The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It describes the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity surrounded by the pericardium. It outlines the four chambers of the heart - right and left atria and ventricles - and explains the pulmonary and systemic circulation circuits. Key structures like the septa that divide the chambers, valves that ensure one-way blood flow, and coronary arteries and veins are also summarized. The layers of the heart - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium - and the internal structures such as trabeculae and papillary muscles are briefly outlined.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the heart, including its layers, chambers, valves, blood supply and surrounding structures. Key points are:
- The heart is enclosed by the pericardium and has three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium.
- It is divided into four chambers - right atrium and ventricle which receive deoxygenated blood, and left atrium and ventricle which receive oxygenated blood.
- The heart has major blood vessels attaching including the aorta and pulmonary trunk, and coronary arteries which supply its own blood flow.
The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump located in the chest that circulates blood through the body and lungs. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. Blood flows from the systemic circulation into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation before returning to the left atrium and ventricle and being pumped back out through the aorta to repeat the cycle. The heart is surrounded by membranes and receives blood through the coronary arteries to nourish its own tissue.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the middle mediastinum. It is approximately the size of a fist and weighs 250-300 grams. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It is surrounded by a double-walled sac called the pericardium. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation - using a series of valves to ensure one-way blood flow.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels, and works to circulate blood throughout the body. The heart is located in the chest cavity and has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, while the right and left ventricles pump it out. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, veins which carry blood back to it, and capillaries where nutrient exchange occurs. Together, the cardiovascular system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and removes carbon dioxide and wastes to help regulate functions throughout the body.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime to pump blood through the body. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the body, while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has four chambers - two upper atria that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood out. It is supplied with oxygenated blood by the coronary arteries and drained by coronary veins. The heart is innervated by the autonomic nervous system to regulate its rhythm and strength.
The document provides information about the anatomy of the heart. It discusses the heart's structure and function. Some key points:
- The heart is a hollow, muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime to pump blood through the body.
- The heart has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- The heart is surrounded by membranes called pericardium and has three layers - outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endocardium. It is
The heart acts as the body's pump, circulating blood through the cardiovascular system. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood while the right and left ventricles pump it out. The left ventricle is the strongest chamber, pumping oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body, while the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated and returned to the left atrium. In this way, the heart efficiently circulates blood throughout the body.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the heart, including its layers, chambers, valves, blood supply and surrounding structures. Key points are:
- The heart is enclosed by the pericardium and has three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium.
- It is divided into four chambers - right atrium and ventricle which receive deoxygenated blood, and left atrium and ventricle which receive oxygenated blood.
- The heart has major blood vessels attaching including the aorta and pulmonary trunk, and coronary arteries which supply its own blood flow.
The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump located in the chest that circulates blood through the body and lungs. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. Blood flows from the systemic circulation into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation before returning to the left atrium and ventricle and being pumped back out through the aorta to repeat the cycle. The heart is surrounded by membranes and receives blood through the coronary arteries to nourish its own tissue.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the middle mediastinum. It is approximately the size of a fist and weighs 250-300 grams. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It is surrounded by a double-walled sac called the pericardium. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation - using a series of valves to ensure one-way blood flow.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels, and works to circulate blood throughout the body. The heart is located in the chest cavity and has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, while the right and left ventricles pump it out. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, veins which carry blood back to it, and capillaries where nutrient exchange occurs. Together, the cardiovascular system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and removes carbon dioxide and wastes to help regulate functions throughout the body.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime to pump blood through the body. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the body, while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has four chambers - two upper atria that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood out. It is supplied with oxygenated blood by the coronary arteries and drained by coronary veins. The heart is innervated by the autonomic nervous system to regulate its rhythm and strength.
The document provides information about the anatomy of the heart. It discusses the heart's structure and function. Some key points:
- The heart is a hollow, muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime to pump blood through the body.
- The heart has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- The heart is surrounded by membranes called pericardium and has three layers - outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endocardium. It is
The heart acts as the body's pump, circulating blood through the cardiovascular system. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood while the right and left ventricles pump it out. The left ventricle is the strongest chamber, pumping oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body, while the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated and returned to the left atrium. In this way, the heart efficiently circulates blood throughout the body.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. It receives blood supply through the coronary arteries and pumps over 5 million liters of blood per year through a complex system of chambers, valves, nerves and muscles.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through the circulatory system around the body. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues that help it function efficiently to circulate blood continuously and relentlessly throughout a person's lifetime.
