The document describes the key components and functioning of an anesthesia machine. It discusses the high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure systems. Key parts include the cylinder connections, pressure regulators, flow meters, vaporizers, circle breathing system, and adjustable pressure limiting valve. It also notes some limitations of fail-safe devices and proportioning systems in fully preventing delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures under certain fault conditions.
The document provides an overview of the key components and systems of an anesthesia machine, including:
1) The high pressure and low pressure systems that deliver gases from cylinders or pipelines to the vaporizers and breathing circuit.
2) Safety features like fail-safe valves that monitor oxygen pressure and proportion gas flows to prevent hypoxic mixtures.
3) Components of the breathing circuit like the adjustable pressure limiting valve and circle system configuration.
4) The scavenging system that protects the circuit from excessive pressures and pollution of the operating room.
The 2000 ASTM F1850-00 standard states that anesthesia gas supply devices must be designed so that whenever oxygen supply pressure is reduced below the manufacturer's minimum specification, the delivered oxygen concentration does not decrease below 19% at the common gas outlet. The standard also requires alarms to sound within 5 seconds if oxygen supply pressure falls below approximately 200 kPa. Safety features of anesthesia machines include oxygen/nitrous oxide proportioning systems, oxygen failure safety devices, oxygen supply failure alarms, and vaporizer interlocks.
The document summarizes the components and gas flows of an anesthesia machine. It describes:
1) The high pressure system that receives gases from cylinders and reduces pressures before entering the machine. It consists of a hanger yolk, check valve, pressure gauge, and regulator.
2) The intermediate flow system that receives gases from the regulator or hospital pipeline at pressures of 40-55 psig.
3) A second-stage reducing device located before the flow control valves that further reduces gas pressures to 26 psig for N2O and 14 psig for O2.
An anesthesia workstation integrates components for anesthesia administration into one unit. It consists of an anesthesia machine, vaporizers, ventilator, breathing system, scavenging system, and monitors. Key components include the gas supply system, which receives gases from cylinders and pipelines and regulates pressures, and the vaporizer manifold and anesthetic vaporizers. Modern workstations have additional safety features to prevent delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures and other hazards.
This document discusses the essential safety features of Boyle's anaesthetic machine. It describes the high pressure, intermediate, and low pressure systems. Key safety features include pin indexing and color coding of gas cylinders to prevent misconnections, minimum oxygen requirements to prevent hypoxia, oxygen failure alarms and cutoff devices, and monitoring equipment to detect issues and protect patient safety.
The document describes the key components and functions of an anesthesia machine. It discusses how the machine provides oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, delivers anesthetic agents, and monitors patient safety. The main parts include gas delivery systems from cylinders or pipelines, vaporizers, breathing circuits, carbon dioxide absorbers, and safety features. The goals of the machine are to ventilate the patient, provide supplemental oxygen, deliver anesthetic agents, and monitor for hazards through features like oxygen failure alarms and capnography.
This document provides an overview of anesthesia machines and their components:
1. It describes the basic structure of an anesthesia machine, which includes a pneumatic unit, ventilator, flowmeters, breathing circuit, vaporizers, and frame.
2. The functions of the key components are explained, including the fresh gas system to deliver anesthetic gases to the patient, and the ventilator to ensure the patient's breathing.
3. Examples of common anesthetic gases are listed and their colors are noted to help with identification in the vaporizers.
The document summarizes key components of the low-pressure system of an anaesthesia machine, including flowmeters, hypoxia prevention safety devices, unidirectional valves, and the common gas outlet. It describes how flowmeters work using a mechanical float and how they ensure a minimum oxygen flow. It also discusses limitations of proportioning systems for preventing hypoxic mixtures and the purpose of unidirectional valves.
The document provides an overview of the key components and systems of an anesthesia machine, including:
1) The high pressure and low pressure systems that deliver gases from cylinders or pipelines to the vaporizers and breathing circuit.
2) Safety features like fail-safe valves that monitor oxygen pressure and proportion gas flows to prevent hypoxic mixtures.
3) Components of the breathing circuit like the adjustable pressure limiting valve and circle system configuration.
4) The scavenging system that protects the circuit from excessive pressures and pollution of the operating room.
