IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Sabatelli relationship between the uncompensated price elasticity and the inc...GLOBMOD Health
ย
Income and price elasticity of demand quantify the responsiveness of markets to changes in income and in prices, respectively. Under the assumptions of utility maximization and preference independence (additive preferences), mathematical relationships between income elasticity values and the uncompensated own and cross price elasticity of demand are here derived using the differential approach to demand analysis.
Citation: Sabatelli L (2016) Relationship between the Uncompensated Price Elasticity and the Income Elasticity of Demand under Conditions of Additive Preferences. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151390
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151390
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ALLOCATING NETWORK AND IT RESOURCES OFFERED BY DIFFERENT...ijdpsjournal
ย
IT TECHNOLOGIES ARE INCREASINGLY BEING USED TO OFFER COMPUTING RESOURCES OR INFORMATION IN
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS USING NETWORK RESOURCES. IN THIS PAPER WE ADDRESS THE PROBLEM OF
ALLOCATING RESOURCES TO ENABLE CUSTOMERS COMPOSE THEIR OWN DESIRED SERVICES. WE PROPOSE AN
AUCTION MECHANISM THAT COMPRISES INDEPENDENT AUCTIONS PERFORMED BY EACH PROVIDER AND
INVESTIGATE BIDDING STRATEGIES AND SOCIAL WELFARE.
Sabatelli relationship between the uncompensated price elasticity and the inc...GLOBMOD Health
ย
Income and price elasticity of demand quantify the responsiveness of markets to changes in income and in prices, respectively. Under the assumptions of utility maximization and preference independence (additive preferences), mathematical relationships between income elasticity values and the uncompensated own and cross price elasticity of demand are here derived using the differential approach to demand analysis.
Citation: Sabatelli L (2016) Relationship between the Uncompensated Price Elasticity and the Income Elasticity of Demand under Conditions of Additive Preferences. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151390
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151390
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ALLOCATING NETWORK AND IT RESOURCES OFFERED BY DIFFERENT...ijdpsjournal
ย
IT TECHNOLOGIES ARE INCREASINGLY BEING USED TO OFFER COMPUTING RESOURCES OR INFORMATION IN
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS USING NETWORK RESOURCES. IN THIS PAPER WE ADDRESS THE PROBLEM OF
ALLOCATING RESOURCES TO ENABLE CUSTOMERS COMPOSE THEIR OWN DESIRED SERVICES. WE PROPOSE AN
AUCTION MECHANISM THAT COMPRISES INDEPENDENT AUCTIONS PERFORMED BY EACH PROVIDER AND
INVESTIGATE BIDDING STRATEGIES AND SOCIAL WELFARE.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Supply Chain Coordination with Buy-back and Wholesale-price Contracts under R...IJERA Editor
ย
In order to increase supply chain total profit, we design a supply chain collaboration mechanism between one
supplier and one retailer. Throughout the paper we present one supplier and one retailer set up with random
demand in a decentralized supply chain. An incentive function on the buy-back cost and wholesale price cost is
presented and scheme through the buy-back contract and wholesale-price contract has been developed to enrich
the retailer take part in the collaboration ways. Furthermore, the paper shows that, how corporation between
buy-back contract and wholesale contract could coordinate the supply chain in both a decentralized and
centralized supply chain. Lastly, we set up numerical analyses and the result shows the implied collaboration
mechanism is not permit the decentralized system to achieve the same performance as the centralized decision
however it allows both members in the supply chain gains profit sharing by setting up the contract parameters.
Supplier Selection and Evaluation by Fuzzy-AHP Extent Analysis: A Case Study ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
ย
The ready-made garments (RMG)is a rapid
growing industry in Bangladesh and contributing
significantly in the countryโs economy. Effective supplier
selection policy has significant strategic importance in the
performance of such fast moving consumer goods industry.
The supplier selection process is essentially a multi-criterion
decision making problem which, therefore, must be
developed systematically. Many models have been developed
and proposed to find optimum solutions of this complex
decision-making problem. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy
Process (Fuzzy-AHP), which is a derived extension of
classical Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP),is an excellent
method for deciding among the complex structure at
different levels. In this paper an extent analysis of FuzzyAHP has been applied to evaluate and select the best
supplier agency providing most satisfaction. The evaluation
criteria are developed particularly for an RMG
manufacturer in Bangladesh context and used successfully
in the proposed model. A detailed implementation process is
presented in this paper and finally the best supplier agency
has been proposed from the outcome of the model.
CONSIGNMENT INVENTORY SIMULATION MODEL FOR SINGLE VENDOR-MULTI BUYERS IN A SU...IAEME Publication
ย
The focus on the studies of supply chain management has been increasing in
recent years among academics as well as practitioners. In this paper, we present an
extendable multi agent supply chain simulation model for consignment stock inventory
model for a single vendor - multiple buyers. The simulation study dealt the
quantitative measures of performance of consignment stock model with respect to
number of shipments, delay deliveries, number of shipments shifted due to partial
information sharing, average inventory levels of buyer and vendor and joint total
economic cost (JTEC) as key performance parameters. Flexsim V3.0 a discrete event
simulation software is used for simulating the model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Understanding Consumer Perception of Price-Quality- Value RelationshipIJARIIT
ย
In India as the level of competition keep on increasing day by day for automobile market, it is essential for
every automobile company to understand customer insight in order to provide best value judgement. Thus, they need
to understand how consumer compares price-quality-value of an automobile. Therefore, the objectives of this
research is to study the relationships of perceived quality, perceived value and perceived price that will affect
consumers purchase decision towards cars. Survey using convenience sampling was done at Ludhiana city.
Questionnaires were distributed to 320 respondents at the sampling location. Finally a sample of 280 used for final
analyses. The study revealed a positive impact of perceived price over perceived quality; perceived quality over
perceived value and a negative impact of perceived price over perceived value. The results from this research provide
a platform for Ludhiana automobile makers to appreciate consumer value judgement and how it affects their
purchase decision. In order to ensure that the findings are illustrative and convincing, future research should
include more constructs like brand image of an automobile, customer experience, culture etc.
