The document provides an overview of Chinese history from 2100 BC to the present day. It discusses the early dynasties including the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. It then covers the imperial periods including the Qin dynasty which first unified China, and the Han dynasty which saw the first golden age. Subsequent sections summarize the periods of disunity like the Three Kingdoms period, as well as important dynasties like the Sui and Tang dynasties when China was again united and culturally prosperous. The document touches on many influential figures, political and philosophical developments, and cultural achievements over Chinese civilization.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
An introduction to Chinese Culture - MeetMandarinMeetMandarin
Understanding Chinese culture will help you better learn Chinese language. In this presentation, we take tour to a brief introduction of Chinese culture!
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
FLAG
NATIONAL FLAG. By Zeng Liansong
NAME (FIVE STAR FLAG)
adapted in SEP 27 1949.
The flag has a red background with a yellow star in the upper left-hand corner and four smaller yellow stars in a crescent formation to its right. The color red symbolizes the revolution. The large star stands for the Communist Party. The five stars together represents their relationship and the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
MILITARY FLAG.
The flag of the armed forces of the People's Republic of China (the People's Liberation Army [PLA]) is red with a golden star in the upper hoist, but the star is smaller than on the national flag. Next to the star are three small lines, the Chinese numerals for "8" and "1", which stand for "August 1", to celebrate the establishment of the PLA in 1928,
The flag of the Ground Forces has a forest green bar at the bottom, the naval ensign has stripes of blue and white at the bottom and the Air Force uses a sky blue bar at the bottom. The forest green represents the earth, the blue and white stripes represent the seas and the sky blue represents the air.
All four flags were made by Željko Heimer.
COLORS.
Red indicates an assertive, passionate and enthusiastic nature
Orange means you are warm-hearted, quick-witted and active.
Yellow indicates cheerfulness, optimism and originality.
Green shows you are responsible, hopeful and into green issues.
Blue displays a cool, calm and peaceful nature.
Violet means you are sensitive, tasteful and artistic.
White is innocence, enlightenment, and efficiency.
Black means you are mysterious, unconventional and dominant.
Brown indicates a trustworthy, reliable and home-loving nature.
Grey shows a desire to be anonymous.
SYMBOLS.
THE NATIONAL SYMBOL.
The national emblem of the People's Republic of ChinaContains in a red circle a representation of Tiananmen Gate, the entrance gate to the Forbidden City, where Mao declared the foundation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Above this representation are the five stars found on the national flag. The largest star represents the Communist Party of China, while the four smaller stars represent the four social classes as defined in Maoism. The emblem is described as being "composed of patterns of the national flag"
The red color of the flag symbolizes revolution and the yellow color of the stars the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land. The design of four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one signifies the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
The outer border of the red circle shows sheaves of wheat and the inner sheaves of rice, which together represent agricultural workers. At the center of the bottom portion of the border is a cog-wheel that represents industrial workers.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
An introduction to Chinese Culture - MeetMandarinMeetMandarin
Understanding Chinese culture will help you better learn Chinese language. In this presentation, we take tour to a brief introduction of Chinese culture!
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
FLAG
NATIONAL FLAG. By Zeng Liansong
NAME (FIVE STAR FLAG)
adapted in SEP 27 1949.
The flag has a red background with a yellow star in the upper left-hand corner and four smaller yellow stars in a crescent formation to its right. The color red symbolizes the revolution. The large star stands for the Communist Party. The five stars together represents their relationship and the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
MILITARY FLAG.
The flag of the armed forces of the People's Republic of China (the People's Liberation Army [PLA]) is red with a golden star in the upper hoist, but the star is smaller than on the national flag. Next to the star are three small lines, the Chinese numerals for "8" and "1", which stand for "August 1", to celebrate the establishment of the PLA in 1928,
The flag of the Ground Forces has a forest green bar at the bottom, the naval ensign has stripes of blue and white at the bottom and the Air Force uses a sky blue bar at the bottom. The forest green represents the earth, the blue and white stripes represent the seas and the sky blue represents the air.
All four flags were made by Željko Heimer.
COLORS.
Red indicates an assertive, passionate and enthusiastic nature
Orange means you are warm-hearted, quick-witted and active.
Yellow indicates cheerfulness, optimism and originality.
Green shows you are responsible, hopeful and into green issues.
Blue displays a cool, calm and peaceful nature.
