This study analyzed errors made by undergraduate students in Rwanda in their final summative evaluations for an English literature course. Researchers identified over 200 errors across 27 student scripts. The most common errors were related to spelling, subject-verb agreement, pluralization, capitalization, and improper use of prepositions. The study aimed to identify these errors in order to help improve teaching methods and reduce difficulties students face when writing in English as a second language. Identifying error patterns could help teachers better support students and prioritize certain grammar and mechanics concepts.
The main purpose of this article is to examine the level of Communication Apprehension (CA) among Third-Year Political Science students studying English for Specific Purposes (ESP) at Chlef University, and then investigate the main factors that lead to their CA in the ESP classroom. The instruments that were used for data collection in the study are a questionnaire administered to 50 students and an interview conducted with 4 teachers. The findings of the study revealed that most students had high level of CA with the relative contribution of two main reasons: instructional and psychological factors to the situation. Finally, some suggestions and recommendations on how to reduce communication apprehension among ESP students and improve their speaking skills were stated.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
The aim of this research study is to analyze the appropriateness of the English syllabus according to the true language needs, which is being offered to the students of International Relations Department of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. To carry out this research study, students of IR department (Part 1 and 2) have been taken as a sample population to collect required data. To check the appropriateness of the offered English syllabus and existing level of English language competence according to the students’ needs; two research tools have been taken as: test and interview. In order to get the actual feedback from the students, a test consisted of four basic skills of English (listening, speaking, reading and writing) was conducted to 50 students of IR department. Interview was conducted to the teachers of IR department in order to get the actual information about the appropriateness of the English syllabus and the competency level of the students. Collected data through both the sources were analyzed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The findings from these sources provided the results which were expected before the accomplishment of this research work. The findings of this research advocated that the EAP should be adopted to make the existing syllabus appropriate and need based in order to refine the basic English language skills of the students. This recommended course is very productive for social sciences disciplines of the BZU.
English language hardships of the urban vernacular in indiaAtiya Khan
Millions of people in India view proficiency in English language as a survival kit to achieve upward social and economic mobility, creating pressure for many to start learning the language right from schooling. However, the ground realities tell a different story as there have been many problems with the English language learning process in vernacular-medium schools of India. Not many people are aware of the hardships faced by the vernacular-medium students studying in Indian universities and other institutes of higher education. And not many people are aware of the agony of the young job seekers who had their schooling in Indian languages and could not acquire English well. This paper reviews the evidence of English language hardships faced by vernacular-medium students in India.
There is a fast-moving worldwide shift from English being taught as a foreign language (EFL) to English being the medium of instruction (EMI) for academic subjects such as science, mathematics, geography and medicine. EMI is increasingly being used in universities, secondary schools and even primary schools.
M.Wright
The main purpose of this article is to examine the level of Communication Apprehension (CA) among Third-Year Political Science students studying English for Specific Purposes (ESP) at Chlef University, and then investigate the main factors that lead to their CA in the ESP classroom. The instruments that were used for data collection in the study are a questionnaire administered to 50 students and an interview conducted with 4 teachers. The findings of the study revealed that most students had high level of CA with the relative contribution of two main reasons: instructional and psychological factors to the situation. Finally, some suggestions and recommendations on how to reduce communication apprehension among ESP students and improve their speaking skills were stated.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
The aim of this research study is to analyze the appropriateness of the English syllabus according to the true language needs, which is being offered to the students of International Relations Department of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. To carry out this research study, students of IR department (Part 1 and 2) have been taken as a sample population to collect required data. To check the appropriateness of the offered English syllabus and existing level of English language competence according to the students’ needs; two research tools have been taken as: test and interview. In order to get the actual feedback from the students, a test consisted of four basic skills of English (listening, speaking, reading and writing) was conducted to 50 students of IR department. Interview was conducted to the teachers of IR department in order to get the actual information about the appropriateness of the English syllabus and the competency level of the students. Collected data through both the sources were analyzed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The findings from these sources provided the results which were expected before the accomplishment of this research work. The findings of this research advocated that the EAP should be adopted to make the existing syllabus appropriate and need based in order to refine the basic English language skills of the students. This recommended course is very productive for social sciences disciplines of the BZU.
English language hardships of the urban vernacular in indiaAtiya Khan
Millions of people in India view proficiency in English language as a survival kit to achieve upward social and economic mobility, creating pressure for many to start learning the language right from schooling. However, the ground realities tell a different story as there have been many problems with the English language learning process in vernacular-medium schools of India. Not many people are aware of the hardships faced by the vernacular-medium students studying in Indian universities and other institutes of higher education. And not many people are aware of the agony of the young job seekers who had their schooling in Indian languages and could not acquire English well. This paper reviews the evidence of English language hardships faced by vernacular-medium students in India.
There is a fast-moving worldwide shift from English being taught as a foreign language (EFL) to English being the medium of instruction (EMI) for academic subjects such as science, mathematics, geography and medicine. EMI is increasingly being used in universities, secondary schools and even primary schools.
M.Wright
Problems and Difficulties of Speaking That Encounter English Language Student...inventionjournals
The study aims at exploring thespeaking difficulties encountered by English language students at Al Quds Open University. The study ,more over aims at exploring the causes of such difficulties. The researcher used the experimental method so as to show and measure the speaking difficulties encountered by English language students at Al Quds Open University. The researcher designed an interview to be applied on the sample of the study. Such interview will be applied for each student to investigate speaking difficulties and the causes of such difficulties . The results showed and indicated there some difficulties in the speaking of the students due to some reasons such as fear of mistake , shyness, anxiety and lack of confidence. The researcher adopted some recommendations the most important one is to establish an environment support and encourage the students to speak English frequently, and he suggested carrying out more researches and studies regarding speaking difficulties encountered by English language students.
English language as a Medium of Instruction Inside the Classroom: Perception ...Marvin Ramirez
This is a research paper for our English 34 which discusses the perception of selected first year college students about the English Language as a medium of classroom instruction.
