This document provides an overview of anatomy and histology, including definitions of gross anatomy, histology, comparative anatomy, surface anatomy, developmental anatomy, and radiographic anatomy. It then describes the major anatomical regions of the body and cavities. Key terms used to describe anatomical structures are also defined, such as median plane, coronal plane, and paired directional terms like medial, anterior, and proximal.
Seven cervical vertebrae
Identified by the presence of foramen in their transverse processes called foramen transversarium
3rd to 6th are typically have common features
1st, 2nd,and 7th are atypical
Ring-shaped and has no body and no spine
Consists of:
Right and left lateral masses
Short anterior arch and a long curved posterior arch
(c) Right and left transverse processes
Seven cervical vertebrae
Identified by the presence of foramen in their transverse processes called foramen transversarium
3rd to 6th are typically have common features
1st, 2nd,and 7th are atypical
Ring-shaped and has no body and no spine
Consists of:
Right and left lateral masses
Short anterior arch and a long curved posterior arch
(c) Right and left transverse processes
The epithelium lining the respiratory tract from the nasal fossa through the bronchi is called the respiratory mucosa and is characterized by a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with abundant non-ciliated cells known as goblet cells. - [Source: medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/respiratory_system_lab.php]
Cartilage is a connective tissue structure that is composed of a collagen and proteoglycan-rich matrix and a single cell type: the chondrocyte. Cartilage is unique among connective tissues in that it lacks blood vessels and nerves and receives its nutrition solely by diffusion
This is an easy ppt of stomach anatomy .One can make notes from this too. If you like this ppt like and follow .
Tell me in comment section if any suggestions or query.
a very short and concise head and neck anatomy presentation; an overview of head and neck anatomy prepared for a mixed audience from different backgrounds
Histology of the Digestive System II:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Lecture presentation by Professor Tatiana Bororinkhina of First Moscow State Medical University
The epithelium lining the respiratory tract from the nasal fossa through the bronchi is called the respiratory mucosa and is characterized by a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with abundant non-ciliated cells known as goblet cells. - [Source: medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/respiratory_system_lab.php]
Cartilage is a connective tissue structure that is composed of a collagen and proteoglycan-rich matrix and a single cell type: the chondrocyte. Cartilage is unique among connective tissues in that it lacks blood vessels and nerves and receives its nutrition solely by diffusion
This is an easy ppt of stomach anatomy .One can make notes from this too. If you like this ppt like and follow .
Tell me in comment section if any suggestions or query.
a very short and concise head and neck anatomy presentation; an overview of head and neck anatomy prepared for a mixed audience from different backgrounds
Histology of the Digestive System II:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Lecture presentation by Professor Tatiana Bororinkhina of First Moscow State Medical University
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY).pptxABHISHEK PRAJAPATI
INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY - [ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY)
1. Definition of Anatomy and Physiology
2. Anatomical Terms
3. Planes/Section of human body
4. Body Cavities
5. Body Movement
6. Abdominal Quadrants
7. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The Evolution of Science Education PraxiLabs’ Vision- Presentation (2).pdfmediapraxi
The rise of virtual labs has been a key tool in universities and schools, enhancing active learning and student engagement.
💥 Let’s dive into the future of science and shed light on PraxiLabs’ crucial role in transforming this field!
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
2. Anatomy/ Histology
• Gross Anatomy:
Macroscopic study of body parts that can be seen with unaided
eyes.
• Histology (Microscopic anatomy or Microanatomy)
Study of minute structure of body parts that can only be seen with
the aid of microscope
• Comparative anatomy:
Study of similarities and differences in the structure of body parts
i.e Various species of animals
• .
3. Anatomy/ Histology
• Surface Anatomy: (Topographic anatomy)
Study of the deeper part of the body in relation to the
skin surface i.e helpful in clinical practice and surgical
operations.
• Developmental anatomy: (Embryology)
Study of development of animal body from one cell stage to
the period of growth and development.
• Radiographic anatomy:
Study of deeper organs by plain and contrast radiography and
other imaging techniques like CT Scan and MRI.
4. Regional Organization of Human Body
Anatomical regions:
• Head and Neck region.