Violet means you are sensitive, tasteful and artistic.
White is innocence, enlightenment, and efficiency.
Black means you are mysterious, unconventional and dominant.
Brown indicates a trustworthy, reliable and home-loving nature.
Grey shows a desire to be anonymous.
SYMBOLS.
THE NATIONAL SYMBOL.
The national emblem of the People's Republic of ChinaContains in a red circle a representation of Tiananmen Gate, the entrance gate to the Forbidden City, where Mao declared the foundation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Above this representation are the five stars found on the national flag. The largest star represents the Communist Party of China, while the four smaller stars represent the four social classes as defined in Maoism. The emblem is described as being "composed of patterns of the national flag"
The red color of the flag symbolizes revolution and the yellow color of the stars the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land. The design of four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one signifies the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
The outer border of the red circle shows sheaves of wheat and the inner sheaves of rice, which together represent agricultural workers. At the center of the bottom portion of the border is a cog-wheel that represents industrial workers.
A brief history of the Chinese Dynasties. It was done on a short notice. I hope you enjoy and please feel free to correct any mistakes I made or comment. if you wish.
Tourism in China : Few famous places to Vist (Not to miss!)Krishna Chaitanya
All about China is as difficult as holding a motor-cycle with a Pin! Well I tried to summarize few of the best places in China, which are not to be missed!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Basic facts
• Where: Eastern Asia
• When: 2100 B.C. ~ present
• What: …
o Dynasties
o Emperors
o Philosophers
o Poets
o Great cities and projects
o Massive warfare
o Traditions
o Agriculture
o Technology
o Chinese cultures
o Chinese languages
o Fusion of ethnics
o …
3. What is China?
• By geography?
• By politics?(Mainland China, HK, Macau, Taiwan)
• By culture?(Greater China, Korea, Vietnam,
Mongolia, Japan?)
• By ethnics? (Han, Mongols, Manchus, Tibetans,
Muslims, other minorities)
• By language? (Mandarin has many dialects –
Beijing, Sichuan, Northeast, Shanxi, etc; other
languages spoken by Han Chinese – Wu, Hakka,
Min, Cantonese, etc; other languages spoken by
non-Han Chinese – Tibetans, Mongols, Korean,
Russians, Kirgis, etc.)
5. Legends or history?
• Ancient sages
• Three emperors and five sovereigns
• The Yellow Emperor
• The Yan Emperor
• Yao, Shun, Yu the Great (hand over crowns)
• Xia dynasty
6. The Yellow Emperor
• The Yellow Emperor,
whose surname is
Xuanyuan, is widely
considered as the
common ancestor of
Chinese people.
• He defeated Chi You,
the chief of barbarians,
and unified the Yellow
River valley.
7. Yu the Great
• Yu the Great is a
legendary ancient
leader who successfully
saved communities
from a massive flood.
• He was selected to be
the national leader to
succeed the crown
from Shun.
• His son, Qi, established
the legendary Xia
dynasty.
8. Dynasty?
• A period of time ruled by the same family clan
• Cycle of dynasties
• How many?
o Major: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Jin, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing
o Many more…
9. Early dynasties
• Xia dynasty: 2070 B.C. – 1600 B.C.
• Shang dynasty: 1600 B.C. – 1046 B.C.
• Zhou dynasty:
o Western Zhou dynasty: 1046 B.C. – 771 B.C.
o Eastern Zhou dynasty:
• Spring and Autumn period: 771 B.C. – 475 B.C.
• Warring States period: 475 B.C. – 256 B.C.
10. Xia dynasty
• 2070 B.C. – 1600 B.C. (approx.)
• Also spelled as Tsia dynasty
• Established by Qi, the son of Yu the Great
• With records in ancient books
• Few archaeological evidences
• Believed to be a major civilization in Neolithic Age
of China
12. Shang dynasty
• 1600 B.C. – 1046 B.C.
• Also known as Yin dynasty, named after its capital
city “Yin” near modern Anyang, Henan province
• Controlled most lower Yellow River valley and the
modern North China Plain
• Bronze age of China
• First texts (inscriptions on tortoise shells)
• The founder, Tang, was considered as a brilliant
ruler.
• The last king, King Zhou, is one of well-known tyrants
in Chinese history.
• The idea of Mandate of Heaven was developed.