The heart is a hollow, muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. It receives blood supply through the coronary arteries and pumps over 5 million liters of blood per year through a network of blood vessels.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through the circulatory system around the body. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. On average, the heart beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime, pumping over 5,000 liters of blood per year. The heart is protected by membranes and surrounded by fluid within the pericardium. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. Blood flows through the heart via valves which ensure one-way flow.
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The heart is a muscular organ located in the mediastinum that pumps blood through the circulatory system via four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It has three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium - and is surrounded by the pericardium. The heart has a conduction system including the sinoatrial node which acts as the pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that cause coordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles to efficiently circulate blood.
Cardiovascular anatomy and imaging TechniquesMilan Silwal
The heart receives blood through four major vessels - the superior and inferior vena cava and the right and left pulmonary veins. It pumps blood out through two major vessels - the pulmonary trunk and aorta. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It is surrounded by layers including the pericardium. The heart lies in the middle mediastinum and has four surfaces and four borders defined by its chambers. Valves between the chambers include the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves. The heart has a complex electrical conduction system to coordinate contractions. Arteries supplying the heart include the coronary arteries while veins draining it include the cardiac veins.
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system, including:
1. The anatomy and physiology of the heart, including its chambers and layers. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body.
2. The three main types of blood circulation - pulmonary circulation between the heart and lungs, coronary circulation supplying the heart, and systemic circulation supplying the body. Blood vessels have three layers and blood flows through arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins.
3. Key aspects of cardiac cycle including the phases of atrial and ventricular systole and diastole. Heart sounds and electrocardiograms are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and structure of the heart, including its layers, chambers, and valves. It discusses the circulation of blood through the systemic circulation via the aorta and its branches, as well as the pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs and back. Key details about the heart chambers, major blood vessels, and blood flow pathways are summarized.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart and surrounding structures. It begins by introducing the pericardium, which has two layers that surround and protect the heart. The three layers of the heart wall are then described, with the myocardium being the thick middle layer responsible for pumping blood. The four chambers and valves of the heart are also outlined, explaining how blood flows from the right atrium to ventricle to lungs then left atrium to ventricle and out to the body in two separate circulation loops. Objectives of understanding heart structures and functions are also provided.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart and surrounding structures. It begins by introducing the pericardium, which has two layers that surround and protect the heart. It then discusses the layers of the heart wall and the four chambers of the heart. The heart has four valves that ensure one-way blood flow. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it through the body. Contraction of the heart muscles efficiently circulates blood.
The pericardium surrounds the heart and consists of the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium. The serous pericardium forms the parietal and visceral layers between which is the pericardial cavity. The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum. It has chambers, valves, arteries and nerves that allow it to pump blood efficiently to the body. The inner layers of the heart include the endocardium and myocardium separated by chambers and valves into four compartments to properly oxygenate the body.
anatomy and physiology of human heart BY DEEPIKA.RDeepikaLingam2
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the lungs to oxygenate it, and the systemic circuit pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood, and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. The heart contracts regularly due to its specialized conduction system which generates and conducts electrical signals throughout the heart muscle.
CVS/Anatomy of heart/ B.pharmacy 2 semesterKondal Reddy
The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the blood-vascular, or simply the circulatory system.
It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.
The main function of the cardiovascular system is therefore to maintain blood flow to all parts of the body, to allow it to survive.
The arteries carry blood away from the heart; the veins carry it back to the heart.
The document describes the anatomy of the pericardium and heart. It notes that the pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The heart lies within the fibrous pericardium but outside the serous pericardium. The document then describes the internal structures of the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. It provides details on the chambers, borders, surfaces, valves, and other features of the heart.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump made of cardiac muscle that is located between the lungs. It has two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It receives blood through veins and pumps it through arteries via the pulmonary and systemic circuits. The heart also has valves that ensure one-way blood flow and septa that divide its chambers.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and heart. It describes how the cardiovascular system transports blood throughout the body using the heart as a pump. It then provides details on the structure and layers of the heart, how it functions as a double pump with two circuits (pulmonary and systemic), and the roles of the heart valves and chambers. It also discusses heart physiology including the conduction system that regulates heartbeat, conditions like tachycardia and fibrillation, and the purpose of pacemakers.