• Thorax
• Abdomen
• Upper and Lower
extremities
• Cavities of Human
body:
• Cranial cavity
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
5. Head and Neck region
• Head: uppermost part of the body
• Face: part of head which includes include regions of forehead,
eyes, nose, cheeks and chin.
• Neck: connect the head with trunk.
(trunk refers to combined thorex and abdomen)
Cranial cavity:
Part of the head which is bounded by the bones of skull and
contain the brain.
6. Thorax or Thoracic cavity
• It refers to the chest which is a cage formed by a bony
framework and supporting muscles. The bony cage is also
called thoracic cavity.
• Lungs, trachea and bronchi;
• Heart and major blood vessels,
• Oesophagous,
• Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
• Nerves
(Thoracic cavity is divided into left and right cavities, each
containing one lung.
7. Mediastinum
• Name given to the space between the lungs
and the structure found there such as heart,
oesophagus and blood vessels.
8. Abdomen
• Abdomen is the anatomical term used for the region of the
trunk which lies below the thorax
• The region of the abdomen divided into two cavities
1. Abdominal cavity
2. Pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity:
it is separated from the thoracic cavity by a muscular
structure called diaphragm.
Contents:
• Stomach, small and large intestine
• Liver, gall bladder, pancreas and spleen
• Kidney and adrenal gland
• Vessels, nerves, lymphatic and lymph nodes.
9. Pelvic cavity
• Reffers to a funnel shaped cavity which extends from the
lower end of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded by pelvic
bones
Contents:
• Sigmoid colon, rectum and anus,
• Some loops of small intestine,
• Urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureters and urethra.
• Some organs of the reproductive system.
10. Upper and Lower extremities
• Upper and Lower extremities or limbs are attached to the
trunk.
• Upper limbs:
• Two upper limbs ( right and left)
• Arm: Extends from the shoulder to elbow
• Forearm: region b/w elbow and wrist
• Wrist: Area b/w forearm and hand
• Hand: Distal part of the upper limb which comprises the palm
and digits (fingers and thumbs)
11. • Lower limb: Two lower limbs ( right and left)
• Thigh: Region b/w hip and knee joint
• Leg: Region b/w knee joint and ankle.
• Ankle: Junction b/w the leg and foot.
• Foot: The distal most part of lower limb which comprises the
sole and digits (toes)
12. Anatomical Terms
• For precise anatomical description of the mutual relationship
of various structures of the body, following special terms are
used:
1. Body position
2. Body Planes
Body position Body Planes
• Anatomical position Median plane
• Supine position Coronal or frontal plane
• Prone position Horizontal plane
• Lithotomy position Transverse plane
18. Anatomical planes
• Median plane: Median or mid sagittal plane refers to the
plane which passes longitudinally through midline
• Paramedian or sagittal plane: Rafer to those planes which
pass vertically through the body either to the right or left of
the median plane
• Coronal or frontal plane: placed at right angle to the median
plane and divide the body into anterior (ventral) and
posterior (dorsal) parts.
• Horizontal plane: Refer to the plane which passes horizontally
across the body (at right angle to both the sagittal and coronal
planes) and divide the body into upper and lower parts.
19. Paired Directional Terms
• Medial verses Lateral: The term medial is used to describe a
structure which is near to the median plane as compared to
the other structure. For example, Heart is medial to lungs.
• Anterior (Ventral) vs Posterior (Dorsal): The term anterior,
the position of a structure which lies near the front of the
body e.g. Sternum is anterior to heart. The term posterior, a
structure which lies near the back of the body.
• Superior vs Inferior: Superior; Structure located near the
head. E.g. skull is near to scapula. Inferior; Structure located
farther from head.
• Superficial vs deep: The term superficial is used for the
structure which is placed towards the body surface
the term deep is used for the structure which is placed inner
to the surface.
20. Special terms used for limbs
• Proximal vs Distal: The proximal end is used for the attached
end of a limb e.g. Humerous bone is proximal to radial bone.
The term distal is used for the structure which is away from
the attached end of the limb e.g. in the lower limb tibia is
distal to femur.
• Flexor vs Extensor surface: Flexor surface refers to anterior
surface of the upper limb and posterior surface of the lower
limb. Extensor is posterior surface of the upper limb and
anterior surface of the lower limbs
• Palmar vs Planter: Plamar; towards palm
Plantar; towards sole of foot