The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, surrounded by the pericardium. It has four chambers - right and left atria which receive blood, and right and left ventricles which pump blood out. The heart has two circulation circuits - pulmonary circulation transports blood to and from the lungs, while systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood to the body. It has four valves that ensure one-way blood flow - tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves. Contraction of the heart muscles pumps blood through the heart and major arteries.
CARDIAC CYCLE, ECG AND HEART SOUNDS.pptxthiru murugan
CARDIAC CYCLE, ECG AND HEART SOUNDS: BY Wincy Thirumurugan..
“Cardiac cycle refers to the series of events that take place when the heart beats.”
Each cycle is initiated by spontaneous contraction in the SA node and then transmit through the A-V bundle and branches into the ventricles results completion of one cycle.
EVENTS OR PHASES OF CARDIAC CYCLE: Diastolic phase (Diastole) in this phase the heart chamber are in the state of relaxation and fills with blood that receives from the veins [IVC, SVC,PULMONARY VEINS]
Systolic phase (Systole) in this the heart chambers are contracting and pumps the blood towards the periphery via the arteries. [ Pulmonary artery and aorta]
PHASES OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE
The different phases of the cardiac cycle involve:
Atrial diastole - Atrial relaxation
Atrial systole -Atrial contraction
Isovolumic relaxation -ventricular relaxation in the early phase but blood will not move and the Atrio ventricular valves will be closed
Ventricular filling - ventricular relaxation, the Atrio ventricular valves will be open allows filling blood in the ventricles
Isovolumic contraction of ventricle – ventricular systole in the early phase but no movement of the blood. The semilunar valves will be closed.
Ventricular ejection -ventricular contraction and send blood out of the ventricles through opened semilunar valves.
6. Ventricular Filling Stage: second phase. Rapid Filling, Slow Filling & Last Rapid Filling Duration of Cardiac Cycle:
In a normal person, a heartbeat is 72 beats/minute.
An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a medical test that detects cardiac (heart) abnormalities by measuring the electrical activity generated by the heart as it. The machine that records the patient’s ECG is called an electrocardiograph.
contracts.
PLACEMENT OF ECG LEADS
ECG WAVES:
The P wave is caused by spread of depolarization through the atria, After the onset of the P wave, The QRS waves Occurs as a result of electrical depolarization of the ventricles, the ventricular T wave represents the stage of repolarization of the ventricles, The 'U' wave is a wave comes after the T wave of ventricular repolarization and may not always be observed.
HEART SOUNDS: First Heart Sound (S1)
The first heart sound results from the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves. Second Heart Sound (S2): The second heart sound is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves. Third Heart Sound (S3):
The third heart sound, also known as the “ventricular gallop,” occurs just after S2 when the mitral valve opens, allowing passive filling of the left ventricle. The S3 sound is actually produced by the large amount of blood striking a very compliant LV.
[Compliance heart means how easily the chamber of heart or the lumen of blood vessels expands when it is filling with the blood]
Fourth Heart Sound (S4):
The fourth heart sound, also known as the “atrial gallop,” occurs just before S1 when the atria contract to force blood into the LV.
CARDIAC CYCLE, ECG AND HEART SOUNDS.pptxthiru murugan
CARDIAC CYCLE, ECG AND HEART SOUNDS: BY Wincy Thirumurugan..
“Cardiac cycle refers to the series of events that take place when the heart beats.”
Each cycle is initiated by spontaneous contraction in the SA node and then transmit through the A-V bundle and branches into the ventricles results completion of one cycle.
EVENTS OR PHASES OF CARDIAC CYCLE: Diastolic phase (Diastole) in this phase the heart chamber are in the state of relaxation and fills with blood that receives from the veins [IVC, SVC,PULMONARY VEINS]
Systolic phase (Systole) in this the heart chambers are contracting and pumps the blood towards the periphery via the arteries. [ Pulmonary artery and aorta]
PHASES OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE
The different phases of the cardiac cycle involve:
Atrial diastole - Atrial relaxation
Atrial systole -Atrial contraction
Isovolumic relaxation -ventricular relaxation in the early phase but blood will not move and the Atrio ventricular valves will be closed
Ventricular filling - ventricular relaxation, the Atrio ventricular valves will be open allows filling blood in the ventricles
Isovolumic contraction of ventricle – ventricular systole in the early phase but no movement of the blood. The semilunar valves will be closed.