Rank Computation Model for Distribution Product in Fuzzy Multiple Attribute D...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
Ranking of an activity is very important to support work effectiveness. Previous works, ranking for distribution product is used by manual process or averaging value. Problem in this research, the research should be found the effective way to rank the distribution product. This research proposes assist the ranking with a computational model based on Fuzzy Multiple Decision Making (FMADM). Getting an effective ranking, a variable in FMADM computing is required. Variables is used in this research such as number of households, number of small-scale enterprises run by households, gross domestic regional income, and economic growth rate of a region. Research completion is assisted by using self-built research methods. Research method consists of determining value of origin, determining degree of membership, determining weight of each variable, calculation of relation matrix, calculation of the preference value in each village for ranking value, and last is sorting. Operationalized FMADM is gain a result with three priorities district. Priority number one is all of district that have a rank or Vij (alternative rank) higher than 0.4. It means only 7% or 5 villages with the highest rank. Priority number second s all of district that have rank between Vij = 0.26 and Vij = 0.4. It means only 62% or 44 villages. Priority number three is district that have a rank lower than Vij = 0.26, and only 31% or 22 villages. Impact in use of FMADM, calculated in rank, is the process runs effective and dynamic with changing of weighted. User can arrange of weighted as needed.
Part I: Predictive models (Decision Tree and Regression) using SAS Enterprise Miner
Part II: Decision Tree using R.
Part III: Market-Basket Analysis using SAS miner.
It is on Conjoint Analysis presented by Radhika Gupta, Shivi Agarwal, Neha Arya, Neha Kasturia, Mudita Maheshwari, Dhruval Dholakia, Chinmay Jaggan Anmol Sahani and Madhusudan Partani of FMG-18A, FORE School of Management
This presentation teaches the concept of Statistical Decision Theory.
Details of this is given here: http://kindsonthegenius.blogspot.hu/2017/12/basics-of-decision-theory.html
Watch the Video here: https://youtu.be/HSc31v67590
Table of Content
What is decision theory?
Application of Decision Theory โ Cancer Diagnosis
Formal definition
False positives/False negatives
Minimizing misclassification
Reducing Expected Loss
Introduction to ROC
Supply Chain Coordination with Buy-back and Wholesale-price Contracts under R...IJERA Editor
ย
In order to increase supply chain total profit, we design a supply chain collaboration mechanism between one
supplier and one retailer. Throughout the paper we present one supplier and one retailer set up with random
demand in a decentralized supply chain. An incentive function on the buy-back cost and wholesale price cost is
presented and scheme through the buy-back contract and wholesale-price contract has been developed to enrich
the retailer take part in the collaboration ways. Furthermore, the paper shows that, how corporation between
buy-back contract and wholesale contract could coordinate the supply chain in both a decentralized and
centralized supply chain. Lastly, we set up numerical analyses and the result shows the implied collaboration
mechanism is not permit the decentralized system to achieve the same performance as the centralized decision
however it allows both members in the supply chain gains profit sharing by setting up the contract parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Supply Chain Coordination with Buy-back and Wholesale-price Contracts under R...IJERA Editor
ย
In order to increase supply chain total profit, we design a supply chain collaboration mechanism between one
supplier and one retailer. Throughout the paper we present one supplier and one retailer set up with random
demand in a decentralized supply chain. An incentive function on the buy-back cost and wholesale price cost is
presented and scheme through the buy-back contract and wholesale-price contract has been developed to enrich
the retailer take part in the collaboration ways. Furthermore, the paper shows that, how corporation between
buy-back contract and wholesale contract could coordinate the supply chain in both a decentralized and
centralized supply chain. Lastly, we set up numerical analyses and the result shows the implied collaboration
mechanism is not permit the decentralized system to achieve the same performance as the centralized decision
however it allows both members in the supply chain gains profit sharing by setting up the contract parameters.
Supplier Selection and Evaluation by Fuzzy-AHP Extent Analysis: A Case Study ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
ย
The ready-made garments (RMG)is a rapid
growing industry in Bangladesh and contributing
significantly in the countryโs economy. Effective supplier
selection policy has significant strategic importance in the
performance of such fast moving consumer goods industry.
The supplier selection process is essentially a multi-criterion
decision making problem which, therefore, must be
developed systematically. Many models have been developed
and proposed to find optimum solutions of this complex
decision-making problem. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy
Process (Fuzzy-AHP), which is a derived extension of
classical Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP),is an excellent
method for deciding among the complex structure at
different levels. In this paper an extent analysis of FuzzyAHP has been applied to evaluate and select the best
supplier agency providing most satisfaction. The evaluation
criteria are developed particularly for an RMG
manufacturer in Bangladesh context and used successfully
in the proposed model. A detailed implementation process is
presented in this paper and finally the best supplier agency
has been proposed from the outcome of the model.
CONSIGNMENT INVENTORY SIMULATION MODEL FOR SINGLE VENDOR-MULTI BUYERS IN A SU...IAEME Publication
ย
The focus on the studies of supply chain management has been increasing in
recent years among academics as well as practitioners. In this paper, we present an
extendable multi agent supply chain simulation model for consignment stock inventory
model for a single vendor - multiple buyers. The simulation study dealt the
quantitative measures of performance of consignment stock model with respect to
number of shipments, delay deliveries, number of shipments shifted due to partial
information sharing, average inventory levels of buyer and vendor and joint total
economic cost (JTEC) as key performance parameters. Flexsim V3.0 a discrete event
simulation software is used for simulating the model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Understanding Consumer Perception of Price-Quality- Value RelationshipIJARIIT
ย
In India as the level of competition keep on increasing day by day for automobile market, it is essential for
every automobile company to understand customer insight in order to provide best value judgement. Thus, they need
to understand how consumer compares price-quality-value of an automobile. Therefore, the objectives of this
research is to study the relationships of perceived quality, perceived value and perceived price that will affect
consumers purchase decision towards cars. Survey using convenience sampling was done at Ludhiana city.
Questionnaires were distributed to 320 respondents at the sampling location. Finally a sample of 280 used for final
analyses. The study revealed a positive impact of perceived price over perceived quality; perceived quality over
perceived value and a negative impact of perceived price over perceived value. The results from this research provide
a platform for Ludhiana automobile makers to appreciate consumer value judgement and how it affects their
purchase decision. In order to ensure that the findings are illustrative and convincing, future research should
include more constructs like brand image of an automobile, customer experience, culture etc.