The document describes the structure and function of the heart. It discusses the location of the heart in the mediastinum and its external and internal anatomy. The four chambers of the heart (right and left atria and ventricles) are described along with the valves that regulate blood flow. The circulations of blood through the pulmonary system and systemic circulation are also summarized. Key details about the layers of the heart wall, coronary circulation and blood flow through arteries, capillaries and veins are provided.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a hollow muscular organ made of four chambers separated by septums. It pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation pumps blood to the body, while pulmonary circulation pumps blood to and from the lungs. The heart has four valves that ensure one-way blood flow - the tricuspid and mitral valves between the atria and ventricles, and the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves at the exits of the right and left ventricles. The cardiovascular system transports blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.pdfCharlesSsekawu
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 3
Unit-I
Research: Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or
suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching
conclusions and carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the f ormulating
hypothesis. The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend , correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in
the practice of an art.
Research in simple terms refers to search for knowledge. It is a scientific and systematic
search for information on a particular topic or issue. It is also known as the art of scientific
investigation. Several social scientists have defined research in different ways.
In the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, D. Slesinger and M. Stephension (1930) defined
research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in the construction of theory or
in the practice of an art”.
Research Methods Vs Methodology:
Research methods include all those techniques/methods that are adopted for conducting research.
Thus, research techniques or methods are the methods that the researchers adopt for conducting
the research studies. On the other hand, research methodology is the way in which research
problems are solved systematically. It is a science of studying how research is conducted
scientifically. Under it, the researcher acquaints himself/herself with the various steps generally
adopted to study a research problem, along with the underlying logic behind them. Hence, itis
not only important for the researcher to know the research techniques/ methods, but also the
scientific approach called methodology.
What is the definition of research methodology?
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions.
The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research
techniques, and could include both present and historical information.
RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 4
Research methodology is a term that basically means the science of how research is done
scientifically. It is a way to systematically and logically solve a problem, help us understand the
process not just the product of research, and analyzes methods in addition to the information
obtained by them.
What are the types of research methodology?
Basic research
Applied Research
Problem oriented research
Problem solving
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Research Problem: A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to
be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACY LAW AND REGULATIONSCharlesSsekawu
This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to pharmacy laws. It discusses the differences between laws and morality as well as rules and regulations. It also outlines the bodies responsible for pharmacy practice in Uganda, the laws governing it, and categories of pharmaceutical industries in the country. Sources of law are categorized into material sources, which include legislation, precedent, customary law, and conventional law, as well as historical and formal sources.
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Similar to ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART.pptx
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. It receives blood supply through the coronary arteries and pumps over 5 million liters of blood per year through a complex system of chambers, valves, nerves and muscles.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through the circulatory system around the body. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues that help it function efficiently to circulate blood continuously and relentlessly throughout a person's lifetime.
The heart is a hollow, muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. It receives blood supply through the coronary arteries and pumps over 5 million liters of blood per year through a network of blood vessels.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through the circulatory system around the body. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. On average, the heart beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime, pumping over 5,000 liters of blood per year. The heart is protected by membranes and surrounded by fluid within the pericardium. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. Blood flows through the heart via valves which ensure one-way flow.
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The heart is a muscular organ located in the mediastinum that pumps blood through the circulatory system via four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It has three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium - and is surrounded by the pericardium. The heart has a conduction system including the sinoatrial node which acts as the pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that cause coordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles to efficiently circulate blood.
Cardiovascular anatomy and imaging TechniquesMilan Silwal
The heart receives blood through four major vessels - the superior and inferior vena cava and the right and left pulmonary veins. It pumps blood out through two major vessels - the pulmonary trunk and aorta. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It is surrounded by layers including the pericardium. The heart lies in the middle mediastinum and has four surfaces and four borders defined by its chambers. Valves between the chambers include the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves. The heart has a complex electrical conduction system to coordinate contractions. Arteries supplying the heart include the coronary arteries while veins draining it include the cardiac veins.
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system, including:
1. The anatomy and physiology of the heart, including its chambers and layers. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body.
2. The three main types of blood circulation - pulmonary circulation between the heart and lungs, coronary circulation supplying the heart, and systemic circulation supplying the body. Blood vessels have three layers and blood flows through arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins.