Ventricular ejection -ventricular contraction and send blood out of the ventricles through opened semilunar valves.
6. Ventricular Filling Stage: second phase. Rapid Filling, Slow Filling & Last Rapid Filling Duration of Cardiac Cycle:
In a normal person, a heartbeat is 72 beats/minute.
An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a medical test that detects cardiac (heart) abnormalities by measuring the electrical activity generated by the heart as it. The machine that records the patient’s ECG is called an electrocardiograph.
contracts.
PLACEMENT OF ECG LEADS
ECG WAVES:
The P wave is caused by spread of depolarization through the atria, After the onset of the P wave, The QRS waves Occurs as a result of electrical depolarization of the ventricles, the ventricular T wave represents the stage of repolarization of the ventricles, The 'U' wave is a wave comes after the T wave of ventricular repolarization and may not always be observed.
HEART SOUNDS: First Heart Sound (S1)
The first heart sound results from the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves. Second Heart Sound (S2): The second heart sound is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves. Third Heart Sound (S3):
The third heart sound, also known as the “ventricular gallop,” occurs just after S2 when the mitral valve opens, allowing passive filling of the left ventricle. The S3 sound is actually produced by the large amount of blood striking a very compliant LV.
[Compliance heart means how easily the chamber of heart or the lumen of blood vessels expands when it is filling with the blood]
Fourth Heart Sound (S4):
The fourth heart sound, also known as the “atrial gallop,” occurs just before S1 when the atria contract to force blood into the LV.
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.pdfCharlesSsekawu
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 3
Unit-I
Research: Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or
suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching
conclusions and carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the f ormulating
hypothesis. The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend , correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in
the practice of an art.
Research in simple terms refers to search for knowledge. It is a scientific and systematic
search for information on a particular topic or issue. It is also known as the art of scientific
investigation. Several social scientists have defined research in different ways.
In the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, D. Slesinger and M. Stephension (1930) defined
research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in the construction of theory or
in the practice of an art”.
Research Methods Vs Methodology:
Research methods include all those techniques/methods that are adopted for conducting research.
Thus, research techniques or methods are the methods that the researchers adopt for conducting
the research studies. On the other hand, research methodology is the way in which research
problems are solved systematically. It is a science of studying how research is conducted
scientifically. Under it, the researcher acquaints himself/herself with the various steps generally
adopted to study a research problem, along with the underlying logic behind them. Hence, itis
not only important for the researcher to know the research techniques/ methods, but also the
scientific approach called methodology.
What is the definition of research methodology?
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions.
The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research
techniques, and could include both present and historical information.
RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 4
Research methodology is a term that basically means the science of how research is done
scientifically. It is a way to systematically and logically solve a problem, help us understand the
process not just the product of research, and analyzes methods in addition to the information
obtained by them.
What are the types of research methodology?
Basic research
Applied Research
Problem oriented research
Problem solving
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Research Problem: A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to
be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
2. LOCATION OF THE HEART
• In the thoracic cavity
• Medially btn lungs in the mediastinum
• Separated from other structures by pericardium or
pericardial sac and sits in its own space called the
pericardial cavity
• Dorsal surface: lies near the vertebrae
• Interior surface: sits deep to sternum and costal
cartilages
• The base : at the level of 3rd costal cartilage
• Inferior tip (apex): lies just to the left of the sternum
btn the junction of 4th and 5th near the articulation
with costal cartilage
3. LOCATION OF THE HEART conti……
• Greater veins
– Superior venae cavae
– inferior vanea cavae
– Pulmonary veins
• Greater arteries
– Aorta
– Pulmonary trunk
• Attached to the surface of the heart called the Base of the
heart
• Right side: deflected anteriorly
• Left side: deflected posteriorly
4.
