This document discusses thermal modeling and analysis of steam turbine outlet nozzles. It begins by introducing steam turbines and their use in power generation. It then discusses different types of nozzles used in steam turbines, including convergent, divergent, and convergent-divergent nozzles. Solid particle erosion is identified as a key issue for nozzle performance. The document then describes modeling three nozzle shapes (Moore, Moses and Stein, and convergent-divergent) using CATIA software and analyzing them using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS Fluent to determine erosion rates, velocities, pressures, and temperatures. The CFD analysis found the convergent-divergent nozzle had the lowest erosion rate and highest
Circumferential lug for super critical boiler analytical design and computati...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper consist of design of a circumferential lug analytically using ASME Section II Part-d for Material properties and ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The configurations of the lug and the necessity of their configuration, the materials that can be
used and supporting computational results are included. Since the divisions of boilers cannot be kept in ground to avoid irregular
expansion. Lug should be perfect in width and thickness so that it will not leave the header from structure as well as lug should
not tear the circumferential material. Hence the analytical Lug which is designed with the formulas proposed is analysed in
software computationally and it is verified with stress intensity, von misses stress and also with different kind of principle stress
namely first second and third. The plots namely Lug Span Factor, Header Unit Hoop Stress, Stress Ratio for W/D , Reduction
Slope, Reduction applied to Lug Width Ratio (SR ) are also derived and plotted for future use.
Keywords: Super-critical boilers, Lug, SA properties and ASME CODES
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyOptimi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Circumferential lug for super critical boiler analytical design and computati...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper consist of design of a circumferential lug analytically using ASME Section II Part-d for Material properties and ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The configurations of the lug and the necessity of their configuration, the materials that can be
used and supporting computational results are included. Since the divisions of boilers cannot be kept in ground to avoid irregular
expansion. Lug should be perfect in width and thickness so that it will not leave the header from structure as well as lug should
not tear the circumferential material. Hence the analytical Lug which is designed with the formulas proposed is analysed in
software computationally and it is verified with stress intensity, von misses stress and also with different kind of principle stress
namely first second and third. The plots namely Lug Span Factor, Header Unit Hoop Stress, Stress Ratio for W/D , Reduction
Slope, Reduction applied to Lug Width Ratio (SR ) are also derived and plotted for future use.
Keywords: Super-critical boilers, Lug, SA properties and ASME CODES
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyOptimi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
CNC plasma cutter machine is a process that cuts through electrically conductive materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma. Typical materials cut with a plasma torch include steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass and copper, although other conductive metals may be cut as well. cnc plasma cutter machine is often used in fabrication shops, automotive repair and restoration, industrial construction, and salvage and scrapping operations. Due to the high speed and precision cuts combined with low cost, plasma cutting sees widespread use from large-scale industrial CNC applications down to small hobbyist shops.
A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to reduce the amplitude of damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy which helps in improved ride quality, and increase in comfort. Substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances that effected while travelling over rough ground. The aim of the current work is to analyse by considering load acting on the single shock absorber spring. Structural analysis is done to validate the strength while load acting on the spring. Comparison is done analytically for different materials, diameter of wires and number of coils to get the design of spring in shock absorber. The experimental results are compared with virtual results. From this work the design of the spring can be modified within standards.
Developing an Auto Sizing System for Vertical Honing Machinepaperpublications3
Abstract:Honing is an internal cutting technique that uses abrasives on a rotating tool to produce extremely accurate holes that require a very smooth finish. Similar to lapping where abrasive sticks are mounted in a rotating tool. Auto sizing means inspecting the dimension of work piece while machining itself. It avoids unnecessary time and manpower used in inspection process. It helps in getting high productivity.In this project work, an attempt has been made to build an autosizing system using pressure cell and microcontroller. An experiment has been conducted by using two stage air compressor, air gauge, ADC, microcontroller, honing head etc., to study the variations of pressure, voltage verses clearance of work piece and depth micrometer.
Keywords:Honing head, Pressure cell, 8051 Microcontroller.