The Effect of Using English Language only and Not Using the Mother Tongue in ...inventionjournals
The Effect of Using English Language only and Not Using the Mother Tongue In Teaching Units Fifteen and Sixteen for the Students of Sixth Primary Class on their Acquisition of English Language
Final draft of research on sign language as a medium of instructionAmanuelEndale
The study was design to assess the practice and challenges of sign language as a medium of instruction in case of: Yekatit 23 primary school by employing purposive sampling techniques method. To achieve the purpose of the study, the main target group is Deaf student and their teacher 15 student and 7 teacher (a total of 22, M=9 F=13), were included in the study. The participant selected purposively for Yekatit 23 primary school and the student were selected from Grade 6-8 because the researcher assume that the have a better understanding and experience. The two points on practice and challenges rating scale questionnaire consisting of 15 items for teacher and a Two point rating scale questionnaire consisting of 13 items for student and for both of them the researcher use open ended question and observation check list has been used to collect the data. Depending upon the data collected both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in the analysis of the collected data. The findings have shown that the majority of Deaf students (53%) have shown there is inadequate use of instructional material. The major challenges were related to accessibility of instructional material, student teacher ratio and classroom environment. The study has also confirmed that the school and most of school community (67%) have awareness about sign language as a medium of instruction. Generally, the result suggests the effective measures of need to be taken to reduce challenges of the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction by accessing instructional material and matching student teacher ratio and create an accessible classroom environment. Further research also required to fulfill the gap of practicing sign language as a medium of instruction. Some recommendations were made based on findings particularly to improve the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction and reducing the challenge of student and teachers. The study gives a direction on priory area of intervention such as giving training to teachers and students to develop their skill and providing appropriate material and hiring new teacher to match student teacher ratio.
Problems and Practical Needs of Writing Skill in EFL Context: An Analysis of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The Academic writing performance and Spelling Errors Malik Jabr Albalawi مال...malikjabr
The Academic writing Performance and Spelling Errors of English As Foreign Language Students at Tabuk University: A case of the Introductory Year students:2015
Improving the Productive Skills of the Students through Selected Teaching Str...ijtsrd
This paper focuses on the ways to highlight the needs for developing the productive skills of the fresh students, at the University of Computer Studies Pakokku , Myanmar. This paper explores the strategies to enable the learners to communicate among themselves in their daily life. It also includes an eclectic approach to the current methodologies and the implementation of teaching writing and speaking strategies. Then needs analysis is used in order to investigate the actual needs of the students. To achieve successful learning in class, suggested activities are also provided. As writing and speaking have many features in common, by deliberately controlling a number of variables, language teachers can make writing closer to speaking and improve students' speaking skill through writing activities and vice visa. This paper recommends the procedures and strategies as well as communicative activities to be of great help for developing the students' productive skills. Khin Hnin Si | Pwint Oo Khin "Improving the Productive Skills of the Students through Selected Teaching Strategies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27956.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/27956/improving-the-productive-skills-of-the-students-through-selected-teaching-strategies/khin-hnin-si
The Role of Error Analysis in Teaching and Learning of Second and Foreign Lan...Bahram Kazemian
The aim of this paper is to investigate errors made by second and foreign language (L2) learners so as to understand the strategies and techniques used in the process of second and foreign language learning. Error analysis is a very important area of applied linguistics as well as of second and foreign language learning. It is also a systematic method to analyze learners' errors. Errors are not always bad, rather they are crucial parts and aspects in the process of learning a language. They may provide insights into the complicated processes of language development as well as a systematic way for identifying, describing and explaining students' errors. Errors may also help to better understand the process of second and foreign language acquisition. This study tries to investigate why Pakistani ESL and Iranian EFL learners fail to produce grammatically correct sentences in English, in spite of having English as a compulsory subject at all levels in their learning institutions and schools. What are the reasons for their poor English written performance? In the present study, the writing assignments of university students as well as intermediate English learners were analyzed for the purpose of error analysis. Results of the analysis suggest that students lack grammatical accuracy in their writing and are not sure of the grammatical rules that may apply in their writing in English. The study concludes that they are highly influenced by the rules of their first language (L1).
Problems and Difficulties of Speaking That Encounter English Language Student...inventionjournals
The study aims at exploring thespeaking difficulties encountered by English language students at Al Quds Open University. The study ,more over aims at exploring the causes of such difficulties. The researcher used the experimental method so as to show and measure the speaking difficulties encountered by English language students at Al Quds Open University. The researcher designed an interview to be applied on the sample of the study. Such interview will be applied for each student to investigate speaking difficulties and the causes of such difficulties . The results showed and indicated there some difficulties in the speaking of the students due to some reasons such as fear of mistake , shyness, anxiety and lack of confidence. The researcher adopted some recommendations the most important one is to establish an environment support and encourage the students to speak English frequently, and he suggested carrying out more researches and studies regarding speaking difficulties encountered by English language students.
English language as a Medium of Instruction Inside the Classroom: Perception ...Marvin Ramirez
This is a research paper for our English 34 which discusses the perception of selected first year college students about the English Language as a medium of classroom instruction.