5. CHAMBERS AND CIRCULATION THROUGH THE HEART
• Four chambers
– Right atrium and ventricle
– Left atrium and ventricle
• Upper chambers
– Right atrium
– Left atrium
• Act as receiving chambers and contracts
to push blood into the lower chambers
• Lower chambers
– Right ventricle
– Left ventricle
• Serves as primary pumping chambers of
the heart propelling blood to the lungs
or the rest of the body
6. CHAMBERS AND CIRCULATION THROUGH THE HEART
• Two distinct but linked circuits
– Pulmonary circuit : transport
blood from and to lungs
– Systemic circuit : transports
oxygenated blood to tissues
and return deoxygenated blood
• Right Ventricle
– Pumps deoxygenated blood
into pulmonary trunk to the
lungs and bifurcates into left
add right pulmonary arteries
– Pulmonary trunk and arteries
are the only arteries in post
natal body that carry relatively
deoxygenated blood
– Pulmonary veins are the only
veins in the body that carry
highly oxygenated blood
Left Ventricle
- Pumps oxygenated blood into
the aorta and many branches of
the systemic circuit .
- Superior vena cavea and inferior
venae returns blood to right
atrium which pumps blood into
right ventricle
7. Membranes of Heart
• Directly surrounds the heart and defines the pericardial
cavity called pericardium or pericardial sac.
• Also surrounds the root and the major vessels or areas of
closest proximity to the heart
• Consist of 2 distinct sub layers
– Outer fibrous pericardium
• Made up of tough, dense connective tissue
• Protects the heart and maintains its position in the thorax
• Avoid over expansion of the heart
• Inner serous pericardium (more delicate)
– Consist of 2 layers
• Parietal pericardium: fused to the fibrous pericardium
• Inner visceral pericardium (epicardium): fuse to heart and is part of
heart wall
• The pericardial cavity, filled with lubricating serous fluid,
lies btn the epicardium and the pericardium
8.
9. Surface Features of the Heart
• Auricles
– Superficial leaf like extension of the atria near the
superior surface of the heart, one on each side
– Are relative thin walled structures that can fill with blood
and empty into the atria or upper chambers of the heart.
– Sometimes referred to as atrial appendages.
• Sulcus
– Series of fat filled grooves along the surface of the heart
– Where major coronary blood vessels located
– Examples
• Deep coronary sulcus – located btn atria and ventricles
• Anterior interventricular sulcus – visible in the anterior surface
of the heart
• Posterior interventricular sulcus – visible on posterior views of
surface of the heart
10.
11. Layers of the heart
• Composed of three layers of unequal thickness
• From superficial to deep
– Epicardium
– Myocardium
– Endocardium
• Mycordium
– Middle and thickest layer
– Made largely of cardiac muscles cells
– Build upon a frame work of collagenous fibers, blood vessels that supply the
mycordium and nerve fibers that help regulates the heart.
– Its contraction pumps blood through the heart and into the major artery
– The muscle pattern is elegant and complex as, the muscle cell swiri and spiral
around the chambers of the heart
– They form a figure 8 pattern around the atria and around the bases of the
great vessels and around the ventricle
– They are more complex swirling pattern allows the heart to pump blood more
effectively
– Muscle of the left ventricles are much thicker and better developed than that
of the right in order to overcome the high resistance required to pump blood
into the long systemic circuit
12. Layers of the heart conti……
• Endocardium
– Inner layer
– Joined to mycordium with a thin layer of connective
tissue
– Lines the chambers where the blood circulates and covers
the heart values.
– It is made of simple squamus epithelium called
endothelium
– Its continuous with the endothelial lining of the blood
vessels
– Regulate the contraction of the muscle with in the
mycordium.
– Regulates the growth pattern of cardiac muscle cells
throughout life
– Creates env’t in surrounding tissue fluid that regulates
ionic concentrations and state of contractility
13.