The 2000 ASTM F1850-00 standard states that anesthesia gas supply devices must be designed so that whenever oxygen supply pressure is reduced below the manufacturer's minimum specification, the delivered oxygen concentration does not decrease below 19% at the common gas outlet. The standard also requires alarms to sound within 5 seconds if oxygen supply pressure falls below approximately 200 kPa. Safety features of anesthesia machines include oxygen/nitrous oxide proportioning systems, oxygen failure safety devices, oxygen supply failure alarms, and vaporizer interlocks.
The document summarizes the components and gas flows of an anesthesia machine. It describes:
1) The high pressure system that receives gases from cylinders and reduces pressures before entering the machine. It consists of a hanger yolk, check valve, pressure gauge, and regulator.
2) The intermediate flow system that receives gases from the regulator or hospital pipeline at pressures of 40-55 psig.
3) A second-stage reducing device located before the flow control valves that further reduces gas pressures to 26 psig for N2O and 14 psig for O2.
An anesthesia workstation integrates components for anesthesia administration into one unit. It consists of an anesthesia machine, vaporizers, ventilator, breathing system, scavenging system, and monitors. Key components include the gas supply system, which receives gases from cylinders and pipelines and regulates pressures, and the vaporizer manifold and anesthetic vaporizers. Modern workstations have additional safety features to prevent delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures and other hazards.
This document discusses the essential safety features of Boyle's anaesthetic machine. It describes the high pressure, intermediate, and low pressure systems. Key safety features include pin indexing and color coding of gas cylinders to prevent misconnections, minimum oxygen requirements to prevent hypoxia, oxygen failure alarms and cutoff devices, and monitoring equipment to detect issues and protect patient safety.
The document describes the key components and functions of an anesthesia machine. It discusses how the machine provides oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, delivers anesthetic agents, and monitors patient safety. The main parts include gas delivery systems from cylinders or pipelines, vaporizers, breathing circuits, carbon dioxide absorbers, and safety features. The goals of the machine are to ventilate the patient, provide supplemental oxygen, deliver anesthetic agents, and monitor for hazards through features like oxygen failure alarms and capnography.
This document provides an overview of anesthesia machines and their components:
1. It describes the basic structure of an anesthesia machine, which includes a pneumatic unit, ventilator, flowmeters, breathing circuit, vaporizers, and frame.
2. The functions of the key components are explained, including the fresh gas system to deliver anesthetic gases to the patient, and the ventilator to ensure the patient's breathing.
3. Examples of common anesthetic gases are listed and their colors are noted to help with identification in the vaporizers.
The document summarizes key components of the low-pressure system of an anaesthesia machine, including flowmeters, hypoxia prevention safety devices, unidirectional valves, and the common gas outlet. It describes how flowmeters work using a mechanical float and how they ensure a minimum oxygen flow. It also discusses limitations of proportioning systems for preventing hypoxic mixtures and the purpose of unidirectional valves.
This document provides information about the functioning and components of an anesthesia machine. It discusses the pneumatic system including high, intermediate and low pressure sections. It describes the cylinders, regulators, flow meters, vaporizers and safety features. The key functions of the anesthesia machine are to provide oxygen, enable accurate gas mixture delivery and patient ventilation, and minimize risks to patients and staff. Safety features discussed include pin indexing systems, alarms and proportioning devices to prevent hypoxic gas delivery.
The document discusses the safety requirements of the anesthesia workstation. It outlines the hazards posed by the anesthesia machine and describes safety features that have been developed to prevent issues like insufficient oxygen supply, barotrauma, and excessive anesthetic concentrations. These features include monitors and alarms, standardized connections to prevent misconnections, and proportioning systems to ensure a minimum oxygen concentration. Regular maintenance and updating equipment as needed helps avoid critical incidents.
This document provides an overview of the history and components of an anesthesia machine. It describes the machine's pneumatic system including high, intermediate, and low pressure systems. Key safety features are outlined such as oxygen failure protections, monitors, and alarms. The document concludes with instructions for checking the various parts of the anesthesia machine prior to use.
The document discusses the key components of an anesthesia machine, including the high pressure system that receives gases from cylinders, the intermediate pressure system that receives gases from regulators or pipelines, and the low pressure system that extends from flow meters to the common gas outlet. It describes important safety features like fail-safe valves that prevent hypoxic mixtures if oxygen pressure drops, as well as limitations of such devices. The document also covers vaporizers, flow meters, and other parts that deliver medical gases and anesthetic agents.
updated slides from previous slides too much precise and very help full information for Bio-medical Engineers, Doctors, thanks for slides comment below email.
