This document summarizes research into applying zebra stripe patterns to dissipate heat from electronic equipment. It first discusses how the stripes of zebras help them regulate their temperature via conveying heat. Current methods for cooling electronics like heat sinks and fans are introduced. An experiment is described where metal plates painted different colors (black, white, zebra pattern) are heated and their temperatures measured. The literature gap identified is that no previous work has tested if zebra patterns or colors could improve heat dissipation from electronics. The experiment aims to provide evidence for this application of zebra patterning.
Micromachining technologies for future productsvivatechijri
: Miniaturization is proceeding in various types of industrial products. Micromachining is the
foundation of the technology to realize such miniaturized products. A review of the literature, mostly of last
10years, that is enhancing our understanding of the mechanics of the rapidly growing field of micromachining
has been provided. The paper focuses only on methods of micromachining process along with applications of
major methods of micromachining.this paper gives you idea of current scenario of micromachining market of
world along with its benefits and challenges
Induction heating is a combination of electromagnetic induction, skin effect, and the principle of thermal transfer. Induction heating refers to the generation of heat energy by the current and Eddy current created on the surface of a conductive object when it is placed in the magnetic field, formed around a coil, where the AC current flows through.
Introduction to induction heating by stead fast engineers pvt ltdsteadfast123
Introduction to induction heating by stead fast engineers pvt ltd, find here Induction Furnace manufacturers,
Induction heater manufacturers,
Induction Billet heater Manufacturers,
Induction Melting furnace manufacturers,
Induction Furnace Manufacturers in India,
Induction Billet heater manufacturers in India,
Induction heating system,
Induction Melting Furnace for your sourcing needs.
Micromachining technologies for future productsvivatechijri
: Miniaturization is proceeding in various types of industrial products. Micromachining is the
foundation of the technology to realize such miniaturized products. A review of the literature, mostly of last
10years, that is enhancing our understanding of the mechanics of the rapidly growing field of micromachining
has been provided. The paper focuses only on methods of micromachining process along with applications of
major methods of micromachining.this paper gives you idea of current scenario of micromachining market of
world along with its benefits and challenges
Induction heating is a combination of electromagnetic induction, skin effect, and the principle of thermal transfer. Induction heating refers to the generation of heat energy by the current and Eddy current created on the surface of a conductive object when it is placed in the magnetic field, formed around a coil, where the AC current flows through.
Introduction to induction heating by stead fast engineers pvt ltdsteadfast123
Introduction to induction heating by stead fast engineers pvt ltd, find here Induction Furnace manufacturers,
Induction heater manufacturers,
Induction Billet heater Manufacturers,
Induction Melting furnace manufacturers,
Induction Furnace Manufacturers in India,
Induction Billet heater manufacturers in India,
Induction heating system,
Induction Melting Furnace for your sourcing needs.
Learn about induction heating and all of its benefits by reading this informational document from Ambrell -- An Ameritherm Company. Visit www.ambrell.com for more information.
Introduction to high frequency induction heating by stead fast engineers pvt ltdsteadfast123
Introduction to High Frequency Induction Heating by Stead Fast Engineers Pvt Ltd.find here Induction Furnace manufacturers,
Induction heater manufacturers,
Induction Billet heater Manufacturers,
Induction Melting furnace manufacturers,
Induction Furnace Manufacturers in India,
Induction Billet heater manufacturers in India,
Induction heating system,
Induction Melting Furnace for your sourcing needs.
2 Fluxtrol Sample Induction Heating InstallationsFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Typical Induction Installation,
Review of Various Induction Machine Types, Block Diagrams of Process and Equipment Required, Generators, Frequesncy Variations, and more.
Infrared thermography (IR/T) as a condition monitoring technique is used to remotely gather thermal information for monitoring the condition of virtually all of the electrical components on an entire system and from generation to end user. When equipments operating under regular conditions, has a normal operating thermal signature which is typical of the specific component being inspected. Infrared thermography presents this normal signature or baseline to us. Once the baseline is established, IR/T will reveal the thermal variances deviating from the norm this localized thermal deviation can either be caused by an overheated condition or absence of heat. The information is reviewed and decisions are made for repair or to plot the temperature change over time and repair the component at a more opportune time. The information can be stored and fully analyzed at a later date providing complete computer aided predictive maintenance capabilities and trending.