15. Zhou dynasty
• 1046 B.C. – 256 B.C. (also spelled as Chou dynasty)
• Longest dynasty of China
• Booming of Chinese civilization
• About 200 vassal states in the beginning
• Western Zhou vs. Eastern Zhou?
o The locations of capital city
o Zhou court shifted the capital city to the east after a severe barbarian
invasion in 771 B.C.
o Zhou, Han, Jin, Song
• Great philosophers and military strategists
• Hundred schools of thoughts
• Martial and social reforms
16. W & E Zhou dynasty
King You of Zhou and Bao Si
War flames of drama
17. W & E Zhou dynasty
Western Zhou Eastern Zhou
• Earlier (before 771 B.C.)
• Capital in Hao, near
modern Xi’an
• Kings had real authority
• Kings had control on
vassal states
• Unified and peaceful
• Later (after 771 B.C.)
• Capital in Luo, near
modern Luoyang
• Kings had no authority
• Vassal states fought
against each other
• Dissolved and chaotic
18. Eastern Zhou dynasty
Spring and Autumn Warring States
• Major vassal states
allied with smaller ones
to be more powerful
and gain more respect.
• Five Hegemons:
o Duke Huan of State Qi
o Duke Wen of State Jin
o King Zhuang of State Chu
o Duke Xiang of State Song
o King Gou Jian of State Yue
• Stronger vassal states
attacked and annexed
smaller ones to gain
more land.
• Seven strongest states:
o Qin
o Yan
o Han
o Zhao
o Chu
o Wei
o Qi
20. Confucius
• The greatest
philosopher in ancient
China
• Real name: Kong Qiu
• Born in the vassal state
of Lu in 551 B.C.
• The master that
established the
Confucianism school
• Viewed as a sage in
later dynasties
21. Other great philosophers
• Mencius (Meng Zi or Menci) – Confucianism
• Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) – Taoism
• Zhuang Zi – Taoism
• Mo Tse – Mohism
• Shi Zi – Eclectic
• Zou Yan – School of Yin and Yang
• Sun Tzu (Sun Zi) – Military Strategist
• Zhang Yi – Political Strategist
• Su Qin – Political Strategist
• Han Feizi – Legalism
Hundred Schools of Thoughts
22. Early Imperial China
• Qin dynasty: 221 B.C. – 206 B.C.
• Han dynasty:
o Western Han dynasty: 204 B.C. – 9 A.D.
o Xin dynasty
o Eastern Han dynasty: 25 A.D. – 220 A.D.
24. Qin dynasty
• 221 B.C. – 206 B.C. (also spelled as Ch’in dynasty)
• Capital city: Xianyang (near modern Xi’an)
• Qin Shi Huang being the first emperor in China
• First imperial Chinese dynasty
• Reunified China after hundreds years of war
• Standardized writing system, measurement units, size of
vehicles, currency and so on…
• Built the Great Wall, ancient highways and Canal Lingqu
• Terra Cotta Warriors
• Harsh rule, heavy taxes
• Fought against Xiongnu and southern barbarians
• Overthrown by uprisings quickly after the death of Qin
Shi Huang
26. Qin Shi Huang
• Shi Huang = first emperor
• Real name: Ying Zheng
• Succeeded to the throne
as the King of State Qin in
247 B.C.
• Defeated other six major
vassal states from 230 B.C.
to 221 B.C.
• Claimed to be the
emperor in 221 B.C.
• An emperor with
remarkable contributions
• Also a tyrant
28. Han dynasty
• 204 B.C. – 220 A.D.
• Capital: Chang’an (Xi’an) Luoyang
• The name of ethnic Han
• First peak of Chinese empire
• Strong in military, culture and economy
• Expanded territory (into Central Asia, Vietnam and
Korean Peninsula)
• Rivalry between Han and Xiongnu
• Interrupted by the short-lived Xin dynasty (9 – 23)
30. Notable emperors
• Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang)
o 202 B.C. – 195 B.C.
o Originally a lower-ranked officer
o Established the dynasty and defeated Xiang Yu in a 4-year contention
• Emperor Wen of Han (Liu Heng)
o 180 B.C. – 157 B.C.
o A brilliant leader who developed the economy and enhanced people’s life
standard
• Emperor Jing of Han (Liu Qi)
o 157 B.C. – 141 B.C.
o Another brilliant leader
• Emperor Wu of Han (Liu Che)
o 141 B.C. – 87 B.C.
o Conquered lots of land
o Defeated Xiongnu for the first time
• Emperor Guangwu of Han (Liu Xiu)
o 25 A.D. – 57 A.D.
o Restored Han dynasty after the Xin dynasty
31. What else?
• Sima Qian Shi Ji
• Who were Xiongnu?