3. Key aspects of cardiac cycle including the phases of atrial and ventricular systole and diastole. Heart sounds and electrocardiograms are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and structure of the heart, including its layers, chambers, and valves. It discusses the circulation of blood through the systemic circulation via the aorta and its branches, as well as the pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs and back. Key details about the heart chambers, major blood vessels, and blood flow pathways are summarized.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart and surrounding structures. It begins by introducing the pericardium, which has two layers that surround and protect the heart. The three layers of the heart wall are then described, with the myocardium being the thick middle layer responsible for pumping blood. The four chambers and valves of the heart are also outlined, explaining how blood flows from the right atrium to ventricle to lungs then left atrium to ventricle and out to the body in two separate circulation loops. Objectives of understanding heart structures and functions are also provided.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart and surrounding structures. It begins by introducing the pericardium, which has two layers that surround and protect the heart. It then discusses the layers of the heart wall and the four chambers of the heart. The heart has four valves that ensure one-way blood flow. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it through the body. Contraction of the heart muscles efficiently circulates blood.
The pericardium surrounds the heart and consists of the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium. The serous pericardium forms the parietal and visceral layers between which is the pericardial cavity. The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum. It has chambers, valves, arteries and nerves that allow it to pump blood efficiently to the body. The inner layers of the heart include the endocardium and myocardium separated by chambers and valves into four compartments to properly oxygenate the body.
anatomy and physiology of human heart BY DEEPIKA.RDeepikaLingam2
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the lungs to oxygenate it, and the systemic circuit pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood, and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. The heart contracts regularly due to its specialized conduction system which generates and conducts electrical signals throughout the heart muscle.
CVS/Anatomy of heart/ B.pharmacy 2 semesterKondal Reddy
The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the blood-vascular, or simply the circulatory system.
It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.
The main function of the cardiovascular system is therefore to maintain blood flow to all parts of the body, to allow it to survive.
The arteries carry blood away from the heart; the veins carry it back to the heart.
The document describes the anatomy of the pericardium and heart. It notes that the pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The heart lies within the fibrous pericardium but outside the serous pericardium. The document then describes the internal structures of the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. It provides details on the chambers, borders, surfaces, valves, and other features of the heart.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump made of cardiac muscle that is located between the lungs. It has two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It receives blood through veins and pumps it through arteries via the pulmonary and systemic circuits. The heart also has valves that ensure one-way blood flow and septa that divide its chambers.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and heart. It describes how the cardiovascular system transports blood throughout the body using the heart as a pump. It then provides details on the structure and layers of the heart, how it functions as a double pump with two circuits (pulmonary and systemic), and the roles of the heart valves and chambers. It also discusses heart physiology including the conduction system that regulates heartbeat, conditions like tachycardia and fibrillation, and the purpose of pacemakers.
The document describes the structure and function of the heart. It discusses the location of the heart in the mediastinum and its external and internal anatomy. The four chambers of the heart (right and left atria and ventricles) are described along with the valves that regulate blood flow. The circulations of blood through the pulmonary system and systemic circulation are also summarized. Key details about the layers of the heart wall, coronary circulation and blood flow through arteries, capillaries and veins are provided.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a hollow muscular organ made of four chambers separated by septums. It pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation pumps blood to the body, while pulmonary circulation pumps blood to and from the lungs. The heart has four valves that ensure one-way blood flow - the tricuspid and mitral valves between the atria and ventricles, and the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves at the exits of the right and left ventricles. The cardiovascular system transports blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.
Similar to ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART.pptx (20)
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.pdfCharlesSsekawu
Scientific Research Methodology introduction.RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 3
Unit-I
Research: Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or
suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching
conclusions and carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the f ormulating
hypothesis. The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend , correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in
the practice of an art.
Research in simple terms refers to search for knowledge. It is a scientific and systematic
search for information on a particular topic or issue. It is also known as the art of scientific
investigation. Several social scientists have defined research in different ways.
In the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, D. Slesinger and M. Stephension (1930) defined
research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in the construction of theory or
in the practice of an art”.
Research Methods Vs Methodology:
Research methods include all those techniques/methods that are adopted for conducting research.
Thus, research techniques or methods are the methods that the researchers adopt for conducting
the research studies. On the other hand, research methodology is the way in which research
problems are solved systematically. It is a science of studying how research is conducted
scientifically. Under it, the researcher acquaints himself/herself with the various steps generally
adopted to study a research problem, along with the underlying logic behind them. Hence, itis
not only important for the researcher to know the research techniques/ methods, but also the
scientific approach called methodology.
What is the definition of research methodology?
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions.
The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research
techniques, and could include both present and historical information.