The document provides instructions for checking an anesthesia machine. It outlines 14 steps to check the emergency ventilation equipment, oxygen and gas supplies, low pressure and scavenging systems, breathing circuit, ventilation systems and monitors. Key checks include verifying backup ventilation, oxygen cylinder levels, gas pipeline pressures, checking for leaks in the low pressure and breathing systems, calibrating monitors, and ensuring the final status of the machine is safe. The checkout is recommended before each use to ensure the anesthesia machine is functioning properly and can deliver a safe gas mixture to patients.
This document provides information on the design and components of intermediate and low pressure anaesthesia systems. It discusses the history of anaesthesia machines and describes the key parts of the high, intermediate and low pressure systems. These include oxygen cylinders, pressure regulators, pipelines, flow meters, vaporizers and the common gas outlet. Safety features like oxygen failure devices and their purpose are also explained.
The document provides information about anesthesia machines and their components. It discusses the key parts and functions of anesthesia machines including:
- The high pressure system which receives gases from cylinders and regulates pressure.
- The intermediate pressure system which receives gases from regulators and delivers them to flow meters.
- The low pressure system which takes gases from flow meters to the machine outlet and contains vaporizers.
It describes components like pressure regulators, flow meters, safety devices, and the common gas outlet in detail. The document is an overview of the design and workings of modern anesthesia machines.
The anaesthetic machine (UK English) or anesthesia machine (US English) or Boyle's machine is used by anaesthesiologists, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesiologist assistants to support the administration of anaesthesia. The most common type of anaesthetic machine in use in the developed world is the continuous-flow anaesthetic machine, which is designed to provide an accurate and continuous supply of medical gases (such as oxygen and nitrous oxide), mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour (such as isoflurane), and deliver this to the patient at a safe pressure and flow. Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit, and patient monitoring devices.
The anaesthesia machine has several safety features in its pneumatic components and gas delivery systems to prevent errors and ensure patient safety. These include color coding of gas lines and controls, pin indexing systems to prevent incorrect gas cylinder attachment, pressure regulators, and linkages or proportional valves to maintain minimum oxygen concentrations. Alarms activate if oxygen pressure or flow drops below safe levels. Unidirectional valves and pressure relief devices also protect the machine from excess pressure from the patient circuit.
1. The document describes the history and components of the anaesthesia machine. It traces the evolution of the machine from its origins in the 1840s to modern developments in the 1920s-1950s.
2. The key components of the anaesthesia machine are described in detail, including gas cylinders, regulators, flowmeters, vaporizers and the breathing circuit. Precise gas mixtures are delivered to the patient to induce and maintain anaesthesia.
3. Safety features of the machine such as colour coding, cylinder labels, pressure relief devices and the pin-index system are emphasized to minimize risks to patients and staff from the gases used.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of an anesthetic machine. It describes the high pressure and low pressure systems, including gas supplies, cylinders, manifolds, regulators and flow meters. It explains the purpose and mechanisms of vaporizers and breathing circuits. Safety features like oxygen failure alarms and leak tests are also summarized.
The intermediate pressure system receives gases from the pipeline or cylinder regulators and reduces the pressure before the gases reach the flow control valves. It includes components like pressure regulators, filters, indicators, and fail-safe valves. The oxygen fail-safe valves shut off other gases if oxygen pressure drops to prevent hypoxic mixtures. Electronic and mechanical controls adjust gas flows and concentrations delivered by the anesthesia machine.
This document discusses the components and functioning of an anaesthesia machine. It is divided into three parts: the high flow system including cylinders, pressure regulators and oxygen flush; the intermediate flow system with a second pressure reducing valve; and the low flow system comprising rotameters, vaporizers and a one-way check valve. Key safety features are also outlined such as pin index systems to prevent incorrect gas connections, oxygen and pressure monitoring alarms, and mechanisms to prevent delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures.
