This document provides details of a research project investigating pneumatic conveying of fly ash from coal power plants. The objectives are to predict air flow requirements, pressure drops, and optimize system design. Experimental work includes characterizing fly ash properties and conducting conveying tests. Computational work involves simulating flow using the discrete element method. The current work describes designing and installing orifice flow meters to measure air flow rates for the project, including selecting pipe sizes, flow conditioner design, orifice plate fabrication, and pressure tapping installation. References are provided on pneumatic conveying modeling and experimental methods.
This is a comprehensive presentation on particle density. A fundamental property in bulk solids handling.
Link to file : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nXy3um5XY0HtGkOWlUdvXjbR6Gwk3eOR
This is a comprehensive presentation on particle size distribution. A fundamental property in bulk solids handling.
Link to file: https://drive.google.com/open?id=11dn9O0onwCLaX44R6ApNLhi9PHYGdLr6
This is a comprehensive presentation on particle shape. A fundamental property in bulk solids handling.
Link to file: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ilymL-U5rQKhObPO-f5k9-be0FdRkWJ_
OPTIMIZATION OF MACHINING PARAMETERS WITH TOOL INSERT SELECTION FOR S355J2G3 ...AVINASH JURIANI
The key goal of modern manufacturing industries is increased productivity & high quality
Surface Roughness is major concern for quality aspects affecting performance.
Speed, Feed & Depth of cut mainly influences SR & MRR in Turning
Taguchi & Grey Relational Technique is used for optimization followed by ANOVA for contribution
MADM is the need for better Tool Insert Selection to get requisite surface finish
This is a comprehensive presentation on particle density. A fundamental property in bulk solids handling.
Link to file : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nXy3um5XY0HtGkOWlUdvXjbR6Gwk3eOR
This is a comprehensive presentation on particle size distribution. A fundamental property in bulk solids handling.
Link to file: https://drive.google.com/open?id=11dn9O0onwCLaX44R6ApNLhi9PHYGdLr6
This is a comprehensive presentation on particle shape. A fundamental property in bulk solids handling.
Link to file: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ilymL-U5rQKhObPO-f5k9-be0FdRkWJ_
OPTIMIZATION OF MACHINING PARAMETERS WITH TOOL INSERT SELECTION FOR S355J2G3 ...AVINASH JURIANI
The key goal of modern manufacturing industries is increased productivity & high quality
Surface Roughness is major concern for quality aspects affecting performance.
Speed, Feed & Depth of cut mainly influences SR & MRR in Turning
Taguchi & Grey Relational Technique is used for optimization followed by ANOVA for contribution
MADM is the need for better Tool Insert Selection to get requisite surface finish
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Optimization of tig welding using taguchi and regression analysisvivek bisht
In order to reduce the no of experiments required for finding the output .here we use these mathematically process in order to find output (in our case it is STRENGTH). without using further experiments
Brief introduction into some of the changes and updates to both the ISO 6892-1 and ASTM E8/8M tensile testing standards for metals and ambient temperature, importantly strain control.
For more information please visit www.instron.com
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...IJMER
Abstract: In this investigation, experimental work and computational work are combined to obtain improvement in the surface roughness of nickel alloy specimen, the machining is carried out by means of CNC wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Brass wire is used as the tool electrode and nickel alloy (Inconel600) is used as the work piece material. The machining parameters such as Pulse-On time (Ton), Pulse-Off time (Toff), Peak Current (Ip), and Bed speed are considered as input parameters for this project. Surface roughness and Recast layer are considered the output parameters. The experiments
with the pre-planned set of input parameters are designed based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The surface roughness is measured using stylus type roughness tester and the thickness of the Recast layer is measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the experiments are fed to the Minitab software and optimum input parameters for the desired output parameters are identified. The software uses the concept of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and indicates the nature of effect of input parameters on the output parameters and confirmation is done by validation
experiments. Once the recast layer thickness is obtained Chemical Etching and abrasive blasting is performed in order to remove the recast layer and again the surface roughness is measured by using stylus type roughness tester. Finally from the obtained results it was found that there was significant improvement in the Surface roughness of the nickel alloy material. In addition using regression analysis this work is stimulated by computational method and the results are obtained
MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF MACHINING PARAMETERSFOR C-65 MATERIAL USING TA...AVINASH JURIANI
CNC machines lead a major in a manufacturing industry, machining comprises of wide variety of operations with turning operation being the most important one. In turning operation performance specifications of concern include surface
finish, material removal rate& tolerance which are mostly affected by different
machining parameters like machining condition, work piece, tool geometry and
operating parameters. Among all of them operating parameter and tool