RESEARCH METHODOLOY
DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 4
Research methodology is a term that basically means the science of how research is done
scientifically. It is a way to systematically and logically solve a problem, help us understand the
process not just the product of research, and analyzes methods in addition to the information
obtained by them.
What are the types of research methodology?
Basic research
Applied Research
Problem oriented research
Problem solving
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Research Problem: A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to
be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACY LAW AND REGULATIONSCharlesSsekawu
This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to pharmacy laws. It discusses the differences between laws and morality as well as rules and regulations. It also outlines the bodies responsible for pharmacy practice in Uganda, the laws governing it, and categories of pharmaceutical industries in the country. Sources of law are categorized into material sources, which include legislation, precedent, customary law, and conventional law, as well as historical and formal sources.
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- The lymphatic system which drains interstitial fluid back to blood and transports fats and immune cells.
The document describes the cardiac cycle and its key events. The cardiac cycle consists of systole, when the heart contracts and pumps blood, and diastole, when the heart relaxes and fills with blood. Each cycle takes approximately 0.8 seconds. Systole includes the isometric contraction, when pressure rises but volume does not change, and the ejection period, when blood is pumped out. Diastole includes isometric relaxation as pressure falls, followed by three filling phases - rapid, slow, and last rapid filling due to atrial contraction. The document provides details on the timing and mechanics of each phase of the cardiac cycle.
This document discusses types of hypertension, treatment of hypertension, and antihypertensive drugs. It describes the two main types of hypertension as essential and secondary. Treatment is necessary to prevent damage to blood vessels and the heart from high blood pressure. Several classes of antihypertensive drugs are discussed in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. The mechanisms of action and important effects of specific drugs like captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and losartan are summarized as well.
A 65-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea one day after starting a new medication. Based on her symptoms and recent medication initiation, the physician determined she was experiencing an adverse drug reaction. Laboratory tests were ordered to confirm the diagnosis and identify the culprit medication so it could be discontinued.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the location of the heart within the thoracic cavity. It outlines the four chambers of the heart - the right and left atria and ventricles. It describes the pulmonary and systemic circuits that transport blood to and from the lungs and body. The layers of the heart - epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium - are defined. Key internal structures like the septa that divide the chambers and the four heart valves that ensure one-way blood flow are also summarized.
The renal system consists of paired kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine and regulate electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood in the renal corpuscle and reabsorbs or secretes substances along the renal tubule to form urine. Urine passes through collecting ducts, ureters, bladder, and urethra for excretion from the body.
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, surrounded by the pericardium. It has four chambers - right and left atria which receive blood, and right and left ventricles which pump blood out. The heart has two circulation circuits - pulmonary circulation transports blood to and from the lungs, while systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood to the body. It has four valves that ensure one-way blood flow - tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves. Contraction of the heart muscles pumps blood through the heart and major arteries.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the liver and gallbladder. It describes the lobular structure of the liver made up of hepatic lobules containing hepatocytes and portal triads. It also discusses the biliary system including the gallbladder and bile ducts. Key functions of the liver mentioned include metabolism, storage, synthesis of proteins and bile, and detoxification. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile released from the liver. Jaundice and types of hepatitis are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including the anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract and its organs. It describes the layers of the digestive tract wall and discusses the nerve supply, including the enteric and autonomic nervous systems. The functions of the digestive system and the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are outlined. Details are provided on the structure and layers of the stomach wall, as well as the glands and secretions of the stomach, including the composition and functions of gastric juice.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
2. LOCATION OF THE HEART
• In the thoracic cavity
• Medially btn lungs in the mediastinum
• Separated from other structures by pericardium or
pericardial sac and sits in its own space called the
pericardial cavity
• Dorsal surface: lies near the vertebrae
• Interior surface: sits deep to sternum and costal
cartilages
• The base : at the level of 3rd costal cartilage
• Inferior tip (apex): lies just to the left of the sternum
btn the junction of 4th and 5th near the articulation
with costal cartilage
3. LOCATION OF THE HEART conti……
• Greater veins
– Superior venae cavae
– inferior vanea cavae
– Pulmonary veins
• Greater arteries
– Aorta
– Pulmonary trunk
• Attached to the surface of the heart called the Base of the
heart
• Right side: deflected anteriorly
• Left side: deflected posteriorly
4.