Rank Computation Model for Distribution Product in Fuzzy Multiple Attribute D...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
Ranking of an activity is very important to support work effectiveness. Previous works, ranking for distribution product is used by manual process or averaging value. Problem in this research, the research should be found the effective way to rank the distribution product. This research proposes assist the ranking with a computational model based on Fuzzy Multiple Decision Making (FMADM). Getting an effective ranking, a variable in FMADM computing is required. Variables is used in this research such as number of households, number of small-scale enterprises run by households, gross domestic regional income, and economic growth rate of a region. Research completion is assisted by using self-built research methods. Research method consists of determining value of origin, determining degree of membership, determining weight of each variable, calculation of relation matrix, calculation of the preference value in each village for ranking value, and last is sorting. Operationalized FMADM is gain a result with three priorities district. Priority number one is all of district that have a rank or Vij (alternative rank) higher than 0.4. It means only 7% or 5 villages with the highest rank. Priority number second s all of district that have rank between Vij = 0.26 and Vij = 0.4. It means only 62% or 44 villages. Priority number three is district that have a rank lower than Vij = 0.26, and only 31% or 22 villages. Impact in use of FMADM, calculated in rank, is the process runs effective and dynamic with changing of weighted. User can arrange of weighted as needed.
Part I: Predictive models (Decision Tree and Regression) using SAS Enterprise Miner
Part II: Decision Tree using R.
Part III: Market-Basket Analysis using SAS miner.
It is on Conjoint Analysis presented by Radhika Gupta, Shivi Agarwal, Neha Arya, Neha Kasturia, Mudita Maheshwari, Dhruval Dholakia, Chinmay Jaggan Anmol Sahani and Madhusudan Partani of FMG-18A, FORE School of Management
This presentation teaches the concept of Statistical Decision Theory.
Details of this is given here: http://kindsonthegenius.blogspot.hu/2017/12/basics-of-decision-theory.html
Watch the Video here: https://youtu.be/HSc31v67590
Table of Content
What is decision theory?
Application of Decision Theory โ Cancer Diagnosis
Formal definition
False positives/False negatives
Minimizing misclassification
Reducing Expected Loss
Introduction to ROC
Supply Chain Coordination with Buy-back and Wholesale-price Contracts under R...IJERA Editor
ย
In order to increase supply chain total profit, we design a supply chain collaboration mechanism between one
supplier and one retailer. Throughout the paper we present one supplier and one retailer set up with random
demand in a decentralized supply chain. An incentive function on the buy-back cost and wholesale price cost is
presented and scheme through the buy-back contract and wholesale-price contract has been developed to enrich
the retailer take part in the collaboration ways. Furthermore, the paper shows that, how corporation between
buy-back contract and wholesale contract could coordinate the supply chain in both a decentralized and
centralized supply chain. Lastly, we set up numerical analyses and the result shows the implied collaboration
mechanism is not permit the decentralized system to achieve the same performance as the centralized decision
however it allows both members in the supply chain gains profit sharing by setting up the contract parameters.
Supplier and buyer driven channels in a two-stage supply chainGurdal Ertek
ย
We explore the impact of power structure on price, sensitivity of market price, and profits in a two-stage supply chain with single product, supplier and buyer, and a price sensitive market. We develop and analyze the case where the supplier has dominant bargaining power and the case where the buyer has dominant bargaining power. We consider a pricing scheme for the buyer that involves both a multiplier and a markup. We show that it is optimal for the buyer to set the markup to zero and use only a
multiplier. We also show that the market price and its sensitivity are higher when operational costs (namely distribution and inventory) exist. We observe that the sensitivity of the market price increases non-linearly as the wholesale price increases, and derive a lower bound for it. Through experimental
analysis, we show that marginal impact of increasing shipment cost and carrying charge (interest rate) on prices and profits are decreasing in both cases. Finally, we show that there exist problem instances where the buyer may prefer supplier-driven case to markup-only buyer-driven and similarly problem
instances where the supplier may prefer markup-only buyer-driven case to supplier-driven.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
How deeply can you understand what is happening inside your application? In modern, microservices-based applications, itโs critical to have end-to-end observability of each component and the communications between them in order to quickly identify and debug issues. In this session, we show how to have the necessary instrumentation and how to use the data you collect to have a better grasp of your production environment. On AWS, CloudWatch collects monitoring and operational data in the form of logs, metrics, and events, providing you with a unified view of AWS resources, applications, and services. With AWS X-Ray, you can understand how your application and its underlying services are performing to identify and troubleshoot the root cause of performance issues and errors. X-Ray provides an end-to-end view of requests as they travel through your application, and shows a map of your applicationโs underlying components. AWS App Mesh standardizes how your microservices communicate, giving you end-to-end visibility and helping to ensure high-availability for your applications.
This is a talk where Prof. Damien ERNST explains how Reinforcement Learning could be used to tackle various problems in the field of energy markets and for the energy transition.
A MULTI-OBJECTIVE APPROACH FOR OPTIMUM QUOTA ALLOCATION TO SUPPLIERS IN SUPPL...IAEME Publication
ย
In all industrial firms where a large number of parts and components are supplied by different suppliers to the raw materiel stores. So it is necessary to keep a track of their performances and supplier ratings individually. The shortages of many basic raw materials and unfriendly attitudes on the part of suppliers can seriously jeopardize production units. So supplier evaluation comes a necessary task. The supplier selection in the supply chain is a multi-criteria problem for this a problem is formulated. The formulated problem is including three primary objectives such as minimizing the net purchase cost, minimizing the net transportation cost and minimizing the net late deliveries subject to realistic constraints regarding buyerโs demand, vendorโs capacity, budget allocation to individual vendor, Vendorโs quality of the items, vendorโs quota flexibility, purchase value of items etc. This paper consists of allocating the quota to suppliers from a set of pre-selected candidates. In this paper the Lexicographic Method is used and solved above three objectives on the priority basis. A real life example is also presented and solved by the MATLAB and results are shown in the paper.
Fuzzy expert system based optimal capacitor allocation in distribution system-2IAEME Publication
ย
One of the most popular image denoising methods based on self-similarity is called nonlocal
means (NLM). Though it can achieve remarkable performance, this method has a few shortcomings,
e.g., the computationally expensive calculation of the similarity measure, and the lack of reliable
candidates for some non repetitive patches. In this paper, we propose to improve NLM by integrating
Gaussian blur, clustering, and row image weighted averaging into the NLM framework.
Experimental results show that the proposed technique can perform denoising better than the original
NLM both quantitatively and visually, especially when the noise level is high.