geometry is the most important parameter for better surface finish. This
project presents the optimization of various operating parameters as velocity,
feed and depth of cut for proper selection of tool inserts for surface finish. The
experiment was conducted on CNC lathe with C-65 shaft material. Taguchi’s
statistical analysis was employed for single optimization as it provides an
effective method for product designing which operate continuously over
varying conditions surface roughness and depth of cut is the most effective
parameter for material removal rate. Best parameter combinations for
optimum surface roughness are speed (A) at level 2 (191 m/min), feed (B)
at level 1 (0.2 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm), for optimum
material removal rate are speed (A) at level 3 (254 m/min), feed (B) at level 3
(0.3 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm). GRG optimum
parameters for SR and MRR are Speed (A) at level 2 (191 m/min), feed (B)
at level 1 (0.2 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents minimization of surface roughness in dry turning of AISI 430F steel using TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated cemented carbide & cryo-treated inserts. Effect of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut & machining duration is studied on the surface roughness. Taguchi’s design of experiment is used to find the optimum factor levels. It is found that the feed rate has much effect in producing lower surface roughness followed by speed. The depth of cut has lesser role on surface roughness. The result of Taguchi method shows that cutting velocity of 250m/min, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.3mm should be maintained as optimal parameter settings for both coated and cryo-treated tools. Cryo-treated tools perform better. Keywords: Cryo-treatment, Dry Turning, Surface roughness, Taguchi Method
plastic testing ASTM,ISO,IEC
mechanical,chemical,electrical optical testing.
Polymer Testing provides a forum for developments in the testing of polymers and polymeric products and is hence of interest to those concerned with testing rubbers and plastics in research, in production and in connection with the specification and purchase of products.
Diffuse and localized necking under plane stress in visco-plastic material mo...Salvatore Scalera
In a tension test on a ductile material, a diffuse necking - so called because its spatial extension is much larger than the sheet thickness - begins to develop in the sample when the strain hardening is no longer able to compensate for the weakening due to the reduction of the cross section. After some elongation under decreasing load, a localized neck usually appears in the region of the diffuse neck. In the localized neck, severe thinning occurs leading to ultimate failure.
This work focuses on studying the diffuse and localized necking under plane stress conditions in visco-plastic materials under dynamic loading. By means of a DOE analysis the main material parameters that influence the occurrence of local and diffuse necking were determined. A material model is then validated by systematic comparison of simulation results with physical tests carried out at different strain rates. One methodology to achieve good correlation between test and experiments is the use of a damage model. The damage model chosen by the authors is GISSMO (Generalized Incremental Stress-State dependent damage Model), due to its widespread usage in the crash community.
The GISSMO model is defined in terms of a critical plastic strain that indicates the start of damage coupling and a failure plastic strain indicating fracture, both are defined as a function of stress triaxiality. As the necking or more generally plastic instability will result in mesh dependency of the simulation results, regularization is introduced by defining both the failure plastic strain and the damage exponent as a function of the mesh size. As the spatial extension of the diffuse neck differs as a function of strain rate, one way to achieve correlation between test and simulation is to express these parameters as function of both the mesh size and the strain rate.
As consequence of the findings of this study, a number of new options were developed in the GISSMO model.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NEW COUPLING SYSTEM IN INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE TO IM...ijiert bestjournal
Injection molding machine is the most commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication of plastic parts. The plastic being mel ted in injection molding machine and then injected into the mould. The barrel contains recipr ocating screw for injecting the material into the mould and the material is also melted into the barrel. This project deals with,the solution of problem occurred for reciprocating screw of Inje ction molding machine. It identifies and solves the problem by using the modeling and analys is techniques. The problem occurred in the reciprocating screw of machine which is wearing of threads due to affect of temperature of mold materials (flow ma terials) i.e. Nylon,low density polypropylene,polystyrene,PVC etc.,The main work was to model the components of machine with dimensions,and perform thermal analys is with modeled component.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Optimization of tig welding using taguchi and regression analysisvivek bisht
In order to reduce the no of experiments required for finding the output .here we use these mathematically process in order to find output (in our case it is STRENGTH). without using further experiments
Brief introduction into some of the changes and updates to both the ISO 6892-1 and ASTM E8/8M tensile testing standards for metals and ambient temperature, importantly strain control.