The Effect of Using English Language only and Not Using the Mother Tongue in ...inventionjournals
The Effect of Using English Language only and Not Using the Mother Tongue In Teaching Units Fifteen and Sixteen for the Students of Sixth Primary Class on their Acquisition of English Language
Final draft of research on sign language as a medium of instructionAmanuelEndale
The study was design to assess the practice and challenges of sign language as a medium of instruction in case of: Yekatit 23 primary school by employing purposive sampling techniques method. To achieve the purpose of the study, the main target group is Deaf student and their teacher 15 student and 7 teacher (a total of 22, M=9 F=13), were included in the study. The participant selected purposively for Yekatit 23 primary school and the student were selected from Grade 6-8 because the researcher assume that the have a better understanding and experience. The two points on practice and challenges rating scale questionnaire consisting of 15 items for teacher and a Two point rating scale questionnaire consisting of 13 items for student and for both of them the researcher use open ended question and observation check list has been used to collect the data. Depending upon the data collected both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in the analysis of the collected data. The findings have shown that the majority of Deaf students (53%) have shown there is inadequate use of instructional material. The major challenges were related to accessibility of instructional material, student teacher ratio and classroom environment. The study has also confirmed that the school and most of school community (67%) have awareness about sign language as a medium of instruction. Generally, the result suggests the effective measures of need to be taken to reduce challenges of the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction by accessing instructional material and matching student teacher ratio and create an accessible classroom environment. Further research also required to fulfill the gap of practicing sign language as a medium of instruction. Some recommendations were made based on findings particularly to improve the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction and reducing the challenge of student and teachers. The study gives a direction on priory area of intervention such as giving training to teachers and students to develop their skill and providing appropriate material and hiring new teacher to match student teacher ratio.
Problems and Practical Needs of Writing Skill in EFL Context: An Analysis of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The Academic writing performance and Spelling Errors Malik Jabr Albalawi مال...malikjabr
The Academic writing Performance and Spelling Errors of English As Foreign Language Students at Tabuk University: A case of the Introductory Year students:2015
Improving the Productive Skills of the Students through Selected Teaching Str...ijtsrd
This paper focuses on the ways to highlight the needs for developing the productive skills of the fresh students, at the University of Computer Studies Pakokku , Myanmar. This paper explores the strategies to enable the learners to communicate among themselves in their daily life. It also includes an eclectic approach to the current methodologies and the implementation of teaching writing and speaking strategies. Then needs analysis is used in order to investigate the actual needs of the students. To achieve successful learning in class, suggested activities are also provided. As writing and speaking have many features in common, by deliberately controlling a number of variables, language teachers can make writing closer to speaking and improve students' speaking skill through writing activities and vice visa. This paper recommends the procedures and strategies as well as communicative activities to be of great help for developing the students' productive skills. Khin Hnin Si | Pwint Oo Khin "Improving the Productive Skills of the Students through Selected Teaching Strategies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27956.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/27956/improving-the-productive-skills-of-the-students-through-selected-teaching-strategies/khin-hnin-si
The Role of Error Analysis in Teaching and Learning of Second and Foreign Lan...Bahram Kazemian
The aim of this paper is to investigate errors made by second and foreign language (L2) learners so as to understand the strategies and techniques used in the process of second and foreign language learning. Error analysis is a very important area of applied linguistics as well as of second and foreign language learning. It is also a systematic method to analyze learners' errors. Errors are not always bad, rather they are crucial parts and aspects in the process of learning a language. They may provide insights into the complicated processes of language development as well as a systematic way for identifying, describing and explaining students' errors. Errors may also help to better understand the process of second and foreign language acquisition. This study tries to investigate why Pakistani ESL and Iranian EFL learners fail to produce grammatically correct sentences in English, in spite of having English as a compulsory subject at all levels in their learning institutions and schools. What are the reasons for their poor English written performance? In the present study, the writing assignments of university students as well as intermediate English learners were analyzed for the purpose of error analysis. Results of the analysis suggest that students lack grammatical accuracy in their writing and are not sure of the grammatical rules that may apply in their writing in English. The study concludes that they are highly influenced by the rules of their first language (L1).
The problems of Fluency in Spoken English among EFL Learners in Saudi Univers...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to investigate the problems and challenges which is usually experienced by
English learner's students in the Saudi universities when trying to speak English. It also checks at the problems
that students face when learning English language in Saudi universities and try to find remedies to this problem.
The research uses a questionnaire, interviews, and descriptive methods in the collection of data about fluency in
English language in universities in KSU as an example. The data was then statistically analyzed using the SPSS
program. The results showed that there are various problems which hinder fluency of English learning in the
universities and among them include: under-qualified teachers, unsuitable teaching materials and the methods
used in teaching are also poor. The other problem is the psychological factor which makes student lack
motivation while learning English. The study also contains ways in which these problems can be handled to
bring efficiency in learning and teaching English in Saudi universities.
KEYWORDS: The challenges of fluency in spoken English among the EFL students.
Full paper-the-academic-writing-performance malik albalawi مالك البلوي malikjabr
Academic Writing performance and Spelling errors of English as A Foreign Language Students at Tabuk University: A case of The Introductory Year Students 2015
Language Needs Analysis for English Curriculum Validationinventionjournals
This study aims to identify the language needs analysis for English curriculum validation in the tertiary level. The descriptive method is utilized in the study and employed purposive sampling. This is also called judgmental sampling. A deliberate selection of individuals made by the researcher based on the predefined criteria. Three hundred forty nine (349) students were utilized as respondents to test their listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, identifying errors and correct usage. Result showed that identifying errors skills, writing skills, correct usage, reading skills and listening skills were significantly affected by the respondents profile since the computed P-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05. However, speaking skills and vocabulary skills show that they are not significant to the profile of the respondents.
Students’ Perceptions of Grammar Teaching and Learning in English Language Cl...iosrjce
The use of grammar teaching in the field of second language acquisition has been extensively
studied, but there is a lacuna in the literature, regarding the students’ perception of its importance. To
investigate this aspect, the study was conducted on a group of 15 students studying in Semester Five, in the
English Language Department of Misurata University, Libya. The students were interviewed in groups of three
with nine specific questions, and the responses were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The findings
revealed that although they all came from the same cultural, linguistic and educational backgrounds, they had
different perceptions regarding the form focused instruction of grammar. The information gathered is of
considerable significance to ESL teachers who intend to meet students’ needs as well as reduce conflicts caused
by different perspectives between teachers and students regarding whether or not grammar teaching should be
encouraged in the classroom.