A Fuzzy Arithmetic Approach for Perishable Items in Discounted Entropic Order...Waqas Tariq
ย
This paper uses fuzzy arithmetic approach to the system cost for perishable items with instant deterioration for the discounted entropic order quantity model. Traditional crisp system cost observes that some costs may belong to the uncertain factors. It is necessary to extend the system cost to treat also the vague costs. We introduce a new concept which we call entropy and show that the total payoff satisfies the optimization property. We show how special case of this problem reduce to perfect results, and how post deteriorated discounted entropic order quantity model is a generalization of optimization. It has been imperative to demonstrate this model by analysis, which reveals important characteristics of discounted structure. Further numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the relative performance between the fuzzy and crisp cases in EnOQ and EOQ separately.
Serialized Optimization Of Supply Chain Model Using Genetic Algorithm And Geo...Jonathan Lobo
ย
โข โSerialized Optimization Of Supply Chain Model Using Genetic Algorithm And Geometric Predictionsโ in international journal for science and advance research in technology Volume 2,Issue 10 in October 2016
Study on Evaluation of Venture Capital Based onInteractive Projection Algorithminventionjournals
ย
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
How deeply can you understand what is happening inside your application? In modern, microservices-based applications, itโs critical to have end-to-end observability of each component and the communications between them in order to quickly identify and debug issues. In this session, we show how to have the necessary instrumentation and how to use the data you collect to have a better grasp of your production environment. On AWS, CloudWatch collects monitoring and operational data in the form of logs, metrics, and events, providing you with a unified view of AWS resources, applications, and services. With AWS X-Ray, you can understand how your application and its underlying services are performing to identify and troubleshoot the root cause of performance issues and errors. X-Ray provides an end-to-end view of requests as they travel through your application, and shows a map of your applicationโs underlying components. AWS App Mesh standardizes how your microservices communicate, giving you end-to-end visibility and helping to ensure high-availability for your applications.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customerโs Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailerโs Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumersโ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets โ A comparative studyiosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
ย
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and โ70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The Evolution of Science Education PraxiLabsโ Vision- Presentation (2).pdfmediapraxi
ย
The rise of virtual labs has been a key tool in universities and schools, enhancing active learning and student engagement.
๐ฅ Letโs dive into the future of science and shed light on PraxiLabsโ crucial role in transforming this field!
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
ย
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
ย
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niลก, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers โ hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters โ are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposรฉ invitรฉ Journรฉes Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
ย
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
ย
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
ย
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesnโt cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
ย
Slides from talk:
Aleลก Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niลก, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Ioโs Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sรฉrgio Sacani
ย
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Ioโs surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Ioโs trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Ioโs surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
ย
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
ย
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
ย
Variational Inequalities Approach to Supply Chain Network Equilibrium
1. IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)
e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 11, Issue 6 Ver. IV (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 95-102
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5728-116495102 www.iosrjournals.org 95 | Page
Variational Inequalities Approach to Supply Chain Network
Equilibrium
OsisioguU. A (Ph.D) &Edike Cornelius. C
Department of Mathematics & Statistic EbonyiState University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Abstract: in this work, we examine a supply chain network consisting of manufacturer , retailer and the
demand market , we study the behaviour of the various decision โ maker and formulate an optimization
problem based on the condition proposed in this decision maker and transcribed the optimization problem to
variational inequality because of its handiness in solving equilibrium problem. and derived equilibrium
condition that satisfy the manufacturer, retailers and the demand market, these conditions must be
simultaneously satisfied so that no decision- maker has any incentive to alter his transaction.
Key words: supply chain network, variational inequality. Equilibrium ,Convex Optimization
I. Introduction
Supply Chain Network: A Supply chain network is a goal โ oriented network of processes used to deliver
goods and service Anpindi & Bassok (1996). Supply chain network are critical infrastructure for the
production, distributions and consumption of goods as well as services in our globalized network economy.
Chopra & Meindl (2003) Supply chain has emerged as the backbones of economics activities in the modern
world. Their importance to the timely and efficient delivery of products as varied as food, energy
pharmaceuticals, clothing, and computer hardware has fuelled an immense interest in the analysis on the pact
of both researchers and practitioners By necessity science is reductionist, all real world system are two
complex to study in their totality. So scientist reduce them to a manageable size by restricting their slope and
making simplify assumption to get anywhere with science of supply chain they exist only to support business
activities and therefore must be evaluated in business terms, hence the fundamental objective of a supply chain
is to contribute to long term profitability. A decentralize supply chain network model is one of the prevailing
structure adopted which usually consist of different tiers of decision makers. Chopra & Meindi (2003)
common definition of supply chain is a network of facilities that function to procure material , transform
thatmaterialinto finished productand distribute to customer , a supply chain include all the companies and their
associated business activities that are needed for the design, manufacture and distribution .
Figure 1. The Network structure of the supply chain
The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated. the value a supply
chain generate is the difference between what the final product is worth to the customer .Also supply chain is an
integrated system or network which synchronize a series of inter โ related business process in order to acquire
row material and add value to the raw material by transforming them unto finish product and facilitate the flow
of information among the various partner. Supply chain facility location problem are always considered as the
most critical and most complex of issue to run an efficient supply chain, usually changes of othercomponent in
2. Variational Inequalities Approach To Supply Chain Network Equilibrium
DOI: 10.9790/5728-116495102 www.iosrjournals.org 96 | Page
supply chain such as transportation and information system can be made with less hassle due to relatively bigger
amount of choice. In other words.These types of decision can be readily re- optimized in response to changes.
A common definition of supply chain is a network of facilities that function to procure material , transform that
material into finished product and distribute to customer , a supply chain include all the companies and their
associated business activities that are needed for the design, manufacture and distribution .
Many classical economics equilibrium problems have been formulated as a system of equation, since
market clearing conditions necessary equate the total supply with the total demand In terms of a variation
inequality problem This chapter discusses the definition and analysis aspect that are necessary for a
conceptualization of general applicability for supply chain network, and approach behind concept of optimality
condition of manufacturer, retailer and consumer. Variational inequality formulation as a facilitator to supply
chain network equilibrium.