For more information please visit www.instron.com
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...IJMER
Abstract: In this investigation, experimental work and computational work are combined to obtain improvement in the surface roughness of nickel alloy specimen, the machining is carried out by means of CNC wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Brass wire is used as the tool electrode and nickel alloy (Inconel600) is used as the work piece material. The machining parameters such as Pulse-On time (Ton), Pulse-Off time (Toff), Peak Current (Ip), and Bed speed are considered as input parameters for this project. Surface roughness and Recast layer are considered the output parameters. The experiments
with the pre-planned set of input parameters are designed based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The surface roughness is measured using stylus type roughness tester and the thickness of the Recast layer is measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the experiments are fed to the Minitab software and optimum input parameters for the desired output parameters are identified. The software uses the concept of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and indicates the nature of effect of input parameters on the output parameters and confirmation is done by validation
experiments. Once the recast layer thickness is obtained Chemical Etching and abrasive blasting is performed in order to remove the recast layer and again the surface roughness is measured by using stylus type roughness tester. Finally from the obtained results it was found that there was significant improvement in the Surface roughness of the nickel alloy material. In addition using regression analysis this work is stimulated by computational method and the results are obtained
MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF MACHINING PARAMETERSFOR C-65 MATERIAL USING TA...AVINASH JURIANI
CNC machines lead a major in a manufacturing industry, machining comprises of wide variety of operations with turning operation being the most important one. In turning operation performance specifications of concern include surface
finish, material removal rate& tolerance which are mostly affected by different
machining parameters like machining condition, work piece, tool geometry and
operating parameters. Among all of them operating parameter and tool
geometry is the most important parameter for better surface finish. This
project presents the optimization of various operating parameters as velocity,
feed and depth of cut for proper selection of tool inserts for surface finish. The
experiment was conducted on CNC lathe with C-65 shaft material. Taguchi’s
statistical analysis was employed for single optimization as it provides an
effective method for product designing which operate continuously over
varying conditions surface roughness and depth of cut is the most effective
parameter for material removal rate. Best parameter combinations for
optimum surface roughness are speed (A) at level 2 (191 m/min), feed (B)
at level 1 (0.2 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm), for optimum
material removal rate are speed (A) at level 3 (254 m/min), feed (B) at level 3
(0.3 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm). GRG optimum
parameters for SR and MRR are Speed (A) at level 2 (191 m/min), feed (B)
at level 1 (0.2 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents minimization of surface roughness in dry turning of AISI 430F steel using TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated cemented carbide & cryo-treated inserts. Effect of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut & machining duration is studied on the surface roughness. Taguchi’s design of experiment is used to find the optimum factor levels. It is found that the feed rate has much effect in producing lower surface roughness followed by speed. The depth of cut has lesser role on surface roughness. The result of Taguchi method shows that cutting velocity of 250m/min, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.3mm should be maintained as optimal parameter settings for both coated and cryo-treated tools. Cryo-treated tools perform better. Keywords: Cryo-treatment, Dry Turning, Surface roughness, Taguchi Method
plastic testing ASTM,ISO,IEC
mechanical,chemical,electrical optical testing.
Polymer Testing provides a forum for developments in the testing of polymers and polymeric products and is hence of interest to those concerned with testing rubbers and plastics in research, in production and in connection with the specification and purchase of products.
Diffuse and localized necking under plane stress in visco-plastic material mo...Salvatore Scalera
In a tension test on a ductile material, a diffuse necking - so called because its spatial extension is much larger than the sheet thickness - begins to develop in the sample when the strain hardening is no longer able to compensate for the weakening due to the reduction of the cross section. After some elongation under decreasing load, a localized neck usually appears in the region of the diffuse neck. In the localized neck, severe thinning occurs leading to ultimate failure.
This work focuses on studying the diffuse and localized necking under plane stress conditions in visco-plastic materials under dynamic loading. By means of a DOE analysis the main material parameters that influence the occurrence of local and diffuse necking were determined. A material model is then validated by systematic comparison of simulation results with physical tests carried out at different strain rates. One methodology to achieve good correlation between test and experiments is the use of a damage model. The damage model chosen by the authors is GISSMO (Generalized Incremental Stress-State dependent damage Model), due to its widespread usage in the crash community.