• The open of Silk Road
• Tributary states
• Paper-making technology
• Tofu
• Agricultural development and new technologies
• Confucianism became the only official school of
thought
• Yellow Turban Uprising
• Taoism spreading
32. Xiongnu
• A powerful nomadic ethnic
from the northern steppe
• Long time rival of Qin and Han
dynasties
• Leaders are called Chanyu
• Defeated by Han dynasty, and
then moved west
• The general chronological
order of dominant nomadic
people in northern steppe:
o Xiongnu – Xianbei – Rouran – Turks (Tujue) –
Uighers (Uyghurs) – Kirgis (Kyrgyz) – Khitan –
Mongols
33. Shi Ji
• Written by Sima Qian
• A.k.a. Records of the Grand
Historian
• Covers the era from
ancient sages till Emperor
Wu of Han
• Records of kings, dukes,
emperors, notable
people, major events,
culture, geography,
policies, etc.
• First of 24 official historic
records in Chinese history
34. Era of Fragmentation
• Three Kingdoms period: 220 – 280
• Jin dynasty:
o Western Jin dynasty: 256 – 315
o Eastern Jin dynasty: 315 – 420
• Northern and Southern dynasties: 386 – 589
36. Three Kingdoms
• Wei, Han (Shu), Wu (Eastern Wu)
• Wei, founded by Cao Pi (the son of Cao Cao), occupied
most northern China
• Han, commonly known as Shu or Shu-Han, was founded
by Liu Bei, a distant relative of Han dynasty’s royal clan. It
occupied the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China.
• Wu was founded by Sun Quan and occupied the
southeastern China.
• They reached an equilibrium and none of them was
able to swallow anyone else.
• Popular classic fiction Romance of Three Kingdoms is based
on this period.
38. Popular historic figures
• Lyu Bu
o One of greatest warriors in ancient China
• Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei
o The founder of Shu-Han Kingdom and his two sworn brothers
o Symbol of friendship
• Zhuge Liang (a.k.a. Kongming)
o Liu Bei’s advisor
o Symbol of smart and loyalty
• Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi
o Cao Cao is the real founder of Wei but never claimed to be an emperor
o Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are his sons, and they are all known for their poems
• Sun Quan
o Founder of Wu Kingdom
o Showed great leadership in a young age
• Zhou Yu and Lu Su
o Sun Quan’s advisors
40. Jin dynasty
• A forgotten major dynasty
• Western Jin barbarian invasion Eastern Jin
• Capital: Chang’an (Xi’an) Jiankang (Nanjing)
• Lost about half territory to nomads after 317
• Corrupted government
• Noble families control the empire but they did
nothing
• Talented people from humble families had no
chance to make contributions to the empire
• Great poets, philosophers, artists and calligraphers
• Open-minded society
41. Ethnic fusion
• Minorities founded 16
smaller kingdoms in the
north and northwest
• Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di
and Qiang the five
barbarians
• They occupied
previously-Han
territories in Yellow River
valley
42. Great artists and poets
• Wang Xizhi
o The greatest calligrapher in ancient China
• Tao Yuanming
o A popular pastoral poet (Chinese idyllist)
• Seven Sages in the Bamboo Grove
o Seven people who did not want to be governors. They refused to stay in
human communities and lived in a bamboo grove
o Symbols of free
44. North & South rivalry
Northern dynasties Southern dynasties
• 386 – 581
• Northern Wei dynasty, E & W
Wei dynasties, Northern Zhou
dynasty, Northern Qi dynasty
• Established by Xianbei ethnic
group
• Later emperors respect Han