II. Introduction Of Equilibrium Model.
In the classical circumstance we address there are agent called consumer, index by ๐ = 1 โฆ โฆ ๐ along
with agent called producer index by = 1 โฆ โฆ . ๐ . both deal with goods indexed by ๐ = 1 โฆ โฆ . . ๐ , vector ๐ ๐;
having component that stand for quantities of these goods will be involved in both consumption and production
for each consumer ๐ there is a consumption set ๐๐ ๐ R
๐
, whereas for each producer ๐ there is a production set
๐๐ ๐ถ R
๐
consumer ๐ will chose a consumption vector ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ ๐ and producer ๐ will chose a production vector
๐ฆ๐ ๐๐๐ . consumption vector ๐ฅ๐ are related by agent ๐ according to their utility, which is described by a function
๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ ; the higher the utility value ๐ข๐(๐ฅ๐) the better. Obviously the chosen ๐ฅ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐ must turn out to be such
that the total consumption ๐ฅ1
๐=1 i does not exceed the total (net) production ๐ฆ
๐
๐=1 j plus the total endowment
๐1
๐=1 i. The coordination is to be achieved by a market in which goods can be traded at particular prices. The
prices are not part of the given data, hence they must be determined from interaction of the consumer, retailer
and producer over availabilities and preference .this is why finding equilibrium is much more than just a matter
of optimization. In this study we developed a fixed demand version of the supply chain network model , the
model consist of ๐ manufacturer ,๐ retailer ๐ demand market in figure (1) we denote a typical manufacturer by
๐ and typical retailer by ๐ and typical demand market by ๐ .The links in the supply chain network represent
transportation links. The equilibrium solution is denoted by (โ) all vector are assumed to be column vector.
Therefore we first show the behaviour of the manufacturer and retailers, were then discus the behaviour of the
consumer at the demand market. Finally we state the equilibrium condition for the supply chain network
The fundamental problem of optimization is to arrive at the best possible decision in any given set of
circumstance. In real life problem situation may arise where the best is unattained .the first step in mathematical
optimization is to set up a function whose variable are the variable interest. The function could be linear or non-
linear. This function is better maximized or minimized subject to one or more constrained equation.
This is optimization problem in standard form.
Min/Max ๐ ๐ฅ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ....................... equation (1)
s.t ๐๐ ๐ฅ โค 0 ๐ = 1 โฆ โฆ โฆ . . ๐
๐๐ ๐ฅ = 0 ๐ = 1 โฆ โฆ โฆ . . ๐
Therefore ๐ฅ โ R
๐
is the optimization variable
๐0 : ๐ ๐
โ R is the objective or cost function.
๐๐ โถ R
๐
โ R ; ๐ = 1 โฆ โฆ ๐are the inequality constraint
โ๐: R
๐
โ R are the equality constraint.
An optimization problem is characterized by its given specific objective function that is maximize or
minimized given set of constraint possible objective function include expression representing profit cost ,
market share , both constrained and unconstrained problem can be formulated as variational inequality problem
the subsequent two preposition and theorem identify the relationship between an optimization problem and
variational inequality problem.
The next theorem provides the basis of the relationship that exist between optimization problem and
variational inequality problem.
Theorem 1
Let ๐ฅโ
be a solution to the optimization problem
Min๐ ๐ฅ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ . . (4)
s.t๐ฅ โ ๐พ
Where ๐is continuously differentiable and ๐ is close and convex , then ๐ฅโ
is a solution of the
variational inequality problem
3. Variational Inequalities Approach To Supply Chain Network Equilibrium
DOI: 10.9790/5728-116495102 www.iosrjournals.org 97 | Page
โ๐ ๐ฅโ
, ๐ฅ โ ๐ฅโ
โฅ 0โ๐ฅ โ ๐พ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ . ( 5)
Proof.
Let โ ๐ก = ๐(๐ฅโ
+ ๐ก ๐ฅ โ ๐ฅโ
) ๐๐๐๐ก๐ 0 1
Since โ ๐ก achieve its minimum at ๐ก = 0
0 โค โ !
0 = โ๐ ๐ฅโ
. ๐ฅ โ ๐ฅโ
๐๐
๐ฅโ
Is a solution ofโ๐ ๐ฅโ
๐. ๐ฅ โ ๐ฅโ
โฅ 0
Theorem 2
If ๐(๐ฅ) is a convex function and ๐ฅโ
is a solution to ๐๐ผ(โ๐, ๐) then ๐ฅโ
is a solution to the optimization problem
Min ๐ ๐ฅ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ 6
s.t๐ฅ๐๐พ
Proof: since ๐ ๐ฅ is convex
๐ ๐ฅ โฅ ๐ ๐ฅโ
+ โ๐ ๐ฅโ
. ๐ฅ โ ๐ฅโ
โ๐ฅ๐๐ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ ( 7)
But โ๐ ๐ฅโ ๐
. ๐ฅ โ ๐ฅโ
โฅ 0
Since ๐ฅโ
is solution to ๐๐ผ(โ๐, ๐)
Therefore from (6) we conclude that ๐ ๐ฅ โฅ ๐ ๐ฅโ
โ๐ฅ๐๐
Variational inequality theory : ( Variational Inequality). The finite โ dimensional variational inequality
problem ๐๐ผ (๐, ๐) is to determine a vector ๐ฅโ
๐๐๐ R
๐
such that
๐ ๐โ
, ๐ โ ๐โ
โฅ 0 โ๐ฅ๐๐พ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ ..(8)
Where ๐ is a given continuous function from ๐พ๐ก๐๐ ๐
K is a given closed convex set and . . denote
the inner product in R Or equivalently ๐น ๐ฅโ
๐, (๐ฅ โ ๐ฅโ
โฅ 0 โ๐ฅ๐๐ where ๐ is a given continuous function
from ๐พ is close and convex set and . . denote the inner product in ๐ โ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐. Variational
inequality are closely related with many general non linear analysis. Such as complementarity, fixed point and
optimization problem. The simplest example is variational inequality is the problem of solving a system of
equation, the variational inequality is the problem of finding a point ๐ขโ
๐๐พ such that. ๐บ ๐ขโ
, ๐ข โ ๐ขโ
โฅ
0 โ๐ข๐๐พ โฆ โฆ โฆ . ( 9)
2.1 The Manufacturer Behaviour And Optimality Condition
Let ๐1๐๐
โ
denote the price charge for the product by manufacturer ๐ in transacting with retailer ๐ the price
๐1๐๐
โ
is an endogenous variable and will be determined once the entire supply chain network equilibrium model
is solved .we assume that the quantity produce by manufacturer ๐ must satisfy the following conservation of
flow of equation
1
n
i ij
j
q q
๏ฝ
๏ฝ ๏ฅ .................................................( 15)
Which state that the quantity of product produced by manufacturer ๐ is exactly equal to the sum of
quantities transacted between a manufacturer and the retailer, the production cost function ๐๐ for each
manufacturer ๐ ; ๐ โฆ โฆ โฆ . ๐ be expresses as a function of the flows? ๐1
, Assuming that the manufacturer are
profit maximize, we can express the optimization problem as
* 1
1 1
max ( ) ( )
n n
ij ij i ij ij
j j
p q f Q c q
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ญ ๏ญ๏ฅ ๏ฅ
. : 0ijs t q ๏ณ for all ; 1,.....j j n๏ฝ
the first term in equation (16) represent price charge , and subsequent terms the product cost and
transaction cost for each manufacturer are continuously differentiable and convex , the optimality condition for
all manufacturer ๐ can be expressed as the following variational inequality determine ๐1
๐๐ +
๐๐
๐ ๐๐ก๐๐ ๐๐ฆ
*1*
* * 1
1
1 1
( )( )
0 .....(17)
m n
ij ij mni
ij ij ij
i j ij ij
c qf Q
p q q Q R
q q
๏ซ
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ถ๏ถ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ด ๏ญ ๏ณ ๏ข ๏๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ ๏ป๏ถ ๏ถ๏ช ๏บ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฅ๏ฅ