5. CHAMBERS AND CIRCULATION THROUGH THE HEART
• Four chambers
– Right atrium and ventricle
– Left atrium and ventricle
• Upper chambers
– Right atrium
– Left atrium
• Act as receiving chambers and contracts
to push blood into the lower chambers
• Lower chambers
– Right ventricle
– Left ventricle
• Serves as primary pumping chambers of
the heart propelling blood to the lungs
or the rest of the body
6. CHAMBERS AND CIRCULATION THROUGH THE HEART
• Two distinct but linked circuits
– Pulmonary circuit : transport
blood from and to lungs
– Systemic circuit : transports
oxygenated blood to tissues
and return deoxygenated blood
• Right Ventricle
– Pumps deoxygenated blood
into pulmonary trunk to the
lungs and bifurcates into left
add right pulmonary arteries
– Pulmonary trunk and arteries
are the only arteries in post
natal body that carry relatively
deoxygenated blood
– Pulmonary veins are the only
veins in the body that carry
highly oxygenated blood
Left Ventricle
- Pumps oxygenated blood into
the aorta and many branches of
the systemic circuit .
- Superior vena cavea and inferior
venae returns blood to right
atrium which pumps blood into
right ventricle
7. Membranes of Heart
• Directly surrounds the heart and defines the pericardial
cavity called pericardium or pericardial sac.
• Also surrounds the root and the major vessels or areas of
closest proximity to the heart
• Consist of 2 distinct sub layers
– Outer fibrous pericardium
• Made up of tough, dense connective tissue
• Protects the heart and maintains its position in the thorax
• Avoid over expansion of the heart
• Inner serous pericardium (more delicate)
– Consist of 2 layers
• Parietal pericardium: fused to the fibrous pericardium
• Inner visceral pericardium (epicardium): fuse to heart and is part of
heart wall
• The pericardial cavity, filled with lubricating serous fluid,
lies btn the epicardium and the pericardium
8.
9. Surface Features of the Heart
• Auricles
– Superficial leaf like extension of the atria near the
superior surface of the heart, one on each side
– Are relative thin walled structures that can fill with blood
and empty into the atria or upper chambers of the heart.
– Sometimes referred to as atrial appendages.
• Sulcus
– Series of fat filled grooves along the surface of the heart
– Where major coronary blood vessels located
– Examples
• Deep coronary sulcus – located btn atria and ventricles
• Anterior interventricular sulcus – visible in the anterior surface
of the heart
• Posterior interventricular sulcus – visible on posterior views of
surface of the heart
10.
11. Layers of the heart
• Composed of three layers of unequal thickness
• From superficial to deep
– Epicardium
– Myocardium
– Endocardium
• Mycordium
– Middle and thickest layer
– Made largely of cardiac muscles cells
– Build upon a frame work of collagenous fibers, blood vessels that supply the
mycordium and nerve fibers that help regulates the heart.
– Its contraction pumps blood through the heart and into the major artery
– The muscle pattern is elegant and complex as, the muscle cell swiri and spiral
around the chambers of the heart
– They form a figure 8 pattern around the atria and around the bases of the
great vessels and around the ventricle
– They are more complex swirling pattern allows the heart to pump blood more
effectively
– Muscle of the left ventricles are much thicker and better developed than that
of the right in order to overcome the high resistance required to pump blood
into the long systemic circuit
12. Layers of the heart conti……
• Endocardium
– Inner layer
– Joined to mycordium with a thin layer of connective
tissue
– Lines the chambers where the blood circulates and covers
the heart values.
– It is made of simple squamus epithelium called
endothelium
– Its continuous with the endothelial lining of the blood
vessels
– Regulate the contraction of the muscle with in the
mycordium.
– Regulates the growth pattern of cardiac muscle cells
throughout life
– Creates env’t in surrounding tissue fluid that regulates
ionic concentrations and state of contractility
13.