The GISSMO model is defined in terms of a critical plastic strain that indicates the start of damage coupling and a failure plastic strain indicating fracture, both are defined as a function of stress triaxiality. As the necking or more generally plastic instability will result in mesh dependency of the simulation results, regularization is introduced by defining both the failure plastic strain and the damage exponent as a function of the mesh size. As the spatial extension of the diffuse neck differs as a function of strain rate, one way to achieve correlation between test and simulation is to express these parameters as function of both the mesh size and the strain rate.
As consequence of the findings of this study, a number of new options were developed in the GISSMO model.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NEW COUPLING SYSTEM IN INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE TO IM...ijiert bestjournal
Injection molding machine is the most commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication of plastic parts. The plastic being mel ted in injection molding machine and then injected into the mould. The barrel contains recipr ocating screw for injecting the material into the mould and the material is also melted into the barrel. This project deals with,the solution of problem occurred for reciprocating screw of Inje ction molding machine. It identifies and solves the problem by using the modeling and analys is techniques. The problem occurred in the reciprocating screw of machine which is wearing of threads due to affect of temperature of mold materials (flow ma terials) i.e. Nylon,low density polypropylene,polystyrene,PVC etc.,The main work was to model the components of machine with dimensions,and perform thermal analys is with modeled component.
Development of Semi Automatic Operated Pneumatic Based Wire Stripping Machineijtsrd
In recent years, the trend in the business has been toward more automation. A growing number of variables, including improving accuracy and reducing human error, are driving this trend. An in depth examination of the design and development of a pneumatically driven cable stripping machine for industrial mass production is provided in this dissertation, which includes an extensive bibliography. To cut the cable in large diameters in mass production, the industry now employs the traditional technique of employing a cable cutter, which takes longer and needs more manpower to cut the cable than other methods. The precision achieved by the traditional technique is low, and the procedure is time consuming. In addition to providing a solution to the traditional way of solving issues, automation reduces costs and saves time while also increasing accuracy and reducing human mistakes. By using automation, we want to achieve low cost stripping that is both quick and efficient, thereby reducing stripping time. The practical goal of an automated cable stripping machine is to remove the PVC from a cable at the necessary length and in the required number of pieces, according to the specifications. The stripping process in this system is accomplished via the use of pneumatic pressure and an Arduino. In our project, a solenoid valve is utilized to activate a pneumatic double acting cylinder, which is controlled by an Arduino. C. Sangeevi | K. S. Athiabiraman | B. Arunkumar "Development of Semi-Automatic Operated Pneumatic Based Wire Stripping Machine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45062/development-of-semiautomatic-operated-pneumatic-based-wire-stripping-machine/c-sangeevi
This presentation gives a brief introduction to the concept of coupled CFD-DEM Modeling.
Link to file: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nO2n49BwhzBtT6NnvpxADG5WsC9uMJ-i
Summer Training 2015 at Alternate Hydro Energy CenterKhusro Kamaluddin
This is the presentation i gave to "Defend" my Summer Training at AHEC IIT Roorkee During Summer 2015. I gave this presentation in my college during my final year. Indeed the most lengthy i ever gave .
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
An Investigation into the Flow Mechanism of Gas-Solids Flow of Fine and Dusty Powders
1. Copyright2013-2014
Khusro Kamaluddin (801783008)
Under the supervision of
Dr. S.S. Mallick (Associate Professor)
Dr. Anu Mittal (Assistant Professor)
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala
An Investigation into the Flow
Mechanism of Gas-Solids Flow
of Fine and Dusty Powders
2. Copyright2013-2014
Introduction
Title : “On Developing Reliable Scale-up Procedures and Design
Optimization for Pneumatic Fly Ash Conveying Systems for 500/800/1000
MW Units”
Funding Agency: National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC)
Objectives:
• To predict minimum air flow rate requirement in conveying system.
• To predict pressure drop and optimum operating point on conveying
characteristics.
• To evaluate the effectiveness of heaters and fluidizing air on
flowability of fly ash.
• Preparation of a technical specification for 500/800/1000 MW plants.
• Annual power production of India for the fiscal year 2017-18 was 183,000
GWh.
• Out of which coal based power plant produced 986,591 GWh (i.e. 75.9%)
• The fly ash generation has increased from 68.88 million-ton in 1996-97
to 169.25 million-ton in 2016-17.