2.2 Retailer Behaviour And Their Optimality Condition.
The retailers in turn purchase the product from the manufacturer and transact with the customer at the
demand market. Thus a retailer is involved in transacting both with the manufacturer as well as with the demand
4. Variational Inequalities Approach To Supply Chain Network Equilibrium
DOI: 10.9790/5728-116495102 www.iosrjournals.org 98 | Page
market. Let ๐2๐
โ
denote the price charge by he retailer ๐ ,for the product. This price will be determined
endogenously after the model is solved. We assume also that the retailer are profit maximize, hence the
optimization problem faced by a retailer ๐is given by
max ๐2๐
โ
๐
๐=0
๐๐๐ โ ๐๐ ๐1
โ ๐1๐๐
โ
๐
๐=1
๐๐๐ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ (18)
๐ . ๐ก ๐๐๐
0
๐=1
โค ๐๐๐
๐
๐=1
โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ . . . (19)
Where๐๐๐ โฅ 0 ๐๐๐๐๐๐ โฅ 0 ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ; ๐ = 1 โฆ . . ๐๐๐๐๐ ; ๐ = 1 โฆ 0 the first term in (18) represent
price charge and the second and third term represent handling cost and payout cost to the manufacturer . hence
constrain (19) expresses that total quantity of the product transacted with the demand market by a retailer
cannot exceed the amount that the retailer has obtained from the manufacturer. Also handling cost for each
retailer is continuously differentiable and convex. Then the optimality condition for all the retailer can be
expressed as the following variation inequality
Determine
1* 2* *
( , , ) mn no n
Q Q R satisfying๏ง ๏ซ ๏ซ
๏
1*
* * * * *
1 2
1 1 1 1
* * * 1 2
1 1 1
( )
0 ( , , ) ..........(20)
m n n o
j
ij ij ij j j jk jk
i j j kij
n m o
mn no n
ij jk j j
j i k
c Q
p q q p q q
q
q q Q Q R
๏ง
๏ง ๏ง ๏ง
๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ซ ๏ซ
๏ถ
๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ถ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ฉ ๏น ๏ฉ ๏น ๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ด ๏ญ ๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ซ ๏ด ๏ญ ๏ซ๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ ๏ป ๏ซ ๏ป ๏ซ ๏ป๏ซ ๏ป๏ถ๏ช ๏บ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฉ ๏น
๏ฉ ๏น๏ญ ๏ด ๏ญ ๏ณ ๏ข ๏๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฅ๏ฅ ๏ฅ๏ฅ
๏ฅ ๏ฅ ๏ฅ
The term ๐พ๐ is the Lagrange multiplier or shadow price associated with constraint (19) for retailer ๐ and ๏ง is
the n โ dimensional vector of all the shadow prices.
2.3 The Consumer Demand Market And Equilibrium Condition.
The consumer take account the price charged by the retailer and the unit transaction cost incurred to
obtain the product in making their consumption decision, we assume dynamic model in which we allow the
demand to be time varying. The following conservation of flow equation must hold
,
1
1, .......
n
k jk
j
d q k o
๏ฝ
๏ฝ ๏ฝ๏ฅ
Where ๐ ๐ is fixed for each demand market K. We assume the unit transaction cost function ๐๐๐ are
continuous function for ๐ ; ๐ = 1 โฆ . . ๐๐๐๐๐; ๐ = 1 โฆ . .0
The equilibrium condition for consumer at the demand market ๐ then take the form for each retailer ๐ ; ๐ =
1 โฆ โฆ . . ๐
๐2๐
โ
+ ๐๐๐ ๐2โ
= ๐3๐ ,๐๐ ๐ ๐๐
โ
โฅ0
โ
โฅ ๐3๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐
โ
= 0
โ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ . (22)
Equation (22) state that in equilibrium, if the consumer at demand market ๐ purchase the product from
retailer ๐ then the price the consumer pay is exactly equal to the price charge by retailer plus the unit transaction
cost .however if the sum of the prince charge by the retailer and the unit transaction cost exceed the price that
the consumer is willing to pay at the demand market, there will be no transaction. In equilibrium condition (22)
must hold simultaneously for all demand market, we express the equilibrium condition as the variation
inequality determine ๐2โ
๐๐1
such that
* 2* *
2
1 1
( ) 0
n o
j jk jk jk
j k
p c Q q q๏ถ
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น ๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ด ๏ญ ๏ณ๏ซ ๏ป ๏ซ ๏ป๏ฅ๏ฅ
2 1
,Q K๏ข ๏
Where
1 2
(21) ............(23)no
K Q R and hold๏ซ๏บ ๏
In equilibrium the optimality condition of the entire manufacturer, the optimality condition for all the
retailers and the equilibrium condition for all the demand market must be simultaneously satisfied so that no
decision maker has any incentive to alter his transaction.
5. Variational Inequalities Approach To Supply Chain Network Equilibrium
DOI: 10.9790/5728-116495102 www.iosrjournals.org 99 | Page
Definition (3) Supply Chain Network Equilibrium.
The equilibrium state of the supply chain network is one where the product flows between the tiers of
network coincide and the product flows satisfy the conservation of flow equation of the sum of optimality
condition of manufacturer, the retailer and the equilibrium condition at the demand markets.