The document discusses the history and components of an anesthesia machine. It originated from Boyle's machine developed in 1917. The machine has 3 circuits - high, intermediate, and low pressure circuits. It precisely delivers a mixture of gases including oxygen, nitrous oxide, and other gases. Key components discussed include the hanger yoke, pressure regulators, flow meters, vaporizers, and safety features like the oxygen failure device.
The anesthesia machine delivers precise gas mixtures including oxygen and anesthetic gases. Newer machines have advanced ventilators and electronic components compared to older models. An anesthesia workstation integrates components like gas cylinders, flow meters, ventilators into a single unit. Key components include pressure regulators, flow meters, and safety features to prevent gas shortage or hypoxic mixtures from being delivered. Modern machines use digital displays and computer controls for improved monitoring and safety.
The document discusses the components and functions of an anesthesia machine. An anesthesia machine provides medical gases like oxygen and nitrous oxide mixed with anesthetic vapors to patients. It has several key components including pressure regulators, vaporizers, reservoirs, carbon dioxide absorbers, adjustable pressure limiting valves, ventilators, and scavenging systems. The machine precisely delivers gas mixtures to maintain anesthesia and ventilation. It is designed with three pressure systems - high, intermediate, and low - to safely regulate gas delivery.
This document discusses gas management systems used in medical facilities. It describes the various medical gases used, including oxygen, nitrous oxide, compressed air, vacuum, and carbon dioxide. It also outlines the key components of gas pipeline systems, including main lines, risers, and branch lines. Specific components are medical gas outlets, alarms, manifolds, and zone valves. The document provides diagrams of medical gas pipeline systems and outlines oxygen supply systems using gas cylinders or cryogenic liquid tanks. It also discusses the components and setup of medical compressed air and vacuum systems. Terminal units and area control units are described as well.
Safety features in anesthesia machines-madras medical collegePrem Kumar
The document discusses various safety features in anaesthetic machines to protect patients from harm. It covers electrical components like master switches and power failure indicators. Pneumatic components are discussed in detail, including color coding of gas cylinders, pin indexing systems, pressure regulators, relief valves, and flowmeters. Statistics show the majority of misuse is by primary providers. The goal of these safety features is to prevent delivery of hypoxic mixtures and excessive pressures that could traumatize patients. Newer machines have more accurate monitoring and ventilation control to enhance safety.
Oxygen MANUFACTRE STORAGE PREPERATION AND CLINICAL ASPECTDr.RMLIMS lucknow
Oxygen is produced primarily through two main methods - fractional distillation of air and pressure swing absorption. It is stored in large bulk systems or compressed gas cylinders. Cylinders come in various standardized sizes and have safety features like pressure relief valves and color coding. Oxygen is delivered to patients through devices like nasal cannulas, masks, or venturi masks which mix oxygen with air to precisely control the fraction of inspired oxygen. While oxygen therapy is useful for treating hypoxemia, high concentrations over long periods can cause toxicity issues like pulmonary fibrosis or retinopathy of prematurity in newborns.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
This document provides information about the functioning and components of an anesthesia machine. It discusses the pneumatic system including high, intermediate and low pressure sections. It describes the cylinders, regulators, flow meters, vaporizers and safety features. The key functions of the anesthesia machine are to provide oxygen, enable accurate gas mixture delivery and patient ventilation, and minimize risks to patients and staff. Safety features discussed include pin indexing systems, alarms and proportioning devices to prevent hypoxic gas delivery.
The document discusses the safety requirements of the anesthesia workstation. It outlines the hazards posed by the anesthesia machine and describes safety features that have been developed to prevent issues like insufficient oxygen supply, barotrauma, and excessive anesthetic concentrations. These features include monitors and alarms, standardized connections to prevent misconnections, and proportioning systems to ensure a minimum oxygen concentration. Regular maintenance and updating equipment as needed helps avoid critical incidents.
This document provides an overview of the history and components of an anesthesia machine. It describes the machine's pneumatic system including high, intermediate, and low pressure systems. Key safety features are outlined such as oxygen failure protections, monitors, and alarms. The document concludes with instructions for checking the various parts of the anesthesia machine prior to use.