A Case Study on Speaking of tertiary level students: lack of reluctance of us...furyphoenix3
In today's globalized world, effective communication in a second language is paramount. This case study delves into the speaking abilities of tertiary-level students, shedding light on the challenges they face when using a second language. The research focuses on three key aspects: the lack of reluctance in language usage, the scarcity of high-frequency vocabulary application, and the absence of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) usage.
One significant aspect under scrutiny is the 'lack of reluctance in language usage.' Many tertiary-level students often grapple with hesitancy when speaking a second language, leading to stilted and less effective communication. This study seeks to understand the factors contributing to this reluctance and explores strategies to encourage more fluid language usage.
The 'scarcity of high-frequency vocabulary application' is another central theme. Proficiency in a second language relies heavily on a robust vocabulary. This research examines why students struggle to apply commonly used words and phrases in their speech, hindering their ability to convey ideas clearly and accurately.
Additionally, the 'absence of IPA alphabets' is a focal point in this study. The International Phonetic Alphabet is a valuable tool for language learners, aiding in pronunciation and speech improvement. This case study investigates why many tertiary-level students overlook the IPA and aims to highlight the benefits of its incorporation in language education.
Ultimately, this case study offers insights into the speaking challenges faced by tertiary-level students, aiming to pinpoint the root causes and provide recommendations for enhancing their language proficiency. It not only underscores the importance of fluent language usage but also emphasizes the role of a rich vocabulary and the use of IPA symbols in achieving effective communication in a second language.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Analysis of Students’ Errors in Summative Evaluation: A Corpora Based Research
Bazimaziki et al. 226
their final examination. In this contention, one of the
prevalent challenges that Rwandan Education system is
facing today is the difficulties in English which has become
a global language and medium of instruction in Rwanda
since approximately two decades. This study seeks to
analyse these errors with particular interest in students
from literary combinations such as Kinyarwanda- English
Education, Swahili-English Education and French English
Education. The study uses qualitative analysis with some
quantifiable data in terms of errors recording. Analysis
based on students’ final evaluation copies selected
randomly in one literary course taught in year two students.
Currently, exploring errors made by students of English as
a foreign language has attracted attention of many
linguists and researchers in the area of language
education throughout the globe at various education
levels. Among the studies conducted, most come up with
convergent results basically syntactic category errors,
lexical and mechanism errors. Trained in English language
from primary to tertiary level - as the education system is
purely English, some undergraduate students in University
of Rwanda - College of Education face writing skills
difficulties in English language in particular since they
learn it as a second language besides French, Swahili and
the mother tongue Kinyarwanda. Although researchers
and Linguistic gurus advocate that these errors are part of
language learning processes and development, it would
be unfair to posit that these errors are important in
language use as they sound embarrassing for natives.
Abdulgalil (2018) advocates that EA (Error Analysis) is
important in improving teaching methods. He explains that
EA supplies valuable and usable data information in the
preparation of teaching materials, textbooks, and
assessments, as well as practical applications for the
teaching of language. In this regard, exploring university
students’ errors in their summative assessments has a
twin significance that is, rethinking of the methodology
fitting for the classroom contextual and physical setting in
favour of the learners and focus on the higher categories
of identified errors while teaching and learning English as
a foreign language.
Aims of the study
The aim of this study was to explore the language
difficulties that second language learners face with
particular interest in their written assessments. The
researchers identified and analysed various students’
errors in their summative assessments in a literary course
taught in English. The study highlighted difficulties of
students in language use, in writing in particular. Possible
remedies were suggested for improvement in foreign
language teaching and learning methodologies.
Study questions
The study was guided by three main questions such as (1)
what are errors that students make in their final
evaluation? (2) What are the effects of these errors? (3)
What can be done to help students reduce these errors?
Theoretical Framework
While language learning was formerly viewed as a process
of mechanical habit formation where good students
produce correct sentences and not through making
mistakes; where errors were to be avoided through
controlled opportunities for production - either written or
spoken, memorizing dialogues and performing drills
leading to the chances of making minimal mistakes
(Richards , 2006), today these old methodologies are not
given enough room and many new methodologies are
used centering on the learner. Thus, researchers
proposed a diagram below, as their own conception; on
which this study should be grounded. The researchers
take into consideration the writing skills and gauge it based
on recurrent errors made by students in their final
assessment.
Fig. 1. The influence of Basic skills in written assessment
From the above diagram, the role and influence of basic
language skills in assessment is undeniable. One can
theorize that basic English skills play a big part in
someone’s writings and errors committed in assessment
are closely connected with basic linguistic skills.
Elsewhere, being proficient in English will greatly be
influenced by the basic skills that one is equipped with in
that language be they phonological, morphological,
syntactic and lexico - semantic levels. Hence, all the
above elements are interwoven in that way some influence
others. In the case of students who learn Literature in a
second language - English in this context, errors are likely
to occur especially because it is a language they were not
grown up with although trained in it, a language that they
do not have enough basic skills so that they can write in it
without making any error.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Error analysis in English as a Foreign Language has been
a ground of interest for many researchers such as
Linguists, EFL teachers and educators in many parts of the
globe with focus on learners’ speech or writing. This is
because English has been a dominant language
worldwide as it is a medium of instruction in many
education systems, a language of business, a universal
tool of communication and many purposes by and large.
3. Analysis of Students’ Errors in Summative Evaluation: A Corpora Based Research
Int. J. of Lit., Lang. Ling. 227
Pescante-Malimas et al. (2017) conducted a study on
students’ errors and came up with the stand that despite
the fact that the students had been studying grammar,
syntax, and mechanics from secondary to tertiary level,
they could not be said to have fully grasped or mastered
the basics of correct written English. The point as made
here Once L2 errors are analysed, the nature of problems
and difficulties encountered by language learners will be
identified. Identifying such difficulties can therefore help
EFL/ESL teachers pinpoint their students' weaknesses
and hence revise their teaching methods and learning
materials accordingly (Alkhresheh, 2011 qtd in Al-
Khresheh, 2016).