• This means Every day about 4.6 Lakh Ton of fly ash is produced in our
coal thermal power plants.
• Fly ash is now a days used for making bricks, cement, roads,
embankments etc.
• Various scientific studies have found that improper handling of fly ash
produced by powerplants has resulted in release of heavy metals such as
Pb, Ni, Cr, Mn, and Fe in the water table.
Improper handling of Fly ash Tennessee, USA
3. Copyright2013-2014
EDEM Collaboration
• My Co-guide Dr. Anu Mittal was provided a free 3 month EDEM
liscence for the purpose of her post doctoral research.
• This opportunity is provide d by EDEM, UK.
• This liscence and support would be provided by Caezen
Technologies, Bangaluru, Karnataka.
• Caezen Technologies is the authorized distributer of EDEM software
in India.
• I took a 2 day intense training provided by EDEM representative at
T.I.E.T Patiala from 25 to 26 Oct 2018
4. Copyright2013-2014
DEM Fundamentals
Collision Model
Relation between pre-collision and post-collision translation
and rotational velocities using impulse equations:
I and j refers to the two particles
0&1 refers to before and after collision
R : radius of particle
J : impulse force
x : position vector of particle
v : translational velocity of the particle
ω : rotational velocity of particle
n : unit vector ꓕ to the contact plane
t : tangential unit vector at contact
I : moment of inertia of the particle
Norouzi ,2016
6. Copyright2013-2014
Literature Review
Application of periodic boundary conditions to
CFD-DEM simulation of gas–solid flow in
pneumatic conveying – S.B. Kuang et al.(2013)
CFD–DEM simulation of turbulence modulation in
horizontal pneumatic conveying – M.Ebrahimi
,M.Crapper (2016)
Axial forces acting on the particles as a function
of distance from particle loading zone
Key Findings:
• In startup section acceleration is because Fparticle-fluid is greater than
Fwall-fluid.
• CFD-DEM model with PBC is valid as long as simulation length is
greater than characteristic length
Schematic illustration of pipes simulated, and their boundary and mesh setups
Exp. Conditions:
Key Findings:
• Turbulent Intensity strongly depends on Cϵ3.
• The method of introducing source term fails to predict details of
turbulent intensity in bot directions, especially at the wall.
Schematic illustration of system used Effect of Cε3 on the vertical profile of turbulence intensity and
comparison between simulation and experimental results
7. Copyright2013-2014
Need of Work/Objectives
Need for work:
1. The current work does provide method to analyze pneumatic conveying, but
requires high computational power.
2. CFD- DEM coupling is a powerful tool that still remains under-utilized in case of
pneumatic conveying, especially for dense phase pneumatic conveying.
Following are the objectives of my thesis:
1. Design, fabrication and installation of air flow meter in pneumatic conveying
setup for NTPC sponsored project
2. Characterisation of powder for DEM simulations.
3. Simulating the flow on DEM.
4. To validate simulation results against actual flow conditions.
8. Copyright2013-2014
Activities/Responsibilities in NTPC Project
S.No. Team Title Team Responsibility
1.
Finance, purchase & documentation
(Worked Initially)
• Processing all finance, purchase and bank docs.
• Chasing of suppliers to supply items
• Record of all approved drawings/documents.
2. Sight glass purchase (Complete) •Procurement of sight glass
3.
Instruments and data logger
(Ongoing)
• Delivery, unloading, installation, commissioning of complete data
logger and instrumentation system.
4.
Pneumatic conveying pressure and vacuum
system
(Not Started)
•Delivery, unloading, installation, commissioning of complete
pressure and vacuum stack system (feeder, receiver, bag filter).
5. Civil structure design (Worked Initially) •Design of complete civil structure
6.
Ash characterization and bench scale tests
(Not Started)
• Carry out experiments on weighing, oven/drying, ash
characterization
7.
Pneumatic conveying testing
(Not Started)
• Carry out vacuum conveying tests
• Carry out pressure conveying tests
8.
Ash transport pipes, fittings and auxiliary
connections/pipes/ fittings(Ongoing)
• Delivery, fabrication, unloading, installation, commissioning ash of
pipes, valves and brackets.