The document discusses the key components of an anesthesia machine, including the high pressure system that receives gases from cylinders, the intermediate pressure system that receives gases from regulators or pipelines, and the low pressure system that extends from flow meters to the common gas outlet. It describes important safety features like fail-safe valves that prevent hypoxic mixtures if oxygen pressure drops, as well as limitations of such devices. The document also covers vaporizers, flow meters, and other parts that deliver medical gases and anesthetic agents.
updated slides from previous slides too much precise and very help full information for Bio-medical Engineers, Doctors, thanks for slides comment below email.
The document provides instructions for checking an anesthesia machine. It outlines 14 steps to check the emergency ventilation equipment, oxygen and gas supplies, low pressure and scavenging systems, breathing circuit, ventilation systems and monitors. Key checks include verifying backup ventilation, oxygen cylinder levels, gas pipeline pressures, checking for leaks in the low pressure and breathing systems, calibrating monitors, and ensuring the final status of the machine is safe. The checkout is recommended before each use to ensure the anesthesia machine is functioning properly and can deliver a safe gas mixture to patients.
This document provides information on the design and components of intermediate and low pressure anaesthesia systems. It discusses the history of anaesthesia machines and describes the key parts of the high, intermediate and low pressure systems. These include oxygen cylinders, pressure regulators, pipelines, flow meters, vaporizers and the common gas outlet. Safety features like oxygen failure devices and their purpose are also explained.
The document provides information about anesthesia machines and their components. It discusses the key parts and functions of anesthesia machines including:
- The high pressure system which receives gases from cylinders and regulates pressure.
- The intermediate pressure system which receives gases from regulators and delivers them to flow meters.
- The low pressure system which takes gases from flow meters to the machine outlet and contains vaporizers.
It describes components like pressure regulators, flow meters, safety devices, and the common gas outlet in detail. The document is an overview of the design and workings of modern anesthesia machines.
The anaesthetic machine (UK English) or anesthesia machine (US English) or Boyle's machine is used by anaesthesiologists, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesiologist assistants to support the administration of anaesthesia. The most common type of anaesthetic machine in use in the developed world is the continuous-flow anaesthetic machine, which is designed to provide an accurate and continuous supply of medical gases (such as oxygen and nitrous oxide), mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour (such as isoflurane), and deliver this to the patient at a safe pressure and flow. Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit, and patient monitoring devices.
The anaesthesia machine has several safety features in its pneumatic components and gas delivery systems to prevent errors and ensure patient safety. These include color coding of gas lines and controls, pin indexing systems to prevent incorrect gas cylinder attachment, pressure regulators, and linkages or proportional valves to maintain minimum oxygen concentrations. Alarms activate if oxygen pressure or flow drops below safe levels. Unidirectional valves and pressure relief devices also protect the machine from excess pressure from the patient circuit.
1. The document describes the history and components of the anaesthesia machine. It traces the evolution of the machine from its origins in the 1840s to modern developments in the 1920s-1950s.
2. The key components of the anaesthesia machine are described in detail, including gas cylinders, regulators, flowmeters, vaporizers and the breathing circuit. Precise gas mixtures are delivered to the patient to induce and maintain anaesthesia.
3. Safety features of the machine such as colour coding, cylinder labels, pressure relief devices and the pin-index system are emphasized to minimize risks to patients and staff from the gases used.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of an anesthetic machine. It describes the high pressure and low pressure systems, including gas supplies, cylinders, manifolds, regulators and flow meters. It explains the purpose and mechanisms of vaporizers and breathing circuits. Safety features like oxygen failure alarms and leak tests are also summarized.
The intermediate pressure system receives gases from the pipeline or cylinder regulators and reduces the pressure before the gases reach the flow control valves. It includes components like pressure regulators, filters, indicators, and fail-safe valves. The oxygen fail-safe valves shut off other gases if oxygen pressure drops to prevent hypoxic mixtures. Electronic and mechanical controls adjust gas flows and concentrations delivered by the anesthesia machine.
This document discusses the components and functioning of an anaesthesia machine. It is divided into three parts: the high flow system including cylinders, pressure regulators and oxygen flush; the intermediate flow system with a second pressure reducing valve; and the low flow system comprising rotameters, vaporizers and a one-way check valve. Key safety features are also outlined such as pin index systems to prevent incorrect gas connections, oxygen and pressure monitoring alarms, and mechanisms to prevent delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures.