3.4 Variational Inequality Formulation Of Supply Chain Network Equilibrium:The equilibrium condition
governing the supply chain network according to definition 3 coincide with the solution of the (finite โ
dimensional) Variational inequality given by:
determine,
1* 2* * 2
( , , )Q Q K satisfying๏ง ๏
* 1*1*
* *
1 1
( ) ( )( )m n
ij ij ji
j ij ij
i j ij ij ij
c q c Qf Q
q q
q q q
๏ง
๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ถ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ถ ๏ถ๏ถ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ด ๏ญ๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ ๏ป๏ถ ๏ถ ๏ถ๏ช ๏บ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฅ๏ฅ
2* * * * * *
1 1 1 1 1
( ) 0
n o n m o
jk j jk jk ij jk j j
j k j i k
c Q q q q q๏ง ๏ง ๏ง
๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น
๏ฉ ๏น ๏ฉ ๏น ๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ซ ๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ด ๏ญ ๏ณ๏ช ๏บ๏ซ ๏ป ๏ซ ๏ป ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฅ๏ฅ ๏ฅ ๏ฅ ๏ฅ
1 2 2
( , , )Q Q K๏ง๏ข ๏ Where
๏ป ๏ฝ2 1 2
, , (21) ........(24)mn no n
K Q Q R and holds๏ง ๏ซ ๏ซ
๏บ ๏
Proof : We first demonstrate that an equilibrium pattern according to definition (3) satisfies the variational
equality, summing up inequalities 17, 20 and 23, after algebraic simplication we obtain (24). We now show the
converse, that is a solution to Variation inequality (24) satisfies the sum of condition 17, 20, & 23 and is
therefore a supply chain network equilibrium pattern first we add the termโ๐1๐๐
โ
+ ๐1๐๐
โ
to the first term in the
first summed expression in (24), then, we add the term โ๐2๐ +
โ
๐2๐
โ
to the first term in the second summed
expression in (24) because these term are all equal to zero , they do not change(24) we obtain the following
inequality
* 1*1*
* * * *
1 1
1 1
( ) ( )( )m n
ij ij ji
j ij ij ij ij
i j ij ij ij
c q c Qf Q
p p q q
q q q
๏ง
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ถ ๏ถ๏ถ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ด ๏ญ๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ ๏ป๏ถ ๏ถ ๏ถ๏ช ๏บ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฅ๏ฅ
2* * * * *
2 2
1 1
( )
n o
jk j j j jk jk
j k
c Q p p q q๏ง
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น ๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ซ ๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ด ๏ญ๏ซ ๏ป ๏ซ ๏ป๏ฅ๏ฅ
* * * 1 2 2
1 1 1
0 ( , , ) ........(25)
n m o
ij jk j j
j i k
q q Q Q K๏ง ๏ง ๏ง
๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น
๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ด ๏ญ ๏ณ ๏ข ๏๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฅ ๏ฅ ๏ฅ
Which can be rewritten as?
*1*
* *
1
1 1
( )( )m n
ij iji
ij ij ij
i i ij ij
c qf Q
p X q q
q q๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ถ๏ถ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ญ๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ ๏ป๏ถ ๏ถ๏ช ๏บ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฅ๏ฅ +
1*
* * *
1
1 1
( )m n
j
ij j ij ij
i j ij
c Q
p X q q
q
๏ง
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ถ
๏ฉ ๏น๏ซ ๏ญ ๏ญ๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ ๏ป๏ถ๏ช ๏บ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฅ๏ฅ +
* * *
2
1 1
n o
ij j jk jk
j k
p X q q๏ง
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น ๏ฉ ๏น๏ญ ๏ซ ๏ญ๏ซ ๏ป ๏ซ ๏ป๏ฅ๏ฅ +
๏ ๏* * 2* *
2
1 1 1 1 1
( )
n m o n o
ij jk jk jk jkj
j i k j k
q q p c Q X q q
๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฉ ๏น
๏ฉ ๏น๏ญ ๏ซ ๏ซ ๏ญ๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ ๏ป
๏ซ ๏ป
๏ฅ ๏ฅ ๏ฅ ๏ฅ๏ฅ 0๏ณ
1 2 2
( , , ) ....................(26)Q Q K๏ง๏ข ๏
6. Variational Inequalities Approach To Supply Chain Network Equilibrium
DOI: 10.9790/5728-116495102 www.iosrjournals.org 100 | Page
Clearly (26) is equal to the sum of the optimality conditions of manufacturer, retailer and the consumer
demand market (23) and is, hence variational inequality governing the supply chain network equilibrium in
definition (3) Hence the Variational inequality problem of (24) can be written in standard variational inequality
form as follows: determine ๐โ
๐๐ satisfying
* *
( ), 0 ..............(27)f x x x x K๏ญ ๏ณ ๏ข ๏ where๐ โก (๐1
, ๐2
, ๐พ, ) and
๐ ๐ฅ โก ๐๐๐ , ๐๐๐ , ๐๐, ๐๐ ๐ = 1 โฆ . . ๐; ๐ = 1 โฆ . . ๐; ๐ = 1 โฆ ๐.
3.41 Corrolary
This corollary established that in equilibrium, the supply chain with fixed demand, since we are
interested in the market clearing ,the market for the product clears for each retailer in the supply chain network
equilibrium that is
๐๐๐
โ
= ๐๐๐
โ
๐๐๐๐ = 1 โฆ โฆ . ๐
๐
๐ =1
๐
๐=1
Clearly from equation (19) if ๐พ๐
โ
> 0 ๐กโ๐๐
* *
1 1
m o
jkij
i k
q q
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฝ๏ฅ ๏ฅ h๐๐๐๐ now we consider the
case where ๐พ๐
โ
= 0 for some retailer j we examine the first term in inequality (19) since we assume that the
production cost function , the transaction cost function and the handling cost function are convex , it is therefore
to assume that either the marginal production cost or the marginal transaction cost or the marginal handling cost
for each manufacturer /retailer is strictly positive at equilibrium.
