic– Malaise, fever, palpitation, sweating, etc.
•2. Irritative – Cough with expectoration, at first scanty
•viscid sputum, later more copious and mucopurulent;
•substernal pain or raw sensation under the sternum.
•3. Obstructive – Choked up feeling, paroxysms of dyspnoea particularly following spells of coughing relieved with expectoration.
•Signs
•In early stages few abnormal signs apart from occasional
•rhonchi. After 2 or 3 days diffuse, bilateral rhonchi, often
•with rales at the bases, prolonged expiration and an expiratory wheez
•Treatment
•Appropriate antibiotics
•Bronchodilator in patients with chronic air flow limitations
•Therapeutic medicine
•Aconite
•Belladonna
•Ipecac
•Rumex
•Ferrum Phos
Silicea
•Chronic bronchitis
•Causes:
•1. Infections, such as acute bronchitis or infections in the upper respiratory tract.
•2. Smoking, especially cigarettes.
•3. Air pollution from industrial fumes and dust.
•4. General illnesses that weaken the immune system, like obesity, alcoholism, and chronic kidney disease.
•Symptoms:
•1. Persistent cough, usually worse in winter or when exposed to cold winds.
•2. Mucus production, which can be thin and mucoid or thick and sticky
•3. Difficulty breathing, especially in advanced cases.
•4. Fever is usually absent, except during acute exacerbations.
•5. Occasionally, streaks of blood may be present in the coughed-up mucus.
•Signs:
•1. Short and stocky build.
•2. Rare bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis).
•3. Signs of airway obstruction, such as prolonged expiration, pursing of the lips, and inward movement of the chest during inhalation.
•4. Wheezing sounds during breathing, usually more pronounced during exhalation.
•5. Crackling sounds at the bases of the lungs in patients with excessive mucus production.
•Management:
•1. Remove the cause if possible, like avoiding air pollution and quitting smoking.
•2. Prevent acute exacerbations by avoiding overheated rooms, damp environments, tight clothing, overeating, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
•3. Slow down the progression of the disease by improving the patient's resistance through a nutritious diet and weight reduction if needed.
•4. Regular physical exercise in fresh air, deep breathing exercises, and coughing techniques can help.
•5. Medicine
• - Antitussives for a dry cough.
Mucolytics and inhalation of medicated steam to loo
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1. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It leads to inflammation of the small air sacs in the lungs called alveoli.
2. Pneumonia is common, affecting over 450 million people per year worldwide and resulting in over 1 million deaths in 2010. Major risk factors include age over 65, smoking, and chronic health conditions.
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1. Atelectasis, which is the collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced gas exchange. Pneumonia, an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial agent, is discussed along with types such as bacterial, viral, fungal and aspiration pneumonia.
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis, an infectious lung disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is usually spread through the air. Lung abscess, defined as necrosis of lung tissue and cavity formation caused by microbial infection, is also covered.
3. Other conditions mentioned include pleural conditions, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism
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- 2. (1) Bronchitis • Bronchiole tubes become inflamed and full of mucus. • Individuals often have problems breathing, wheezing, coughing up phlegm, chest pain. • Causes: • Bacterial or Viral infection • Frequent inhalation of irritating gases or dust (smoking, working in a factory, etc.)
- 4. (2) Pneumonia • The bronchioles become filled with pus and mucus. • Individuals will suffer fever, chills and flu like symptoms. • Causes: • Bacterial infection • Viral infection
- 6. (3) Cystic Fibrosis • Disorder of the CFTR gene. • Organs overproduce thick mucus due to an overproduction of sodium. • Individuals die from malnutrition and/or suffocation. • No cure.
- 9. (4) Asthma • Oversensitive bronchiole tubes. • Easily become inflamed and filled with mucus due to allergens. • Caused by genetics or over-inhalation of irritants. • Inhalers dilate the bronchioles to allow more air to flow in and out.
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- 13. (6) COPD • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Bronchioles become inflamed, weakened, and blocked by mucus. • Result of having several respiratory disorders repetitively.