14. Internal Structure of The Heart
• Septa of the heart
– Refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart
chambers
– Are physical extension of the myacardium lined with
endocardium
1. Inter- atrial septum
- Btn the atria
- Fossa ovalis – an Oval shaped depression in inter-atrial
septum
- A remnant of Foremen ovale ( opening of fetal heart)
- Foramen ovale- allow blood in the fatal heart to pass directly from
the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing blood to bypass the
pulmonary circuit and closed immediately after birth with septum
primum that previously acted as a valve closes the foramen ovale
to establish the typical cardiac circulation pattern
15. Septa of the heart
2. Inter-ventricular Septum :
- Btn two ventricles
- Thicker than inter-atrial
septum
3. Atrio- ventricular septum
- Btn atria and ventricles
- Marked by presence of four
openings that allows blood to
move from atria into ventricles
and from ventricles into
pulmonary trunk and aorta
- Each opening has valves (
specialized structure to ensure
one way blood flow )
- Valves btn atria and ventricles are
Antrio- Ventricular valves
- Valves at the openings that lead t
the pulmonary trunk and aorta –
Semilnar valves
16. Internal Structure of The Heart
3. Right atrium
– Serves as the receiving chamber for the blood returning to the heart from systemic
circulation
– Includes two major systemic vein
• Superior vanae cavae drain region superior to the diaphragm , the head, Thoracic region, neck
and upper limb
• Inferior vanae cavae drain blood from diaphragm, the lower limb, abdominal pelvic region
– Large coronary vein ( Coronary sinus that drain the heart myocardium )
4. Right ventricle
– Receives blood from right atrium through the tricuspid value
– Its contraction generates pressure that forces blood into pulmonary trunk and
atrium , to prevent backflow , papillary muscle also contracts, generating tension
on the chordae tendineae preventing the flaps of valves from being forced into
atria and regurgitation of the blood into the atria during vetricular contraction
– Trabeculae Corneae : ridges of cardiac muscles surrounded by endocardium that a
lines the walls of ventricles.
– Moderator band : band of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium that reinforce
the thin walls of the right ventricle, it also plays a role in cardiac conduction
– Contraction of right ventricles eject blood into pulmonary trunk which branches
into the left and right pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the lungd
– At the base of the pulmonary trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve that prevent
back flow from the pulmonary trunk
17. Internal Structure of The Heart
5. Left Atrium
– Receive blood from pulmonary veins
– Contains no pectinate muscle , but has an auricle that
includes these pectinate ridge
– Opening between left atrium and ventricles is guarded by
the mitral valves
6. Left Ventricle
– Thicker than right ventricle
– Has trabeculae corneae but no moderator band
– Mitral valves connected to papillary muscle via chordae
tindineae
– There are two papillary muscles on the left ,i.e anterior
and posterior as opposed to three in the right ventricle
– It is a major pumping chamber for systemic circuit, it eject
blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve
18. Internal Structure of The Heart
7. Heart valve, structure and functions
– Has four vales
– Ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heat
19. Heart valve, structure and functions
1. Right atrio- ventricular value / tricuspid valve
– Btn the right atrium and right ventricles
– Consist of three flaps or leaflets
– Made of endocardium reinforced with additional
connective tissue
– The flaps are connected by chordae tendineae to
the papillary muscle which control the opening
and closing of the valves
– There are 3 papillary muscles supporting the valve
: anterior, posterior and septal which corresponds
to the three sections of the valve
20. Heart valve, structure and functions
2. Pulmonary Semilunar valve/pulmonic valve or
Right semilunar valve
– At the emerging base of the pulmonary trunk from
the right ventricles
– Consist of three small flaps of endothelium reinforced
with connective tissue.
– When ventricles relaxes , the pressure differential
causes blood to flow back into the ventricle from
pulmonary trunk filling the pocket like flaps of the
pulmonary valve causing them to close and produce
an audible sound.
– There no papillary muscles or chordae tendineae
21. Heart valve, structure and functions
3. Mitral / Bicuspid / Left atrio- ventricular valve
– Located at the opening btn left atrium and left ventricle
– Consist of two cusps known as anterior medial cusp and
posterior medial cusp.
– Cusps are attached by chordae tendineae to two papillary
muscle that project from the wall of the ventricles
4. Aortic valve
– At the base of the aorta
– Prevents backflow from the aorta
– Composed of three flaps
– When ventricles relaxes and blood attempts to flow back
into the ventricles from the aorta, blood fill the cusps of
the valve causing it to close and producing an audible
sound.
22. • Two atrio ventricular valves are opened and 2
semilunar valves are closed
– Occurs when both atria and ventricles are relaxed and
when the atria contract to pump blood into the
ventricles .
• Atrio Ventricular valve closed while the two
semilunar valves open:
– Occurs when the ventricles contracts to eject blood into
the pulmonary trunk and aorta
– Closure of the two atrio-ventricular valves prevents
blood from being forced back into the atria
23. • When the ventricles begin to contract , pressure
with in ventricles rises and blood flow to words the
area of lowest pressure, which is initially in the
atria, the blood flow causes the cusps of triscuspid
and mitral value to close/