According to Krashen, learned competence and acquired
competence develop in very different ways. In his view,
language learning occurs through the formal study of rules,
patterns, and conventions, a study which enables one to
talk about and consciously apply the knowledge gained.
Dias Da Silva et al (2018) investigated the importance of
errors and mistakes as essential part in the learning of
foreign language. They posit that some errors and
mistakes can help learners develop the mental structures
necessary for the consolidation of the target language.
Actually, the learning and teaching of a foreign or second
language cannot undermine errors as a relevant tool
especially in situation similar to when learners’ first
language is far distanced from the target language.
Knowing and analyzing these errors is very important in
that the teacher can ensure the difficulties learners are
facing so that they can put more emphasis for
improvement not by correcting them but by increasing
practices that engage much more the learner to use the
foreign language in any context. Mediero Durán & Robles
Baena(2012) explored errors made by university students
and highlighted that two areas such as noun phrase and
prepositions need be more emphasized during the
teaching of English as a Foreign Language.
A view emphasized by Bani (2019) put it that foreign
language (EFL) teaching and learning in tertiary level is
very challenging because interference of first language to
the target language leads to numerous lexical errors which
renders language incoherent. In the same vein, Madahvi&
Malini (2017) confirm that students make errors when
writing in second language because of having tendencies
to translate from their L1 where they get confused as the
two different languages have two different structures. The
researchers suggested that students’ motivation should be
nurtured towards learning English, writing in particular,
because speaking a language is not enough and is
supplemented by writing which will determine the person’s
fluency in that language. University students whose
Kinyarwanda is L1 and English their L2 fall in the same
trap whereby the two language structures are totally
different probably because they are two distant languages.
One is a Bantou language while the second is a Germanic
language. Needless to say, errors these students make
are often time related to this distance between the two.
They often time make errors such as grammatical errors,
including but not limited to punctuation errors,
prepositional, sentence structure, semantic, word choice,
spelling, verb tense marker, subject verb agreements,
pluralization, , capitalization; thus falling under the
categories of phonological, morphological, Semantic,
Lexical, syntactic, morpho-phonetic, lexico-semantic and
lexico-syntactic errors.
METHODOLOGY
The present study analyses errors made by learners in
their final assessment in Literature in English. The
methodology used is basically qualitative as dictated by
the four research objectives aligning with the research
questions which are the main frame for the study. Data
were collected from students’ final examination copies. Not
all students were analysed. Rather, we used purposive
homogeneous sampling simply because participants in
this study are mainly being trained for teaching languages.
As Liker et al. (2016) explain that the rationale behind
purposive sampling is to concentrate on people with
particular characteristics who will be better able to assist
with the relevant research, our choice fell on
undergraduate one students with particular interest in
Introduction to Literary Genres. Out of forty six (46)
students’ scripts, twenty seven (27) were selected
purposefully to identify errors made by learners in their
final exam. Two hundred and eight errors were identified
from twenty-eight scripts. Following closely, we grouped
these errors in accordance with their categories and then
proceeded with analysis. Errors were identified script by
scripts. For ethical purposes, students’ scripts were
labelled using the symbol # followed by a number.
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
Errors were identified script by script among those
selected. Results were summarized in a table and then
discussed cogently. Thus, data were collected as follows:
#1
This is refer to…(This refers to) : syntactic (unnecessary
verb addition; subject verb disagreement) error
Rhyme schem (rhyme scheme): morphological (word
form) error)
To develope the theme (To develop the theme):
morphological (addition) error
People faight agaist (people fight against): phonological
(spelling) error
The Liver Between (The River Between): phonological
(Spelling) error?
He struggling but at the end he killed (He was struggling
but at the end he was killed): Syntactic (Active and
passive confusion) error
4. Analysis of Students’ Errors in Summative Evaluation: A Corpora Based Research
Bazimaziki et al. 228
#2
The different between (The difference between): lexico-
syntactic (Adjective noun confusion) error
The most one old one than (The oldest/eldest one of):
syntactic (comparative and superlative confusion) error
This is take place on (This takes place on): morpho-
syntactic (subject verb disagreement; verb tense form)
error
Betray in the city (Betrayal in the City): morphological
(word form) error
#3
Through out of the story (Throughout the story):
syntactic (unnecessary/wrong addition) error
The moral reason (The moral lesson): lexico-semantic
(wrong word choice) error
Themes that founded in (Themes that are found in):
syntactic (verb form) error
She was appear as the woman (She appeared as a
woman): syntactic (Passive active voice confusion) error
She was pride of (she was proud of/ she took pride in):
lexico-syntactic (noun adjective confusion) error
Which is came (which came): syntactic (Passive /active
confusion) error
The auther (The author): phonological (Spelling) error
Calture (culture): phonological (spelling) error
defferent to (different from): syntactic (misuse of
preposition) error
Connsonnant sound (Consonant sound): morphological
(wrong doubling) error
The protagonist is refer to (the protagonist refers to):
syntactic (verb form: passive versus active) error
#4
Fell sorry (felt sorry): lexico-semantic (verbs confusion)
error
Good time will came (good time will come): morpho-
syntactic (wrong word form) error
The story wich (the story which): morphological (spelling)
error
The massage wich (the message which): morphological
(spelling) error
Undirect comparison (Indirect comparison):
morphological (spelling) error
Literary devices like smile, iron (Literary devices like
simile, irony): phonological (spelling) error