The document discusses the history and components of an anesthesia machine. It originated from Boyle's machine developed in 1917. The machine has 3 circuits - high, intermediate, and low pressure circuits. It precisely delivers a mixture of gases including oxygen, nitrous oxide, and other gases. Key components discussed include the hanger yoke, pressure regulators, flow meters, vaporizers, and safety features like the oxygen failure device.
The anesthesia machine delivers precise gas mixtures including oxygen and anesthetic gases. Newer machines have advanced ventilators and electronic components compared to older models. An anesthesia workstation integrates components like gas cylinders, flow meters, ventilators into a single unit. Key components include pressure regulators, flow meters, and safety features to prevent gas shortage or hypoxic mixtures from being delivered. Modern machines use digital displays and computer controls for improved monitoring and safety.
The document discusses the components and functions of an anesthesia machine. An anesthesia machine provides medical gases like oxygen and nitrous oxide mixed with anesthetic vapors to patients. It has several key components including pressure regulators, vaporizers, reservoirs, carbon dioxide absorbers, adjustable pressure limiting valves, ventilators, and scavenging systems. The machine precisely delivers gas mixtures to maintain anesthesia and ventilation. It is designed with three pressure systems - high, intermediate, and low - to safely regulate gas delivery.
This document discusses gas management systems used in medical facilities. It describes the various medical gases used, including oxygen, nitrous oxide, compressed air, vacuum, and carbon dioxide. It also outlines the key components of gas pipeline systems, including main lines, risers, and branch lines. Specific components are medical gas outlets, alarms, manifolds, and zone valves. The document provides diagrams of medical gas pipeline systems and outlines oxygen supply systems using gas cylinders or cryogenic liquid tanks. It also discusses the components and setup of medical compressed air and vacuum systems. Terminal units and area control units are described as well.
Safety features in anesthesia machines-madras medical collegePrem Kumar
The document discusses various safety features in anaesthetic machines to protect patients from harm. It covers electrical components like master switches and power failure indicators. Pneumatic components are discussed in detail, including color coding of gas cylinders, pin indexing systems, pressure regulators, relief valves, and flowmeters. Statistics show the majority of misuse is by primary providers. The goal of these safety features is to prevent delivery of hypoxic mixtures and excessive pressures that could traumatize patients. Newer machines have more accurate monitoring and ventilation control to enhance safety.
Oxygen MANUFACTRE STORAGE PREPERATION AND CLINICAL ASPECTDr.RMLIMS lucknow
Oxygen is produced primarily through two main methods - fractional distillation of air and pressure swing absorption. It is stored in large bulk systems or compressed gas cylinders. Cylinders come in various standardized sizes and have safety features like pressure relief valves and color coding. Oxygen is delivered to patients through devices like nasal cannulas, masks, or venturi masks which mix oxygen with air to precisely control the fraction of inspired oxygen. While oxygen therapy is useful for treating hypoxemia, high concentrations over long periods can cause toxicity issues like pulmonary fibrosis or retinopathy of prematurity in newborns.
Similar to anesthetic machine for student new.ppt (20)
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
5. High Pressure System
Receives gasses from the high
pressure E cylinders attached to the
back of the anesthesia machine (2200
psig for O2, 745 psig for N2O)
Consists of:
– Hanger Yolk (reserve gas cylinder holder)
– Check valve (prevent reverse flow of gas)
– Cylinder Pressure Indicator (Gauge)
– Pressure Reducing Device (Regulator)
Usually not used, unless pipeline gas
supply is off
6. E Size Compressed Gas
Cylinders
Cylinder
Characteristics
Oxygen Nitrous Oxide Carbon Dioxide Air
Color White
(green)
Blue Gray Black/White
(yellow)
State Gas Liquid and gas Liquid and gas Gas
Contents (L) 625 1590 1590 625
Empty Weight
(kg)
5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90
Full Weight (kg) 6.76 8.80 8.90
Pressure Full
(psig)
2000 750 838 1800
7. Hanger Yolk
Hanger Yolk: orients
and supports the
cylinder, providing a
gas-tight seal and
ensuring a
unidirectional gas flow
into the machine
Index pins: Pin Index
Safety System (PISS) is
gas specificprevents
accidental
rearrangement of
cylinders (e.g..
switching O2 and N2O)
8. Pressure Reducing Device
Reduces the high and variable pressures found in a
cylinder to a lower and more constant pressure
found in the anesthesia machine (45 psig)
Reducing devices are preset so that the machine
uses only gas from the pipeline (wall gas), when
the pipeline inlet pressure is 50 psig.