A systematic procedure for the use of state feedback and output feedback to control
Induction motor is studied. The impact of which is to explore the advantages of feedback control
assuming that all the state variables are measurable. Feedback control is capable of being used for
asymptotic stability of the desired operating condition, for any load torque and for any initial
condition. A suitable model enables motor faults to be simulated and the change in corresponding
parameters to be predicted without physical experimentation. This project presents a
mathematical foundation and theoretical analysis of modeling and applications of induction
machines. A three-phase induction motor is simulated with fundamental equations. The
simulations results are presented for understanding purpose.
Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have been identified as one of the most promising technologies and will continue to revolutionize the industry as well as the industrial and consumer products by combining silicon-based microelectronics with micro-machining technology. All the spheres of industrial application including robots conception and development will be impacted by this new technology. If semiconductor microfabrication was contemplated to be the first micro-manufacturing revolution, MEMS is the second revolution. The paper reflects the results of a study about the state of the art of this technology and its future influence in the development of the construction industry. The interdisciplinary nature of MEMS utilizes design, engineering and manufacturing expertise from a wide and diverse range of technical areas including integrated circuit fabrication technology, mechanical engineering, materials science, electrical engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, as well as fluid engineering, optics, instrumentation and packaging.
Learn about induction heating and all of its benefits by reading this informational document from Ambrell -- An Ameritherm Company. Visit www.ambrell.com for more information.
Introduction to high frequency induction heating by stead fast engineers pvt ltdsteadfast123
Introduction to High Frequency Induction Heating by Stead Fast Engineers Pvt Ltd.find here Induction Furnace manufacturers,
Induction heater manufacturers,
Induction Billet heater Manufacturers,
Induction Melting furnace manufacturers,
Induction Furnace Manufacturers in India,
Induction Billet heater manufacturers in India,
Induction heating system,
Induction Melting Furnace for your sourcing needs.
2 Fluxtrol Sample Induction Heating InstallationsFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Typical Induction Installation,
Review of Various Induction Machine Types, Block Diagrams of Process and Equipment Required, Generators, Frequesncy Variations, and more.
Infrared thermography (IR/T) as a condition monitoring technique is used to remotely gather thermal information for monitoring the condition of virtually all of the electrical components on an entire system and from generation to end user. When equipments operating under regular conditions, has a normal operating thermal signature which is typical of the specific component being inspected. Infrared thermography presents this normal signature or baseline to us. Once the baseline is established, IR/T will reveal the thermal variances deviating from the norm this localized thermal deviation can either be caused by an overheated condition or absence of heat. The information is reviewed and decisions are made for repair or to plot the temperature change over time and repair the component at a more opportune time. The information can be stored and fully analyzed at a later date providing complete computer aided predictive maintenance capabilities and trending.
A systematic procedure for the use of state feedback and output feedback to control
Induction motor is studied. The impact of which is to explore the advantages of feedback control
assuming that all the state variables are measurable. Feedback control is capable of being used for
asymptotic stability of the desired operating condition, for any load torque and for any initial
condition. A suitable model enables motor faults to be simulated and the change in corresponding
parameters to be predicted without physical experimentation. This project presents a
mathematical foundation and theoretical analysis of modeling and applications of induction
machines. A three-phase induction motor is simulated with fundamental equations. The
simulations results are presented for understanding purpose.
Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have been identified as one of the most promising technologies and will continue to revolutionize the industry as well as the industrial and consumer products by combining silicon-based microelectronics with micro-machining technology. All the spheres of industrial application including robots conception and development will be impacted by this new technology. If semiconductor microfabrication was contemplated to be the first micro-manufacturing revolution, MEMS is the second revolution. The paper reflects the results of a study about the state of the art of this technology and its future influence in the development of the construction industry. The interdisciplinary nature of MEMS utilizes design, engineering and manufacturing expertise from a wide and diverse range of technical areas including integrated circuit fabrication technology, mechanical engineering, materials science, electrical engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, as well as fluid engineering, optics, instrumentation and packaging.
Piezoelectricity is not a new concept but its application in recent instrumentation and daily life field is noticeable. i have prepared this report for enhancing and making the new technologies and applications about piezoelectronics known among readers. Don't forget to give feedback
In an age where every teeny tiny bit of electricity is valued, conservation is much talked about, can piezoelectricity be the messiah to ease the burden off the conventional energy sources?
Who says it cannot?
--
Presentation as a part of seminar coursework.