14. Internal Structure of The Heart
• Septa of the heart
– Refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart
chambers
– Are physical extension of the myacardium lined with
endocardium
1. Inter- atrial septum
- Btn the atria
- Fossa ovalis – an Oval shaped depression in inter-atrial
septum
- A remnant of Foremen ovale ( opening of fetal heart)
- Foramen ovale- allow blood in the fatal heart to pass directly from
the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing blood to bypass the
pulmonary circuit and closed immediately after birth with septum
primum that previously acted as a valve closes the foramen ovale
to establish the typical cardiac circulation pattern
15. Septa of the heart
2. Inter-ventricular Septum :
- Btn two ventricles
- Thicker than inter-atrial
septum
3. Atrio- ventricular septum
- Btn atria and ventricles
- Marked by presence of four
openings that allows blood to
move from atria into ventricles
and from ventricles into
pulmonary trunk and aorta
- Each opening has valves (
specialized structure to ensure
one way blood flow )
- Valves btn atria and ventricles are
Antrio- Ventricular valves
- Valves at the openings that lead t
the pulmonary trunk and aorta –
Semilnar valves
16. Internal Structure of The Heart
3. Right atrium
– Serves as the receiving chamber for the blood returning to the heart from systemic
circulation
– Includes two major systemic vein
• Superior vanae cavae drain region superior to the diaphragm , the head, Thoracic region, neck
and upper limb
• Inferior vanae cavae drain blood from diaphragm, the lower limb, abdominal pelvic region
– Large coronary vein ( Coronary sinus that drain the heart myocardium )
4. Right ventricle
– Receives blood from right atrium through the tricuspid value
– Its contraction generates pressure that forces blood into pulmonary trunk and
atrium , to prevent backflow , papillary muscle also contracts, generating tension
on the chordae tendineae preventing the flaps of valves from being forced into
atria and regurgitation of the blood into the atria during vetricular contraction
– Trabeculae Corneae : ridges of cardiac muscles surrounded by endocardium that a
lines the walls of ventricles.
– Moderator band : band of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium that reinforce
the thin walls of the right ventricle, it also plays a role in cardiac conduction
– Contraction of right ventricles eject blood into pulmonary trunk which branches
into the left and right pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the lungd
– At the base of the pulmonary trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve that prevent
back flow from the pulmonary trunk
17. Internal Structure of The Heart
5. Left Atrium
– Receive blood from pulmonary veins
– Contains no pectinate muscle , but has an auricle that
includes these pectinate ridge
– Opening between left atrium and ventricles is guarded by
the mitral valves
6. Left Ventricle
– Thicker than right ventricle
– Has trabeculae corneae but no moderator band
– Mitral valves connected to papillary muscle via chordae
tindineae
– There are two papillary muscles on the left ,i.e anterior
and posterior as opposed to three in the right ventricle
– It is a major pumping chamber for systemic circuit, it eject
blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve
18. Internal Structure of The Heart
7. Heart valve, structure and functions
– Has four vales
– Ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heat
19. Heart valve, structure and functions
1. Right atrio- ventricular value / tricuspid valve
– Btn the right atrium and right ventricles
– Consist of three flaps or leaflets
– Made of endocardium reinforced with additional
connective tissue
– The flaps are connected by chordae tendineae to
the papillary muscle which control the opening
and closing of the valves
– There are 3 papillary muscles supporting the valve
: anterior, posterior and septal which corresponds
to the three sections of the valve
20. Heart valve, structure and functions
2. Pulmonary Semilunar valve/pulmonic valve or
Right semilunar valve
– At the emerging base of the pulmonary trunk from
the right ventricles
– Consist of three small flaps of endothelium reinforced
with connective tissue.
– When ventricles relaxes , the pressure differential
causes blood to flow back into the ventricle from
pulmonary trunk filling the pocket like flaps of the
pulmonary valve causing them to close and produce
an audible sound.
– There no papillary muscles or chordae tendineae
21. Heart valve, structure and functions
3. Mitral / Bicuspid / Left atrio- ventricular valve
– Located at the opening btn left atrium and left ventricle
– Consist of two cusps known as anterior medial cusp and
posterior medial cusp.
– Cusps are attached by chordae tendineae to two papillary
muscle that project from the wall of the ventricles
4. Aortic valve
– At the base of the aorta
– Prevents backflow from the aorta
– Composed of three flaps
– When ventricles relaxes and blood attempts to flow back
into the ventricles from the aorta, blood fill the cusps of
the valve causing it to close and producing an audible
sound.
22. • Two atrio ventricular valves are opened and 2
semilunar valves are closed
– Occurs when both atria and ventricles are relaxed and
when the atria contract to pump blood into the
ventricles .
• Atrio Ventricular valve closed while the two
semilunar valves open:
– Occurs when the ventricles contracts to eject blood into
the pulmonary trunk and aorta
– Closure of the two atrio-ventricular valves prevents
blood from being forced back into the atria
23. • When the ventricles begin to contract , pressure
with in ventricles rises and blood flow to words the
area of lowest pressure, which is initially in the
atria, the blood flow causes the cusps of triscuspid
and mitral value to close/