This prevents gas use from the cylinder even if the
cylinder is left open (i.e. saves the cylinder for
backup if the wall gas pipeline fails)
9. Pressure Reducing Device
Cylinders should be kept closed
routinely. Otherwise, if the wall gas
fails, the machine will automatically
switch to the cylinder supply without
the anesthetist being aware that the
wall supply has failed (until the
cylinder is empty too).
10. Intermediate Pressure
System
Receives gasses from the
regulator or the hospital
pipeline at pressures of 40-
55 psig
Consists of:
– Pipeline inlet connections
– Pipeline pressure indicators
– Piping
– Gas power outlet
– Master switch
– Oxygen pressure failure
devices
– Oxygen flush
– Additional reducing devices
– Flow control valves
11. Pipeline Inlet
Connections
Mandatory N2O and O2,
usually have air and
suction too
Inlets are non-
interchangeable due to
specific threading as per
the Diameter Index Safety
System (DISS)
Each inlet must contain a
check valve to prevent
reverse flow (similar to
the cylinder yolk)
12. Oxygen Pressure Failure
Devices
Machine standard requires that an anesthesia
machine be designed so that whenever the oxygen
supply pressure is reduced below normal, the
oxygen concentration at the common gas outlet
does not fall below 19%
13. Oxygen Pressure Failure
Devices
A Fail-Safe valve is present in the gas line
supplying each of the flowmeters except O2.
This valve is controlled by the O2 supply
pressure and shuts off or proportionately
decreases the supply pressure of all other
gasses as the O2 supply pressure decreases
Historically there are 2 kinds of fail-safe
valves
– Pressure sensor shut-off valve (Ohmeda)
– Oxygen failure protection device (Drager)
14. Pressure Sensor Shut-Off
Valve
Oxygen supply pressure
opens the valve as long
as it is above a pre-set
minimum value (e.g.. 20
psig).
If the oxygen supply
pressure falls below the
threshold value the valve
closes and the gas in
that limb (e.g.. N2O),
does not advance to its
flow-control valve.
15. Oxygen Failure Protection
Device (OFPD)
Based on a proportioning principle rather than a
shut-off principle
The pressure of all gases controlled by the OFPD
will decrease proportionately with the oxygen
pressure
16. Oxygen Supply Failure
Alarm
The machine standard specifies that
whenever the oxygen supply pressure
falls below a manufacturer-specified
threshold (usually 30 psig) a medium
priority alarm shall blow within 5
seconds.
17. Limitations of Fail-Safe
Devices/Alarms
Fail-safe valves do not prevent
administration of a hypoxic mixture because
they depend on pressure and not flow.
These devices do not prevent hypoxia from
accidents such as pipeline crossovers or a
cylinder containing the wrong gas
18. Limitations of Fail-Safe
Devices/Alarms
These devices prevent hypoxia from some
problems occurring upstream in the
machine circuitry (disconnected oxygen
hose, low oxygen pressure in the pipeline
and depletion of the oxygen cylinder)
Equipment problems that occur downstream
(for example leaks or partial closure of the
oxygen flow control valve) are not
prevented by these devices.