cultures and adapted to
Han’s ways
• Ruled the Yellow River valley
and North China Plain
• Capitals: Ping (Datong),
Luoyang, Ye and Chang’an
(Xi’an)
• 420 – 589
• Four successive dynasties:
Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang
and Chen
• Established by Han ethnic
group
• Traditionally considered as
orthodox dynasties
• Ruled the Yangtze River
valley and southern
territories
• Buddhism spreading
• Capital: Jinling (Nanjing)
45. Buddhism spreading
• Emperor Wu of Liang
• Emperor Xiaowen of
Northern Wei
• Great Buddhism
grottoes in China:
o Mogao Grottoes in Gansu
o Longmen Grottoes in Henan
o Yungang Grottoes in Shanxi
o Dazu Grottoes in Chongqing
47. Peak of Chinese culture
• Sui dynasty: 581 – 618
• Tang dynasty: 618 – 907
• Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: 907 – 960
• Song dynasty:
o Northern Song dynasty: 960 – 1127
o Southern Song dynasty: 1127 – 1279
49. Sui dynasty
• 581 – 618, only two emperors
• Capital: Daxing City (Xi’an)
• Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian)
o Founder of Sui
o Brilliant Ruler
• Emperor Yang of Sui (Yang Guang)
o Talented ruler: defeated surrounding tribes, built the Grand Canal, rebuilt the
Great Wall
o Tyrant: Heavy taxes, harsh laws, endless wars, dissolute
• Reunification of China in 589
• First imperial exam
o Became the official way to select mayors and governors
o Lasted for 1400 years
o Last imperial exam was held in 1905 (Qing dynasty)
• Destroyed by peasant uprisings
o Wagang Army
o Dou Jiande
o Du Fuwei
52. Tang dynasty
• 618 – 907
• Capital: Chang’an (Xi’an)
• Founded by Li Yuan (Emperor Gaozu of Tang)
• Brilliant emperors and chancellors in early half
• Three Departments and Six Ministries
• Peak of the civilization
• Strong in military, economy and cultural influences
• Great poets
• Weakened by An Lushan’s rebellion
54. The Three Departments
and Six Ministries
• Three departments
o Zhongshu policy-making and legislation
o Shangshu execution of policies
o Menxia evaluation of policy proposals
• Six ministries
o Ministry of Military
o Ministry of Civil Registration
o Ministry of Justice
o Ministry of Constructions
o Ministry of Rites
o Ministry of Personnel
• 24 Boards under ministries
55. Emperor Taizong of Tang
• Real name: Li Shimin
• Son of Li Yuan
• Played a major role in
overthrowing Sui dynasty
• Took the throne after the
Xuanwu Gate Incident
• One of most brilliant
emperors in Chinese
history
• Regarded as Khan of
Heaven by neighboring
nomadic tribes
• Fang Xuanling and Du
Ruhui
• Wei Zheng
56. Wu Zetian
• The only empress in Chinese
history
• Originally the Queen
• Changed Tang into Zhou
• Handed the throne back to
Tang court before she died
• Controversial historical
figure
• Contributions
o Defeated nomadic tribes
o Development of economy
o Buddhism
• Negative effects
o Cruel officials
o Killed her own sons and daughtors
57. Emperor Xuanzong of
Tang
• Real name: Li Longji
• A.k.a. Emperor Ming of
Tang
• Tang dynasty reached
its peak during his reign
• Overally a brilliant ruler
• Romantic story of
Emperor Xuanzong and
Lady Yang
• An Lushan’s rebellion
59. Surrounding tribes and
kingdoms
• Turks (Tujue)
• Tuyuhun
• Gaochang Kingdom
• Khitan
• Uighurs
• Kirgiz
• Turgesh
• Pohai Kingdom
• Nanzhao Kingdom
• Tibetan Empire
• Korean kingdoms
o Koguryo
o Paekche
o Silla
60. Decline and fall of Tang
• An Lushan’s rebellion: 755 – 765
• Factional Struggles between Niu Party and Li Party
• Sweet Dew Incident in 835: eunuchs gained power