Abstract To develop a home heating system with high efficiency, the outdoor temperature is not the only parameter to be considered but also disturbances such as ventilation, door/window openings and personal lifestyle. The aim of the project is to develop the home heating system which adapts itself to changing customer demands using fuzzy logic. The energy consumption and the outdoor temperature of the house were monitored over a period of one year to produce the data required to program the fuzzy controller and thereby the appropriate set temperature will be determined. When load disturbances such as door/window openings are given, there is an increase in the energy required by the heater. This additional energy is obtained as an output from the fuzzy controller and given to the heating system. The design, optimization and implementation of the fuzzy controller are supported by LabVIEW software
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The design of a signal conditioning & acquisition elements of a chopped b...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the design of signal conditioning and acquisition elements of a chopped broadband radiation pyrometer. This instrument is capable of measuring temperature between 900oC and 1200oC. This work aims at solving the problem of measuring hot objects with a thermometer. The radiation pyrometer is a non-contact temperature sensor that infers the temperature of an object by detecting its naturally emitted thermal radiation. It collects the visible and infrared energy and focuses it on a detector. The detector used in this device is a thermal sensor. It receives heat energy reflected from a mirror inclined at 45o to the incident signal from the hot object. The design achieved the following: temperature range measured, from 900℃ to 1200℃; the calibrated instrument is fairly linear with a tolerable non-linearity of 3.6%, with the sensitivity of 0.014푉℃−1; the resolution was quite very small as such it can easily detect the slightest change at its input; the rotating shutter was configured to supply the chopped signal; it operates at a frequency of 50Hz that is lower than the system frequency of 200Hz; the data acquisition system was able to capture data at a periodic time of 0.02 second and below, the system operates within the specified sampling range thus, satisfying Nyquist criteria. The signal so received by the detector is translated to a human readable form and sent to a display. Keywords:- Broadband Radiation Pyrometer, Temperature Sensor, Instrument, Chopped and Detector.
The climatic conditions are changing with the era to era. Nowadays, to the people climatic conditions are
very annoying and unusual. Throughout the history of human beings, temperature related inconveniences such as
heat stroke, heat rash, frostbite, dehydration, hypothermia, etc. are the major problems and one cannot escape
from these problems. Some of these conditions are led to unfortunate deaths of people. Some technological solutions
made to keep people thermally comfortable such as air conditioning units, are most successful in helping
people in their homes & in cars etc. but not in personal mobility situations. If one wants to move in such type of
climatic conditions, climate adaptable jacket is a very beneficial product. This jacket can naturally keep up the
specific temperature inside the jacket, so as to reduce the temperature; it initiates the fan that is placed inside the
jacket. The design of this jacket gives better protection to the soldiers & navy people who are working in extreme
weather conditions. This jacket allows the user to control and monitor the internal temperature of the jacket
from high to low temperatures, with the use of the thermoelectric effect and displays the results in both GPS &
GSM Modules.
ARM Based Climate Controlled Wearable JacketIJTET Journal
Thermo-electric (TE) technology is used in both electricity generation and air-conditioning. The Thermo-electric coolers(TEC) uses Peltier effect which converts the electrical energy applied from the ends of the Thermo-electric module into the temperature difference. The main objective of the work is to design a highly reliable and wearable jacket that controls extreme temperatures say working in thermal power plants, within the jacket. The extreme temperatures can be monitored using temperature sensors placed on both sides of the Thermo-electric cooler module and controlled using ARM LPC2148 Microcontroller. In Industries, this jacket provides a more practical and safer solutions for human working under extreme temperatures. Furthermore, this jacket can also be applied as a good warmer one for human beings working in cold regions(say Polar regions).
The present trend in the electronic packaging industry is to reduce the size and increase the performance of the equipment. As the power of these systems increases and the volume allowed diminishes, heat flux or density is spiraled. The cooling of modern electronic components is one of the prime areas for the application of thermal control techniques. Of the many thermal-cooling techniques, forced air-cooling being one such extensively used technique due to its simple design and easy availability of air. The present study is to design an air cooled high power electronic system to dissipate heat from selected electronic components.