• Purchase, supply, installation of auxiliary pipes/valves/fittings,
including sight glass
9. Design and fabrication of orifice flow meters
(Ongoing)
• Design and fabrication of orifice flow meters
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ARRANGEMENT OF FLOW METERS
P&ID of Pressure Conveying System P&ID of Vacuum Conveying System
Schematic of Flow Measurement in Pressure Conveying System
Schematic of Flow Measurement in
Vacuum Conveying System
Conveying Air
Fluidization Air
0.02 – 0.06 kg/s
0.06 – 0.12 kg/s
0.12 – 0.20 kg/s
0.04 – 0.06 kg/s
0.06 – 0.12 kg/s
0.12 – 0.20 kg/s
Air
FilterNRV
NRV
Isolation
Valves
Isolation
Valves
Ball
Valves
Ball
Valves
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Current Work
IS 1239
SELECTION OF PIPE ID
Material Available:
• 2” Medium Grade Pipe (IS-1239)
• 2. 3” Light Grade Pipe (IS-1239)
For 2 Inch Pipe :
ODMAX = 60.8 mm
Thickness = 3.6 mm
IDMAX = ODMAX – 2 x Thickness
⇒ IDMAX = 53.6 mm
Therefore taking ID = 54 mm for all design calculations.
For 3 Inch Pipe :
ODMAX = 88.7 mm
Thickness = 3.2 mm
IDMAX = ODMAX – 2 x Thickness
⇒ IDMAX = 82.3 mm
Therefore taking ID = 83 mm for all design calculations.
The standards used in the design are :
•ISO 4006:1991
•BS ISO TR 3313:1998
•PD ISO/TR 9464:2008
•BS EN ISO 5167-1:2003
•BS EN ISO 5167-2:2003
Boring of pipe sections
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UPSTREAM & DOWNSTREAM LENGTHS
FLOW CONDITIONERS
IS 5167-2 specifies the minimum upstream and downstream
straight pipe distance for orifice meter.
Therefore,
(Ltotal)2Inch ≈ 88 x 54 = 4752 mm
(Ltotal)3Inch ≈ 88 x 83 = 7304 mm
These straight lengths were not possible in the designed lab layout.
Thus we decided to use a flow conditioner to reduce these lengths to acceptable levels.
44 ID 44 ID
Ltotal≈88 ID
Functions of flow conditioner are:
1. To shorten the straight pipe run
2. To restore distorted flow profile
3. To eliminate swirl
17 ID 17 ID
Ltotal≈34 ID
8.5 ID 8.5 ID
After using flow conditioner,
(Ltotal)2Inch ≈ 34 x 54 = 1836 mm
(Ltotal)3Inch ≈ 34 x 83 = 2822 mm
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ORIFICE PLATES
The size of orifice plates was selected from the catalogue
of standard orifice plates supplied by Rosemont.
Thus the following size were selected:
2” Orifice Meter : Dia = 107 mm
3” Orifice Meter : Dia = 142 mm
Material: 202 Stainless Steel
Thickness: The thickness is taken to be 3.2 mm for all the
plates.
The bore diameter of the various orifice plates were
calculated previously during the primary stage of design.
Range for plate minimum thickness
Reducing the thickness
Making plates circular from
square pieces
Sized orifice plates
Schematic of orifice plates
Rosenmount product data sheet
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Current Work
PRESSURE TAPPING
Types of Pressure Tappings:
1.Flange Tapping (Considered in ISO 5167)
2.Corner Tapping (Considered in ISO 5167)
3.D and D/2 Tapping (Considered in ISO 5167)
4.Vena Contracta Tapping (Not Considered in ISO 5167)
Allowable tolerance in Location of Tapping:
IDMIN = 54 mm (for 2” Orifice Meter)
∆lD = 0.1 D ≈ 0.1x54 mm = 5.4 mm
∆lD/2 = 0.01 D ≈ 0.01x54 mm = 0.54 mm
Schematic of flanged and D & D/2 tapping with tolerance
Schematic of carrier ring and corner tapping
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Current Work
PRESSURE TAPPING
Clause 5.2.2.7 of ISO 5167 states that :
“The diameter of pressure tappings shall be less
than 0,13D and less than 13 mm.”
Clause 5.2.2.8 of ISO 5167 states that :
“The pressure tappings shall be circular and
cylindrical over a length of at least 2,5 times the
internal diameter of the tapping, measured from the
inner wall of the pipeline.”