• Huang Chao's uprising: 881 – 884
• Zhu Wen established Later Liang dynasty in 907
61. Transition era
• Five successive short-
lived dynasties ruled
the north
o Later Liang, Later Tang, Later
Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou
o 907 – 960
• Ten smaller kingdoms
and many other de-
facto independent
states in the south and
frontier zones
• Khitan rose in the
northeast
64. Song dynasty
• Also spelled as Sung dynasty
• Great era in culture and economy
• Relatively weak in military
• Technology developments
o Compass
o Typography
o Gunpowder
o Calendar
o New type of waterwheel
• Great artists, literateurs and poets
o Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Dongpo, Lu You, Xin Qiji, Li Qingzhao
• Lost almost half territory in 1127
• Capitals: Bian (Kaifeng) Lin’an (Hangzhou)
65. Barbarians knocking the
door
Concurrent dynasties and major kingdoms founded
by minority groups in Song dynasty:
• Liao dynasty (Khitan people): 907 – 1123
• Jurchen Jin dynasty (Jurchen people): 1115 – 1234
• Western Xia dynasty (Tangut people): 1038 – 1227
• Dali kingdom (Bai people): 1096 – 1253
• Mongol Khanate (Mongols): est. 1206 later the
Mongol Empire, and then Yuan dynasty
67. Yue Fei
• 1103 – 1142
• One of most popular
military heroes in Chinese
history
• Defended the Song court
against the invasion of
Jurchen Jin dynasty
• Army of Yue Family
• Framed up by Qin Hui
• Executed by Emperor
Gaozong of Song
• Memorial in Hangzhou
68. Last great dynasties
• Yuan dynasty: 1271 – 1368
• Ming dynasty: 1368 – 1644
• Qing dynasty: 1644 – 1911
69. Yuan dynasty
• Great Yuan ruled by Mongol ethnic
• Mongol Khanate Mongol Empire Yuan dynasty
• Founded by Genghis Khan
• Conquered a huge portion of Eurasia continent
• Dissolved into four khanates and Yuan dynasty
• Defeated Song dynasty during the reign of Kublai
Khan
• Capital: Dadu (Beijing)
• Adapted to Chinese ways to rule
• Invented the province system
72. Four classes of citizens
• Mongols
o Ruling class
o Nobles
• Semu people (literally: colored-eye people)
o Other former nomadic people, Muslims, people from Central Asia
o Higher social status
• Han people
o Citizens of former Jurchen Jin dynasty and Western Xia dynasty
o Jurchens, Khitans, Koreans
o Intermediate social status
• Southern people
o Citizens of former Song dynasty
o Han ethnic and southern barbarians
o Lowest social status
o Even keeping kitchen knifes was not allowed
74. Ming dynasty
• Capitals: Nanjing Beijing
• Established by Zhu Yuanzhang
• Relatively strong in economy
• Most emperors were tyrants
• Cruel officials and secret polices
• Great sailings of Zheng He
• Rebuilt the Great Wall (the wall you can see today)
• Constructed the Forbidden City
• Threatened by Mongols, Manchus and Japanese
pirates
76. Hongwu Emperor
• Real name: Zhu
Yuanzhang
• Originally a poor monk
and begger
• Joined the Red Turban
Uprising
• Established Ming
dynasty in 1368
• Cruel rules
• Anti-corruption
77. Yongle Emperor
• Real name: Zhu Di
• Son of Zhu Yuanzhang
• Originally the Prince of
Yan
• Rebelled against his
nephew, Zhu Yunwen
(the Jianwen Emperor)
and gained the throne
• Moved the capital to
Beijing
• Zheng He’s voyages
• The Yongle Canon
79. Qi Jiguang
• Great military strategist
• Invented many
weapons and
strategies
• Master in martial arts
• Popular military hero
• Fought against
Japanese pirates in the
southeastern coastal
area
81. Qing dynasty
• Also spelled as Ching dynasty or Tsing dynasty
• Capital: Beijing
• Who are Manchus?