Written literature have…. (Written literature has….):
syntactic (subject verb disagreement) error
People who doesn’t know (people who don’t know):
syntactic (subject verb disagreement) error
Oral literature is oldest than written… (Oral Literature is
older than written): morpho-syntactic (wrong form of
adjective) error
It encrease knowledge (It increases knowledge):
phonological (spelling) error
Because speakers speaks (Because speakers speak):
syntactic (subject verb disagreement) error
There isn’t wiritter (There isn’t a writer): morphological
(spelling) error
Felling of the narrator (feeling of the narrator):
phonological (spelling) error
Someone who are read to understand (Someone who is
ready to understand): syntactic (Subject verb
disagreement)
Our value is bether than others (our value is better than
others): phonological (spelling) error
#5
Preserve their cultural (Preserve their culture): lexico-
syntactic (noun/adjective confusion) error
Among to them (Among them): syntactic (Addition of
unnecessary preposition) error
Some men who is going (Some men who are going):
syntactic (subject verb disagreement) error
She did not agree his husband (She did not agree with
her husband): syntactic error (preposition omission) error
First of oll(First of all): phonological (spelling) error
It can absence (It can be absent): lexico-syntactic (noun-
adjective confusion) error
Dialogue have two person (Dialogue has two persons):
syntactic (subject verb disagreement) error
#6
That is means that the play can ended (That means the
play can be ended): syntactic (wrong addition; Active
/passive) error
The process of distinguish… (The process of
distinguishing….): morpho-syntactic (verb form) error
Let me tak each character (let me talk about each
character): morpho-syntactic (spelling) error
Lawino don’t wants to destroy her culture (Lawino doesn’t
want to destroy her culture): syntactic (Subject verb
agreement) error
Some mens who behave like Ocol (Some men who
behave like Ocol): syntactic (irregular plural) error
#7
By choising the foreigner (By choosing the foreigner):
morphological (spelling) error
african traditional culture (African traditional culture):
Graphological erro
Okonkwo was a leader prominent (Okonkwo was a
prominent leader): syntactic (word misplacement) error
By reffering to any novel (By referring to any novel):
morphological (wrong doubling) error
His familisencluding (His families including….):
phonological (spelling) error
#8
He adviced his children (He advised his children):
phonological (spelling) error
To develop ourself (to develop ourselves): morpho-
syntactic (Pluralisation)
She is beautiful flower (She is a beautiful flower):
syntactic (spelling and word omission) error
She respect her father (She respects her father):
syntactic (subject verb disagreement) error
5. Analysis of Students’ Errors in Summative Evaluation: A Corpora Based Research
Int. J. of Lit., Lang. Ling. 229
When Waiyaki meet Muthoni and Nyambura (When
Waiyaki meets Muthoni and Nyambura): syntactic
(subject verb disagreement) error
Irriterate( illiterate): morphological (spelling) error
#9
To here it (to hear it): lexico syntactic (wrong word choice)
error
….is very important than… (is more important than):
morpho-syntactic (Comparative form) error
The protagonist who against evil (the protagonist who
fights against the evil): syntactic (verb omission) error
It is long than … (it is longer than...): morpho-syntactic
(Adjective form) error
It is too small than these sentence (It is smaller than this
sentence): morpho-syntactic (comparative wrong form;
pluralization) error
Talk about to Okonwko (Talk about Okonkwo): syntactic
(misuse of preposition (wrong addition) error
It begun where…. (It began where….): morpho-syntactic
(Verb tense form) error
You stoped on…(You stopped on…): morphological
(omission) error
Is old than… (Is older than….): morpho-syntactic (word
form) error
This proverbs is (This proverb is): syntactic (determiner/
noun mismatch) error
Revolution French (French Revolution): syntactic (Words
misplacement) error
He don’t fear blood (He doesn’t fear blood): syntactic
(Subject- verb disagreement) error
How the dog has eat (How the dog has eaten): morpho-
syntactic (verb tense form) error
This fiction has the purpose of to teach us (This fiction
has the purpose to teach us/ of teaching us):
syntactic (Wrong prepositional phrase) error
The purpose of to reach on his target (the purpose to
reach his target): syntactic (Wrong prepositional phrase)
error
The protagonist is a character who have (The protagonist
is a character who has…): syntactic (Subject- Verb
agreement) error
He was going to left them (He was going to leave them):
lexico-syntactic (verb tense form) error
To fight gainst (To fight against): morphological (sound
omission) error
#10
He didn’t found him (He didn’t find him): syntactic (verb
tense form) error
Six element of drama (Six elements of drama):
morphological (Plural marker) error
It indicate (it indicates): morphological (verb tense
marker) error
The message the author want to convey (The message
the author wants to convey): morpho-syntactic (verb
tense marker omission)
It was literature refers to …( It was literature which refers
to…): syntactic(pronoun omission)error
Oral literature can found in (Oral Literature is found in):
lexico-semantic (verbs misuse) error
Oral literature are oldest form of… (Oral literature is the
oldest form of): syntactic (subject verb disagreement
Heroes who were die (Heroes who died): morpho-
syntactic (Verb tense form) error
He has a good action and wants a successifuly (He has a
good action and wants success): morphological (word
form) error
For example of fiction (Example of fiction): syntactic
(wrong word addition)
Linguistic parrallerism (Linguistic parallelism):
morphological (wrong doubling) error
The speaker are sad (The speaker is sad): syntactic
(Subject verb disagreement) error
Ngugi adhere… (Ngugi adheres…): syntactic (Subject
verb disagreement) error
Gramatical rules (grammatical rules): morphological
(omission) error
Two character make (Two characters make): syntactic
(pluralization) error
#11
..To explain it bellow (…to explain it below):
morphological (wrong doubling) error
There is a big different among them (There is a big
difference among them): lexico-semantic (wrong word
choice) error
Written litterature (Written Literature): morphological
(wrong doubling) error
This one is imp- ossible (This one is im-possible):
phonological (word cutting) error
It can be expr- ssed (It can’t be ex- pressed):
morphological (word cutting) error
Can be forgoten (Can be forgotten): morphological
(spelling) error
Things Fall Appart (Things Fall Apart): morphological