19. Oxygen Flush Valve
(O2+)
Receives O2 from pipeline
inlet or cylinder reducing
device and directs high,
unmetered flow directly to
the common gas outlet
(downstream of the
vaporizer)
Machine standard requires
that the flow be between
35 and 75 L/min
The ability to provide jet
ventilation
Hazards
– May cause barotrauma
– Dilution of inhaled anesthetic
20. Second-Stage Reducing
Device
Located just upstream of the flow
control valves
Receives gas from the pipeline inlet or
the cylinder reducing device and
reduces it further to 26 psig for N2O
and 14 psig for O2
Purpose is to eliminate fluctuations in
pressure supplied to the flow
indicators caused by fluctuations in
pipeline pressure
21. Low Pressure System
Extends from the flow control valves
to the common gas outlet
Consists of:
– Flow meters
– Vaporizer mounting device
– Check valve
– Common gas outlet
22. Flowmeter assembly
When the flow control valve
is opened the gas enters at
the bottom and flows up
the tube elevating the
indicator
The indicator floats freely at
a point where the
downward force on it
(gravity) equals the upward
force caused by gas
molecules hitting the
bottom of the float
23. Arrangement of the Flow-
Indicator Tubes
In the presence of a flowmeter
leak (either at the “O” ring or
the glass of the flow tube) a
hypoxic mixture is less likely to
occur if the O2 flowmeter is
downstream of all other
flowmeters
In A and B a hypoxic mixture
can result because a substantial
portion of oxygen flow passes
through the leak, and all nitrous
oxide is directed to the common
gas outlet
* Note that a leak in the oxygen
flowmeter tube can cause a hypoxic
mixture, even when oxygen is
located in the downstream position
24. Proportioning Systems
– Mechanical
integration of the
N2O and O2 flow-
control valves
– Automatically
intercedes to maintain
a minimum 25%
concentration of
oxygen with a
maximum N2O:O2
ratio of 3:1
25. Limitations of
Proportioning Systems
Machines equipped with proportioning
systems can still deliver a hypoxic mixture
under the following conditions:
– Wrong supply gas
– Defective pneumatics or mechanics (e.g.. The
Link-25 depends on a properly functioning
second stage regulator)
– Leak downstream (e.g.. Broken oxygen flow
tube)
– Inert gas administration: Proportioning systems
generally link only N2O and O2
26. Vaporizers
A vaporizer is an instrument designed
to change a liquid anesthetic agent
into its vapor and add a controlled
amount of this vapor to the fresh gas
flow
27. Classification of
Vaporizers
Methods of regulating output concentration
Concentration calibrated (e.g. variable bypass)
Measured flow
Method of vaporization
Flow-over
Bubble through
Injection
Temperature compensation
Thermocompensation
Supplied heat
28. Generic Bypass Vaporizer
Flow from the flowmeters
enters the inlet of the
vaporizer
The function of the
concentration control valve
is to regulate the amount
of flow through the bypass
and vaporizing chambers
Splitting Ratio = flow though
vaporizing chamber/flow through
bypass chamber
29. Factors That Influence
Vaporizer Output
Flow Rate: The output of the vaporizer is
generally less than the dial setting at very low (<
200 ml/min) or very high (> 15 L/min) flows
Temperature: Automatic temperature
compensating mechanisms in bypass chambers
maintain a constant vaporizer output with varying
temperatures
Back Pressure: Intermittent back pressure (e.g.
positive pressure ventilation causes a higher
vaporizer output than the dial setting)
30. Factors That Influence
Vaporizer Output
Atmospheric Pressure: Changes in
atmospheric pressure affect variable bypass
vaporizer output as measured by volume %
concentration, but not (or very little) as
measured by partial pressure (lowering
atmospheric pressure increases volume %
concentration and vice versa)
Carrier Gas: Vaporizers are calibrated for
100% oxygen. Carrier gases other than this
result in decreased vaporizer output.
31. The Circuit: Circle System
Arrangement is variable,
but to prevent re-breathing
of CO2, the following rules
must be followed:
– Unidirectional valves
between the patient and
the reservoir bag
– Fresh-gas-flow cannot
enter the circuit between
the expiratory valve and
the patient
– Adjustable pressure-
limiting valve (APL) cannot
be located between the
patient and the inspiratory
valve
32. Circle System
Advantages:
– Relative stability of inspired concentration
– Conservation of respiratory moisture and heat
– Prevention of operating room pollution
– PaCO2 depends only on ventilation, not fresh
gas flow
– Low fresh gas flows can be used
Disadvantages:
– Complex design = potential for malfunction
– High resistance (multiple one-way valves) =
higher work of breathing
33. The Adjustable Pressure
Limiting (APL) Valve
User adjustable valve that
releases gases to the
scavenging system and is
intended to provide
control of the pressure in
the breathing system
Bag-mask Ventilation:
Valve is usually left
partially open. During
inspiration the bag is
squeezed pushing gas into
the inspiratory limb until
the pressure relief is
reached, opening the APL
36. Checking Anesthesia Machines
8 Categories of check:
Emergency ventilation equipment
High-Pressure system
Low-Pressure system
Scavenging system
Breathing system
Manual and automatic ventilation system
Monitors
Final Position