• Descendants of Jurchens
• From the northeast
• Established the Second Jin in 1611 by Nurhachi
• Entered the Shanhai Pass after Ming dynasty was
overthrown by Li Zicheng’s uprising
• Influence on Chinese culture? disputed
o Another peak of the civilization? Heavenly empire
o Literary inquisition? Wutai Poem Case
83. Qing dynasty
• Extremely powerful and wealthy during reigns of the
“brilliant emperors trio”
o Kangxi Emperor
o Yongzheng Emperor
o Qianlong Emperor
• Declined in the later half of Qianlong Emperor’s
reign due to over-arrogant and self-seclusion
• Missed the chance of industrial revolution
• Lost the Opium War to Britain in 1840s
• Invaded by many western powers and ceded huge
amount of territories, mostly to Russia
• Struggled a lot to reform and self-strengthen but
failed (in late 19th century)
• Collapsed during the Revolution of 1911
84. Kangxi Emperor
• Most brilliant emperor in
Qing dynasty
• Re-occupied the
Xinjiang region
• Suppressed massive
rebellions of Ming
dynasty’s remnants
• Developed the
economy
• Open-minded
• Always learning
85. Major events in later half
of Qing dynasty
Wars Reforms
• 1840s: Opium War
against Britain
• 1850s: Taiping Rebellion
• 1856 – 1860: Second
Opium War against
Britain and France
• 1894: War of Jiawu
against Japan
• 1900: Invasion of Allied
8 Powers
• 1890s: Self-strengthen
movement (learn from
western powers)
• 1898: Hundred-Day
Reform (failed)
• 1911: Xinhai Revolution
led by Sun Yat-sen
86. Modern China
• Republic of China: 1911 – present
o Abbr. ROC
o Moved to Taiwan after 1949
o Originally ran by National Party (Kuomingtang, KMT)
• People’s Republic of China: 1949 – present
o Abbr. PRC
o Currently running the mainland China (including Hong Kong and Macau)
o Established by Communist Party (CCP)
87. Sun Yat-sen
• A.k.a.: Sun Zhongshan
• 1866 – 1925
• Founding father of
modern China
• Based on Hawaii
• Led the Revolution of
1911 and established
the Republic of China
• First president of
Republic of China
89. Major events of ROC
• 1912: established
• 1919: May 4th Movement
• 1922 – 1935: wars among warlords
• 1926: the central government launched Northern
Expeditions against major warlords
• 1931: Sept. 18th Incident Japan occupied Manchuria
• 1934 – 1936: Long March of Red Army led by
Communists
• 1937 – 1945: Total war between China and Japan (part
of WW-2)
• 1948 – 1949: Chinese Civil War between KMT and CCP
• Post 1949: ROC remained on Taiwan Island
90. Chiang Kai-shek
• A.k.a.: Jiang Jieshi and
Jiang Zhongzheng
• Born in Zhejiang province
• Professional soldier
• Graduated from a
military academy
• The leader of China
during WW-2
• The leader of KMT during
Chinese Civil War
• Anti-communists
92. Major events of PRC
• 1921: Communist Party of China was established
• 1927 – 1937: rivalry between CCP and KMT
• 1949: PRC was established by CCP after winning the civil war,
and Mao Zedong became the first chairman (president)
• 1956: Three Great Remould banned private companies
• 1958 – 1960: Great Leap Forward resulted in disasters and
tragedies
• 1964: China started to own nuclear bombs
• 1966 – 1976: Cultural Revolution
• 1971: Replaced ROC as the political entity to represent China
in the United Nations
• 1978: Reform and Open Up Led by Deng Xiaoping
• 1989: Tian’anmen Square Incident
• 1997: Hong Kong was handed back to China
• 2003: First Chinese astronaut
• 2008: Beijing Olympics
93. Chinese Civil War
• 1947 – 1949
• Between KMT and CCP
• Three major battles
o Battle of Liaoning-Shenyang
o Battle of Huai-Hai
o Battle of Peking-Tianjin
• Yangtze-River-Crossing
campaign
• KMT lost the war and
shifted to Taiwan
• The blasting fuse of the
current Taiwan issue
94. Mao Zedong
• “Chairman Mao”
• The founding father and
first president of PRC
• Born in Hunan province
• Only took primary school
courses
• Great self-educated
military strategist and
politician
• Saved CCP during the
Long March
• Established PRC in 1949
95. Deng Xiaoping
• The second important
leader of PRC
• Born in Sichuan province
• An early member of
Communist Party
• Turned China back from
Cultural Revolution
• Reform and Open-up
• Greatly enhanced
China’s economy and
people’s life-standard
• On the cover-page of
TIMES magazine
96. Mainland China & Taiwan
• Technically, Taiwan = ROC while mainland = PRC
• Officially:
o They both agree that there is only one China
o They both claimed to be the only China
o They claim all territories of each other
• Consensus of 1992
• Actually:
o Taiwan is de-facto independent
o In the mainland:
• Almost everyone believes that Taiwan should be a part of China
• Educated in school
o In Taiwan:
• Some people think mainland and Taiwan should be one country Pan-
Blue camp
• Many others think Taiwan should be an independent country Pan-
Green camp
• Still, some people don’t really care
97. Future?
• World leading powers:
o United States
o Europe
o Russia
o China
o Japan
o India
o …