(wrong doubling) error
Dramatic technics (Dramatic Techniques): morphological
(spelling) error
They came in Africa and start to rule (Came in Africa and
started to rule): morpho-syntactic (verb tense form) error
This is a character who involves through the story (This is
a character who is involved through the story):
syntactic (verb tense form) error
Immaginary work of Literature (Imaginary work of
literature): phonological (spelling) error
#12
Traged (Tragedy): morphological (word form) error
…which consist the dead (… which consists of the
dead): lexico-syntactic (prepositional omission) error
This a play which ….(This play which…): syntactic(word
order) error
It begin and end (It begins and ends): morphological
(verb form) error
A form of Literature that use spoken (a form of literature
that uses spoken…): morphological (verb form) error
6. Analysis of Students’ Errors in Summative Evaluation: A Corpora Based Research
Bazimaziki et al. 230
#13
Where drama take place (Where drama takes place):
morphological (verb form) error
This poem writen by … (This poem is written by…):
morphological (wrong verb form) error
Because that events… (Because that event/ those
events…): morphological (wrong addition) error
The story take place (The story takes place):
morphological (Verb form) error
This is a story about sadness events (This is a story
about sad events): morphological error
It is differ from … (it is different from…): morphological
(wrong word form) error
With reference of this statement … (With reference to this
statement…): lexico-semantic (preposition) error
Those all events …. (All those events…): syntactic (Word
order) error
#14
There are big difference… (There is a big difference…):
morpho-syntactic (verb form) error
Have some literarly techniques… (Have some literary
techniques…): morphological (spelling) error
…easly to be changed… (easily to be changed…):
phonological (sound omission) error
Acco- rding (Accor- ding): phonological ( word cutting)
error
The one who have it he/she may adds or removes… (The
one who has it may add or remove…): syntactic (Subject
doubling; verb tense form) error
#15
This is word which is used… (This is a word which is
used): syntactic (word omission) error
Things for Apart (Things Fall Apart): phonological
(spelling) error
They proud with his/ her successful (they are proud of his
success): syntactic (verb omission) error
Antagonist who fighting (Antagonist who fights):
morpho-syntactic (wrong verb form) error
Prose writting (Prose writing): morphological (spelling
(wrong doubling) error
#16
The grammatic rule (the grammatical rule):
morphological (wrong word form) error
We may concluse (we may conclude): lexico-semantic
(wrong word choice error) error
Even theme are… (Even themes are…): syntactic
(pluralization) error
Especial on the stage (Especially on the stage):
morphological (omission) error
Activities which done by… (Activities which are dine
by…): syntactic (wrong verb form) error
Can’t be don (can’t be done): morpho-syntactic (wrong
verb form; omission) error
Dialogue are… (Dialogue is….): syntactic (Wrong verb
form (subject verb disagreement) error
Is an important in … (is important in…): syntactic (Misuse
of determiner) error
#17
Tragedy is a form of dramma (tragedy is a form of
drama): phonological (spelling) error
While I am differenting (While I am differentiating….):
morpho - syntactic (wrong verb form) error
Things fall apart by Chinua Achebe (Things Fall Apart by
Chinua Achebe): graphological error
The river Between (The River Between): graphological
error
Written literature (Written literature: morphological
(spelling; wrong doubling) error
#18
Engambment (enjambment): phonological (Spelling)
error
Are the followi- ng (are the follo- wing): phonological
(Wrong word cutting) error)
Departue (Departure): phonological (Spelling) error
In prose they obeys (In prose they obey): morpho-
syntactic (Wrong verb form (subject verb disagreement)
error
They doesn’t follow (They don’t follow): syntactic
(Subject verb disagreement /wrong verb form)
The most richer form than other forms (The richest form
of others): morpho-syntactic (Wrong adjective form)
Most of tragedy ends unhappy (Most of tragedies end
unhappily): morphological (word form) error
Ficticious (Fictitious): phonological (spelling) error
The speaker’s fell is sadness (the speaker’s feeling is
sadness): morpho –syntactic (wrong word form) error
#19
It is not a good to be live without rember (It is not good to
live without remembering): morpho-syntactic error ;
morphological( omission)error
Someone tell different person to remember (Someone
tells different people to remember): syntactic (subject
verb disagreement; pluralisation) error
The speaker has sad because…(The speaker is sad
because…): lexical (wrong word choice) error
Excelent text (excellent text): phonological (spelling) error
Soliloque(Soliloqui): phonological(spelling) error
#20
Romeo and Juliet are good friend (Romeo and Juliet are
good friends): syntactic (pluralisation) error
Juliet was come from Capulet (Juliet came from
Capulet): syntactic (wrong verb form) error
He cannot to be done any work (He cannot do any work):
syntactic (wrong verb form) error
#21
Tears was down fall (Tears were falling down): syntactic
(Wrong Verb form) error
The speakear’s voice was full of unhappy (The speaker’s
voice was full of unhappiness): phonological (Spelling);
lexical (wrong word choice) errors
7. Analysis of Students’ Errors in Summative Evaluation: A Corpora Based Research
Int. J. of Lit., Lang. Ling. 231
Any kind of story that written (Any kind of story that is
written): syntactic (verb form) error
Fiction is a story that are not true (Fiction is a story that
is not true): syntactic (subject verb disagreement; verb
form) error
Author create things that are not happen but should be
happen (The author creates things that do not happen
but should happen): Syntactic (verb form) error
Those are five element of drama (Those are five
elements of drama): syntactic (pluralization) error
One among of element of drama (One of the elements of
drama): syntactic (misuse of preposition) error
She/he do a good action (She/he does a good action):
syntactic (Verb form; subject verb disagreement) error
Antigonist try to (Antagonist tries to): syntactic (verb form
error (subject verb disagreement) error
#22
They cominicate with their neibouring (They
communicate with their neighbouring): Phonological
(Spelling) error
Both speaker and lissener …(Both speaker and
listener…): phonological (spelling)error
This terms is used …(This term is used…): syntactic
(subject verb disagreement) error
A playwrit (A playwright): phonological (Spelling/
omission) error