Then
* 1*1*
( ) ( )( ) ij ij ji
ij ij ij
c q c Qf Q
q q q
๏ถ ๏ถ๏ถ
๏ซ ๏ซ
๏ถ ๏ถ ๏ถ
> 0
Which implies that ๐๐๐
โ
= 0 ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐กโ๐๐ก๐, it follows then from the third term in (19) that
0
*
1
0jk
k
q
๏ฝ
๏ฝ๏ฅ Hence we have that
0
* *
1 1
0
m
jk ij
k i
q q
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฝ ๏ฝ๏ฅ ๏ฅ . for any j such that
*
0j๏ง ๏ฝ
there we conclude that the market clears for retailer in the supply chain equilibrium, the price that exist when a
market is in equilibrium, the equilibrium price equate the quantity demanded and quantity supply, more over the
equilibrium price is simultaneously equal to both the demand price and supply price, the equilibrium price is
also commonly referred to as the market clearing price. Since we are interested in the determination of
equilibrium flow and price, we transform constrain (19) into
1 1
.................(28)
o m
jk ij
k i
q q
๏ฝ ๏ฝ
๏ฝ๏ฅ ๏ฅ
Now we can define the feasible set as
3 1 1
( , ) mn no
K Q Q R ๏ซ
๏ซ๏บ ๏ such that (27) holds
For notational convenience we let ,
1
1,.......
o
j jk
k
S q j n
๏ฝ
๏บ ๏ฝ๏ฅ
Note that, special case of demand function and supply function that are separable, the jacobians of
these function are symmetric since they are diagonal and given, respectively by
โ๐ ๐ =
๐๐ 1
๐๐1
0 0 0
0
๐๐ 2
๐๐2
0 0
0 0 0
๐๐ ๐
๐๐ ๐
7. Variational Inequalities Approach To Supply Chain Network Equilibrium
DOI: 10.9790/5728-116495102 www.iosrjournals.org 101 | Page
โd ๐ =
๐๐1
๐๐1
0 0 0
0
๐๐2
๐๐2
0 0
0 0 0
๐๐ ๐
๐๐ ๐
In this special case model the supply of a product or commodity depends only upon the price of that
commodity while the demand for a commodity depends only upon the price of that commodity. Hence the price
vector ๐โ
that satisfies the equilibrium condition can be obtained by solving the following optimization problem
๐๐๐ฅ/๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ โ ๐๐ ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ
๐ ๐
0
๐
๐=1
๐ ๐
0
๐
๐=1 ......................(34)
๐ ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ก๐๐๐ โฅ 0 , ๐ = 1 โฆ โฆ . ๐
Hence the quantity of product demanded from demand market is equal to the quantity of product
supply.
Example 1, We consider a network structure consist of single manufacturer, a single Retailer and Single demand
market as show below
The manufacturer production cost function is given by ๐๐ ๐ = ๐1
2
+ 5๐1
The transaction cost between the manufacturer and retailer pair is ๐11(๐11)=๐11
2
+ 2๐11
The handling cost at the Retailer is ๐1 ๐1
= 2(๐11)2
and the unit transaction cost associated with the
transaction between the retailer and demand market is ๐11 ๐1
= ๐11 + 1 with the demand function given by
๐1 ๐3 = โ๐31 + 100 view of these function , the corollary which show that the equilibrium product flow
between the manufacturer and the retailer is equal to the equilibrium product between the retailer and the
demand market , therefore Variational inequality (24) of this example takes the form determine (๐11,
โ
๐พ1,
โ
๐31
โ
)
(all the value being nonnegative) and satisfying
2 ๐11
โ
+ 5 + 2๐11
โ
+ 2 + 4๐11
โ
โ ๐11
โ
ร ๐11 โ ๐11
โ
+ ๐11
โ
+ 1 + ๐พ1
โ
โ ๐31
โ
ร ๐11 โ ๐11
โ
+ ๐11
โ
โ ๐11
โ
ร
๐พ1 โ ๐พ1
โ
+ ๐11
โ
+ ๐31
โ
โ 100 ร ๐31 โ ๐31
โ
โฅ 0 โ๐11 โฅ 0 โ๐พ1 โฅ 0 โ๐31 โฅ 0
Combining the like terms in this inequality, after algebraic simplication yields
9 ๐11
โ
+ 8 โ ๐31
โ
๐11 โ ๐11
โ
+ ๐11
โ
+ ๐31
โ
โ 100 ร ๐31 โ ๐31
โ
โฅ 0
Now if we let ๐11 = ๐11
โ
, we assume that the equilibrium demand market price ๐31
โ
is positive , then
substituting into the inequality above gives
๐31
โ
= 1 00 โ ๐11
โ
Therefore letting ๐31 = ๐31
โ
, substituting now into the same inequality, with๐31
โ
= 100 โ ๐11
โ
gives us 9๐11
โ
+ 8 โ 100 + ๐11
โ
ร ๐11 โ ๐11
โ
โฅ 0 Assuming that the product flow ๐11
โ
is positive ( so that the
manufacturer produces the product) we can conclude that 10๐11
โ
โ 92 = 0 hence ๐11
โ
= 9.20
Then the demand market price is ๐31
โ
= 90.80 , the shadow price ๐พ1
โ
can be determined from the above
variational inequality , we obtain ๐พ1=
โ
80.60
III. Conclusion:
In conclusion this seminar work has succeeded in clarifying the use of variational inequality as a tool
in supply chain network for finding the optimality conditions for these three tiers of decision- maker and their
equilibrium condition. Such that each must be simultaneously satisfied so that no decision- maker has any
incentive to alter his transaction and provides a market clearing condition.
8. Variational Inequalities Approach To Supply Chain Network Equilibrium
DOI: 10.9790/5728-116495102 www.iosrjournals.org 102 | Page
References
[1]. Fisher M.L. What is the Right supply chain for your product? Harvard Business Review 75 (2 march โ April) 105- 116 (1997).
[2]. Lee H. L and Belington C. The evolution of supply chain management models and practice at Hewlett โ Packard interface (1995)
[3]. D. Kinderlehrerand G.Stampachia (1980) . An introduction to Variational Inequalities and their application, Academic press, New
York.
[4]. R .Anupindi and Y ,bassok (1996) Distribution channel ,information system and virtual centralized proceedings of the
manufacturing and services operation management of society conference 87-92.
[5]. Chopra. S Meindl P. (2003) . Supply chain management strategy, planning and operation 2nd
ed Prentice Hall.
[6]. Simchi โ Levi, D , Designing and managing the supply chain concepts, strategies and case studies . New York (2002).
[7]. Cohen M.A mallikS . 1997 , Global supply chain , Research and application , production and operation management .193-210
[8]. Ducan Robert . The six rule of logistics strategy implementation London :PA consulting Group (2001)
[9]. Mahajan and G.V Ryzin( 2001). Inventory competition under dynamic consumer choice, operation Research .
[10]. Nagurney A. and D .Zhang (1996) projected dynamical systems and variational inequalities.