Design and optimization of cost-effective coldproof portable enclosures for p...IJECEIAES
Based on the International Electrotechnical Commission standards, the electronic devices in the industrial class (e.g., integrated circuits or batteries) can only operate at the ambient temperature between -40°C and 85°C. For the human-involved regions in Alaska, Northern Canada, and Antarctica, extreme cold condition as low as -55°C might affect sensing electronic devices utilized in the scientific or industrial applications. In this paper, we propose a design and optimization methodology for the selfheating portable enclosures, which can warm up the inner space from -55°C for encasing the low-cost industrial-class electronic devices instead of expensive military-class ones to work reliably within their allowed operating temperature limit. Among the other options, ceramic thermal resistors are selected as the heating elements inside the enclosure. The placement of the thermal resistors is studied with the aid of thermal modelling for the single heating device by using the curve fitting technique to achieve uniform temperature distribution within the enclosure. To maintain the inner temperature above -40°C but with the least power consumption from the thermal resistors, we have developed a control system based on the fuzzy logic controller. For validation, we have utilized COMSOL Multiphysics software and then one prototyped enclosure along with the fuzzy control system. Our experimental measurement exhibits its efficacy compared to the other design options.
Selection procedure for air filter used in automobile enginesSumit Dharmarao
This paper concentrates idea about importance of air filter in automobile engines, its influence on engine performance. Paper also deals with general guidelines and procedure for selection of air filter in automobile. Air filter can be defined as fibrous material device used to remove unwanted subtended particles from air like dirt, dust, pollen & many other undesired things. Many times, it may contain chemical agents like Absorbent or catalysts to improve air quality eliminate odors and active gaseous.
Design of solar drier for rice at karjat, raigad, maharashtraSumit Dharmarao
This paper deals with current practices of drying
agricultural products in most of developing nations
like India. It also try to coin the concept of utilization
of Solar dryer at farm side. In a developing country like
India, having the second largest population and
agriculture as the source of income to nearly 60 % of
the total population, post-harvest and storage loss is a
major quandary, which needs to be addressed in due
diligence. Many food preservation techniques like cold
storage, drying, etc., have been evolved out over the
years to tackle the above losses. The major constraint
is that almost all the technologies are utilizing fossil
fuel resources, which are depleting very fast and wise
use of these precious resources are preferred for longterm
energy sustainability. Therefore, sustainable
methods for food preservation are the need of the
hour. Solar drying is one of the best choices in this
context. The effect of temperature to moisture
contents against time and rate of drying are studied &
discussed in this paper.
Experimental analysis of various pcs by spark testingSumit Dharmarao
Knowledge of material properties, production
methods and manufacturing processes are each
important subject in the material science discipline.
Material testing methods are standardized by several
organizations, such as ASTM, ISO, ASM and DIN etc.
Materials are tested and their mechanical properties
are tabulated in handbooks. This project will explain a
study conducted on how a certain number of carbon
steels might be identified through the observation of
the sparks projected when a specimen is held against a
grinding wheel. There are many factors that can
change the spark patterns that are projected, but the
main goal of this project is to attempt to standardize a
method of spark testing and how it is performed. The
study was conducted on six different grades of carbon
steels that are commonly used in manufacturing
processes. A reference manual was created from the
experimental data cataloguing the spark pictures. This
manual can be used by students and potentially by
machine shops to identify samples of the included
materials. This can lead to significant savings for
machine shops by using a relatively easy, user friendly
method, to identify unknown stock sitting around in
the shop
Design of concentric solar water distillator.Sumit Dharmarao
Distillation is one of many processes available for water purification, and sunlight has heat energy that can be used to power that process. Sunlight has advantage of zero fuel cost but it available in attuned format so requires larger collector areas i.e. absorber surfaces due to this it becomes costlier equipment. It is misnomer that for distillation we need to boil water actually simply elevating its temperature, short of boiling will adequately increase the evaporation rate. In fact, although vigorous boiling hastens the distillation process it also can force unwanted residue into the distillate, defeating purification. To boil water with sunlight requires more costly apparatus than is needed to distill it little more slowly without boiling. Different levels of purification can be achieved with this equipment which can be used for sterilized water for medical uses. Purification of heavy water in dissolved salts differs from purification of water that has been dirtied by other chemicals processes.
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
Development of low cost dust collector for textile industrySumit Dharmarao
Cotton dust in the work place is major problem in cotton textile industries. This problem is more
severe in spinning section. Dust consists of small and microscopic particles of various substances
which are present as suspended particles in air. These particles are harmful to human health.
Because of this various diseases are occurred like shortness of breath, cough, and lungs cancer.
Various aspects of health hazards in textile industries have been discussed and measure hazards
is lungs cancer to reduce this health hazards is lungs cancer our dust collector is helpful.