Welded joints are used for construction of many structures.In this investigation vibratory stress was
applied to mild steel specimens while they were being welded to observe its effect on the residual stress
microstructure and hardness of the material. Residual stresses were found to decrease in response to vibration
whether it was applied during welding or after weldingWelding is a joining or repair process which induces high
residual stress field which combines with stresses resulting from in-service loads strongly influencing in-service
behavior of welded components. When compared with stresses due to service loads tensile residual stress reduces
crack initiation life accelerates growth rate of pre-existing or service-induced defects and increases the
susceptibility of structure to failure by fracture. Also welding residual stresses are formed in a structure as a result
of differential contractions which occur as the weld metal solidifies and cools to ambient temperature. Previously
some of the methods like heat treatment and peening kind techniques were used for reduction of residual stress.
However those methods need special equipment and are time consuming. In this we are proposing a new method
for reduction of residual stress using vibration during welding. For this Mechanical vibrations will be used as
vibration load for Mild steel butt welded joints
Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic Nozzle and Impuls...IJMTST Journal
In this paper, CFD analysis of flow within, Convergent – Divergent rectangular super sonic nozzle and super sonic impulse turbine with partial admission have been performed. The analysis has been performed according to shape of a super sonic nozzle and length of axial clearance and the objective is to investigate the effect of nozzle-rotor interaction on turbine’s performance. It is found that nozzle-rotor interaction losses are largely dependent on axial clearance, which affects the flow within nozzle and the extent of flow expansion. Therefore selecting appropriate length of axial clearance can decrease nozzle-rotor interaction losses. The work is carried in two stages:1) Modeling and analysis of flow for rectangular convergent divergent super sonic nozzle. 2) Prediction of optimal axial gap between the nozzle and rotor blades by allowing the above nozzle flow. In the present work, using a finite volume commercial code, ANSYS FLUENT 14.5, carries out flow through the convergent divergent nozzle study. The nozzle geometry is modeled and grid is generated using ANSYS14.5 Software. Computational results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
CNC plasma cutter machine is a process that cuts through electrically conductive materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma. Typical materials cut with a plasma torch include steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass and copper, although other conductive metals may be cut as well. cnc plasma cutter machine is often used in fabrication shops, automotive repair and restoration, industrial construction, and salvage and scrapping operations. Due to the high speed and precision cuts combined with low cost, plasma cutting sees widespread use from large-scale industrial CNC applications down to small hobbyist shops.
A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to reduce the amplitude of damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy which helps in improved ride quality, and increase in comfort. Substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances that effected while travelling over rough ground. The aim of the current work is to analyse by considering load acting on the single shock absorber spring. Structural analysis is done to validate the strength while load acting on the spring. Comparison is done analytically for different materials, diameter of wires and number of coils to get the design of spring in shock absorber. The experimental results are compared with virtual results. From this work the design of the spring can be modified within standards.
Developing an Auto Sizing System for Vertical Honing Machinepaperpublications3
Abstract:Honing is an internal cutting technique that uses abrasives on a rotating tool to produce extremely accurate holes that require a very smooth finish. Similar to lapping where abrasive sticks are mounted in a rotating tool. Auto sizing means inspecting the dimension of work piece while machining itself. It avoids unnecessary time and manpower used in inspection process. It helps in getting high productivity.In this project work, an attempt has been made to build an autosizing system using pressure cell and microcontroller. An experiment has been conducted by using two stage air compressor, air gauge, ADC, microcontroller, honing head etc., to study the variations of pressure, voltage verses clearance of work piece and depth micrometer.
Keywords:Honing head, Pressure cell, 8051 Microcontroller.
Welded joints are used for construction of many structures.In this investigation vibratory stress was
applied to mild steel specimens while they were being welded to observe its effect on the residual stress
microstructure and hardness of the material. Residual stresses were found to decrease in response to vibration
whether it was applied during welding or after weldingWelding is a joining or repair process which induces high
residual stress field which combines with stresses resulting from in-service loads strongly influencing in-service
behavior of welded components. When compared with stresses due to service loads tensile residual stress reduces
crack initiation life accelerates growth rate of pre-existing or service-induced defects and increases the
susceptibility of structure to failure by fracture. Also welding residual stresses are formed in a structure as a result
of differential contractions which occur as the weld metal solidifies and cools to ambient temperature. Previously
some of the methods like heat treatment and peening kind techniques were used for reduction of residual stress.