Christimas Day (Christmas Day): phonological (Spelling)
error
Petter bought butter (Peter bought butter): phonological
(spelling) error
Can be a writter (Can be a writer): phonological (spelling)
error
CamalaLaye (Camara Laye): phonological (Spelling) error
Setting it show where and when (Setting shows where
and when): syntactic (subject repetition) error
An auther write a novels (An author writes a novel):
phonological (spelling) error
doga, mulili, laye’s father…(Doga, Mulili, Laye’s father..):
graphological error
Sentences or Plagraphs (Sentences or paragaraphs):
phonological (spelling) error
#23
Changable (Changeable): phonological (spelling) error
We must know how to use its (we must know how to use
them): syntactic (pluralization) error
Moral resson (moral lesson): phonological (spelling) error
Someone who write book called autor (someone who
write a book called author): syntactic (subject verb
disagreement) and phonological (spelling) errors
Prose and poetry both are literary genres (prose and
poetry are both literary genres): syntactic (word order)
error
Another one example (Another example): syntactic
(irrelevant addition) error
Orol Literature (Oral Literature): phonological (spelling)
error
Even if he/she die (Even if he/she dies): syntactic (subject
verb disagreement) error
#24
To give advises (to give advices): phonological (spelling)
error
He used smile, anathora (He used simile, anaphora):
phonological (spelling error)
A character who have (A character who has): syntactic
(subject verb disagreement) error
Literarly work (Literary work): phonological (spelling
error)
Betry in the city (Betray in the city): phonological
(spelling) error
metathor (metaphor): phonological (spelling) error
#25
Clemantine (Clementine): phonological (spelling) error
Love make people ful (love makes people fool): syntactic
and phonological (Subject verb disagreement; spelling)
errors
Clemantine who are civilized (Clementine who is
civilized): phonological and syntactic (spelling subject
verb agreement) errors
Join another ones (join another one): syntactic (wrong
pronoun)
He putted all his… (he put all his…): morphological
(wrong doubling)
A wife leave husband and marry other who are… (A wife
leaves a husband and marries another who is)
syntactic (subject verb disagreement) error
A woman proud of his culture (A woman proud of her
culture): lexical (wrong choice of adjective) error
#26
The poem is talk about (The poem is talking about):
syntactic (verb tense) error
A story of imaginative (as story of imagination): lexical
(adjective –noun confusion) error
There is characters Okonkwo and his son (There are
characters Okonkwo and his son): syntactic (Subject
verb agreement) error
He hate them until to died (He hated them until he died):
syntactic (Verb tense form) error
The novel the river between (The novel The River
Between): graphological (Capitalisation) error
#27
The major character is fight for (The major character is
fighting for): morphological (verb form) error
Is cring (is crying): phonological (spelling error)
It were there befor( It was there before): syntactic and
phonological (Spelling)error
Speaches which that used by the author (Speeches that
were used by the author): morpho-syntactic (spelling and
verb omission) errors.
Actors whose the plot is built up on (actors whose plot is
built up on): syntactic (wrong word addition) error
8. Analysis of Students’ Errors in Summative Evaluation: A Corpora Based Research
Bazimaziki et al. 232
Thus, the table below holds the identified errors at
syntactic, morphological, phonological, graphological,
lexical and Lexico-semantic, lexico- syntactic and morpho-
syntactic levels.
Table 1: Table summarizing errors made by students in
their final exams
Types of errors Number of
Errors (208)
Percentages
Syntactic 72 34.61%
Morphological 40 19.23%
Phonological 43 20.67%
Graphological 7 3.36%
Lexical 6 2.88%
Lexico semantic 8 4%
Lexico-syntactic 7 3.84%
Morpho-syntactic 25 12.01%
Taken together, “writing is a continuous complex process
of expressions. It is not itself a simple process with its
native language and rather even more a complicated
process if the language is a foreign language” (Abdulgalil,
2018). As revealed from the above identified errors, many
of them are recurrent particularly verb tense markers,
pluralization, subject verb agreement, morphological
errors basically omission, ungrammatical and
unnecessary addition, lexical categories and many
syntactic feature errors among other things. Mostly,
among the errors identified as shown in the above table,
syntactic errors (34.61%) outweigh others followed by
phonological category counting (20.67%) and
morphological which counts (19.23%). The morpho-
syntactic errors (12.01%), lexico-semantic (3.84%) and
lexico-syntactic (3.36 %), graphological (3.36%). As can
be seen, concerning syntactic errors, subject verb
agreement, wrong verb form and pluralization are the
recurrent errors while spelling errors are common among
morphological and phonological categories. Besides,
students have difficulties in word cutting at the end of a line
and this is due to little basic phonological skills. Spelling is
another kind of error among those identified, for example,
Clemantine, anaphora, metathor, literarly work, he gives
advises, is cring, cominicate with their neibouring, Petter,
solliloque, etc… which is recurrent in the students writing.
This is connected with little training in spelling drills which
results in committing such grammatical errors.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study has explored errors in students’ final evaluation
scripts. It has been found that most of the errors are related
with syntactic and lexical areas. It is important that these
areas be emphasized when teaching and learning English
in Rwandan Education levels to lay good ground for error
minimization. Teachers of Literature are also advised to
integrate language learning in the literary subjects so that
students can conversant with English thereby reducing
these errors. Very likely, language students in particular
have to take care of their language and be committed to
improving so as to minimize their language errors in their
final evaluation by and large. They are required to read
enough and do enough writing exercises even beyond
classroom hours because coping with language errors
should not be a matter of one individual rather of both
teachers and learners.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers are very grateful to whoever contributed
to this study in one way or another particularly the
anonymous reviewers of premier publishers for their
constructive criticism.
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