For Size and Height of Tapping :
IDMIN = 54 mm (for 2” Orifice Meter)
Dtapping = 0.13 x IDMIN = 0.13x54 mm = 7.02 mm
⇒ Dia of Pressure Tapping is taken as 5 mm for
all the pressure tappings.
Minimum Height of Tapping(Ht(min)) = 2.5 x Dtapping
⇒(Ht(min)) = 2.5x5 mm = 12.5 mm , Ht = 23 mm > 12.5 mm
The height of the tapping is dictated
by the height of the flange so that
during assembly the flange does not
interfere in fitting the transducer.
Making Tapping in Workshop
Schematic of pressure tapping
Tapping in making
Manufactured Product
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Current Work
JACK BOLTS
• Provision of 2 diametrically opposite Jack Bolts is
made, both the bolts are on the upstream flange
and the plane made by the axis of the bolts is
perpendicular to the plane of tapping.
• These bolts would prove to be instrumental in
opening the orifice flanges during service of the
orifice meters.
M10x1.75x75 BOLT
Jack Bolts Arrangement
FLANGE BOLTS
• The flange bolts are designed on the basis of
rubber gasket sealing pressure.
• The 2” and the 3” orifice meter flange have 4 and
8 bolts respectively.
• These bolts are GR8.8 Hex Bolt with 2H Heavy
Hex Nut, Length= 4 Inch , Dia = ½ Inch.
• The bolts are a little longer in length so that when
the plates are opened the flanges stay in
alignment.
Flange Bolts Arrangement
18. Copyright2013-2014
References
• Kuang, S.B., Li, K., Zou, R.P., Pan, R.H. and Yu, A.B., 2013. Application of periodic boundary
conditions to CFD-DEM simulation of gas–solid flow in pneumatic conveying. Chemical
Engineering Science, 93, pp.214-228.
• Ebrahimi, M. and Crapper, M., 2017. CFD–DEM simulation of turbulence modulation in
horizontal pneumatic conveying. Particuology, 31, pp.15-24.
• Sharma, K., Mallick, S.S., Mittal, A. and Pan, R., 2018. On developing improved modelling
for particle velocity and solids friction for fluidized dense-phase pneumatic transport
systems. Powder Technology, 332, pp.41-55.
• Setia, G., Mallick, S.S., Pan, R. and Wypych, P.W., 2016. Modeling solids friction factor for
fluidized dense-phase pneumatic transport of powders using two layer flow theory. Powder
Technology, 294, pp.80-92.
• Mallick, S.S. and Wypych, P.W., 2010. An investigation into modeling of solids friction for
dense-phase pneumatic conveying of powders. Particulate Science and Technology, 28(1),
pp.51-66.
• Mallick, S.S. and Wypych, P.W., 2011. On improving scale-up procedures for dense-phase
pneumatic conveying of powders. Particulate Science and Technology, 29(5), pp.407-427.
• Reader-Harris, M., 2015. Orifice Design. In Orifice Plates and Venturi Tubes (pp. 33-76).
Springer, Cham.
19. Copyright2013-2014
References
• ISO 4006:1991 : Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits -- Vocabulary and symbols
• BS ISO TR 3313:1998 : Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits — Guidelines on the
effects of flow pulsations on flow-measurement instruments
• PD ISO/TR 9464:2008 : Guidelines for the use of ISO 5167:2003
• BS EN ISO 5167-1:2003 : Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential
devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full — Part 1: General principles
and requirements
• BS EN ISO 5167-2:2003 : Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential
devices inserted in circular-cross section conduits running full — Part 2: Orifice plates
• Verma, C., Madan, S. and Hussain, A., 2016. Heavy metal contamination of groundwater
due to fly ash disposal of coal-fired thermal power plant, Parichha, Jhansi, India. Cogent
Engineering, 3(1), p.1179243.
• Coutant, C.C., Wasserman, C.S., Chung, M.S., Rubin, D.B. and Manning, M., 1978. Chemistry
and biological hazard of a coal ash seepage stream. Journal (Water Pollution Control
Federation), pp.747-753.
• Centeral Electricity Authority (2017). Report on Fly Ash Generation at Coal/Lignite Based
Thermal Power Stations and its Utilization in the Country for the year 2016-17.
• Norouzi, H.R., Zarghami, R., Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R. and Mostoufi, N., 2016. Coupled CFD-
DEM modeling: formulation, implementation and application to multiphase flows. John
Wiley & Sons.