However those methods need special equipment and are time consuming. In this we are proposing a new method
for reduction of residual stress using vibration during welding. For this Mechanical vibrations will be used as
vibration load for Mild steel butt welded joints
Computational Estimation of Flow through the C-D Supersonic Nozzle and Impuls...IJMTST Journal
In this paper, CFD analysis of flow within, Convergent – Divergent rectangular super sonic nozzle and super sonic impulse turbine with partial admission have been performed. The analysis has been performed according to shape of a super sonic nozzle and length of axial clearance and the objective is to investigate the effect of nozzle-rotor interaction on turbine’s performance. It is found that nozzle-rotor interaction losses are largely dependent on axial clearance, which affects the flow within nozzle and the extent of flow expansion. Therefore selecting appropriate length of axial clearance can decrease nozzle-rotor interaction losses. The work is carried in two stages:1) Modeling and analysis of flow for rectangular convergent divergent super sonic nozzle. 2) Prediction of optimal axial gap between the nozzle and rotor blades by allowing the above nozzle flow. In the present work, using a finite volume commercial code, ANSYS FLUENT 14.5, carries out flow through the convergent divergent nozzle study. The nozzle geometry is modeled and grid is generated using ANSYS14.5 Software. Computational results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Numerical analysis for two phase flow distribution headers in heat exchangerseSAT Journals
Abstract A flow header having number of multiple small branch pipes are commonly used in heat exchangers and boilers. In beginning the headers were designed based on the assumption that the fluid distribute equally to all lateral pipes. In practical situation the flow is not uniform and equal in all lateral pipes. Mal distribution of flow in heat exchangers significantly affects their performance. Non-uniform flow distribution from header to the branch pipes in a flow system will lead to 25% decrease in effectiveness of a cross flow heat exchanger. Mal distribution of flow in the header is influenced by the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the header. In this work the flow distribution among the branch pipes of dividing flow header system is analyzed for two phase flow condition. In the two phase flow condition, the effect of change in geometric cross sectional shape of the header (circular, square), inlet flow velocities are varied to find the flow mal distribution through the lateral pipes are investigated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Keywords: circular, square headers and Computational Fluid Dynamics software. (CFD)
Numerical simulation and optimization of high performance supersonic nozzle a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Principle purpose of a nozzle is to accelerate the flow to higher exit velocities. The fluid acceleration is based on the design criteria and characteristics. To achieve good performance characteristics with minimum energy losses a nozzle must satisfy all the design requirements at all operating conditions. This is possible only when the nozzle theory is assumed to be isentropic irrespective of the changes in pressure, temperature and density which is generally caused due to formation of a Shock Wave. The thesis focuses on the design, development and optimization of a Supersonic Convergent-Divergent Nozzle where the analytical results are validated using theory calculations. The simulation work is carried out for CD Nozzles with different angles of divergence keeping the other inputs fixed. The objective of the proposed thesis is to show the best Expansion ratio, Nozzle Pressure ratio (NPR) and Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR) where the thrust obtained by the supersonic nozzle is maximum. The simulation is then repeated for expansion gas the results of which are later compared with standard air to show which possesses better performance characteristics. The Nozzle design chosen is based upon existing literature studies. Key Words: CD Nozzle, Expansion Ratio, Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), Nozzle Area Ratio(NAR),Divergence Angle etc…
Study of the existing design of impeller of 4 submersible pump and improving ...IAEME Publication
“Harson Pumps and Motors” a company that manufactures high quality submersible pumps of various sizes and capacity. This project deals with the modification in the existing design of
radial flow impeller made out of plastic material in many cases may be called rotor.
Similar to IRJET-Thermal Modeling and Analysis of High Pressure Steam Turbine Outlet Nozzle (20)
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.