Design of air preheater for solar dryer for drying cerealsSumit Dharmarao
This paper explains about various factors which are to be considering while designing solar
dryer for agriculture products. It includes the major parts like air pre heater, air duct, and
cabin for keeping agricultural products. Out of these parts of air pre heater is important as
solar energy is available in attuned form & we have to concentrate it with help of solar
collectors. In collectors absorber plates are made up of good thermal conductor like copper,
aluminium so the plate is get heated due to solar radiation & hence air is heated by the
convection process by forcing the air to flow over absorber plate & this heated air is directed
towards the cabin through ducts. After that heated air is made to flow over agricultural
products specially cereals lying in the cabin which is a closed space having number of trays
placed in vertical shell with suitable distance & heated air takes away moisture present in it.
Solar assisted dryer for municipal solid wasteSumit Dharmarao
Urban India generates 188,500 tons per day (68.8 million tons per year) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day. Improper solid waste management deteriorates public health, degrades quality of life, and pollutes local air, water and land resources. It also causes global warming and climate change and impacts the entire planet. Improper waste management is also identified as a cause of 22 human diseases and results in numerous premature deaths every year. The composition of urban MSW in India is 51% organics, 17.5% recyclables (paper, plastic, metal, and glass) and 31 % of inerts. The moisture content of urban MSW is 47% and the average calorific value is 7.3 MJ/kg (1745 kcal/kg). The composition of MSW in the North, East, South and Western regions of the country varied between 50-57% of organics, 16-19% of recyclables, 28-31% of inerts and 45-51% of moisture. The calorific value of the waste varied between 6.8-9.8 MJ/kg (1,620-2,340 kcal/kg). Currently, there is no system or mechanism exists to dry the municipal solid waste. In this research work such system can be designed and developed which will dry the municipal solid waste and remove the odor from it. Dried municipal solid waste can be further used as fuel for boiler.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
Ideal for homeowners, tech enthusiasts, and industry professionals, this presentation provides valuable insights into the trends, benefits, and future developments in smart garage technology. Stay ahead of the curve with our expert analysis and practical tips on implementing smart garage solutions.
Top Israeli Products and Brands - Plan it israel.pdf
An introduction to application of zebra pattern for dissipation of heat in electronic equipments by sumit s dharmarao
1. International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
ISSN (Print) : 2321-5747, Volume-4, Issue-1,2016
20
An Introduction to application of zebra pattern for dissipation of heat
in electronic equipments
1
Sumit S. Dharmarao, 2
Priyanka P. Jadhav, 3
Anjana M Kamble
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat, India
2
Electronics & Telecom Dept. Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engg, Karjat, India
3
Production Engg Dept. Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engg, Karjat, India
Abstract— This paper helps to correlate unique
characteristics of special animals with the science involved
in it and applying the same principles to solve our technical
problems for better performance of machines & that too at
low cost. This paper focuses at stripes of zebra, scientific
cause of it & checking the possibility for application of
zebra pattern for better dissipation of heat generated
within electronic equipments which results in satisfactory
output of machines & equipments.
Keywords— zebra; stripes; ecology; convective heat
transfer; Electronic Equipment; Thermal Design
I. INTRODUCTION
We human beings always fascinate towards the different
things in nature. By studying those things we understand
the logic & science behind it & we modify this science
and apply to fulfill our requirements .The act of
applying the science for sake of humanity & nature is
called as Engineering. We always fascinates about the
special animals which are different than others like
zebra. They found in particular region of world. They
have attracting combination of black & white stripes on
their body. As an Design Engineer & curious person I
started thinking why zebras having stripes & further I
correlate various answers of this question to technical
cases where generation of heat is undesirable. Various
reasons suggested by scientists are social bonding or
cohesion, predation evasion avoidance of biting of files,
thermoregulation. Study shows that the zebra striping
patterns varies regionally from heavy black stripe
coverage to lighter, thinner stripes in other. In contrast
recent findings the evidence found to which shows
stripes are for escaping from predators or avoid biting of
flies. Temperature successfully predicts a reasonable
pattern variation in various paths of Africa. Another
study shows that leopard may not be able to change
spots but some zebras change these stripes. Zebras in
warmer places have more stripes. It is found that
temperature is the significant predictor for zebra stripe
pattern across the entire region of Africa. The stripe
characteristics are more readily explained by
environmental variation in stripe thickness on forelegs &
hind legs, number of stripes on torso. Two
environmental variables which are involved with stripes
variation are related to thermoregulations and further
study reveals that stripes gives rise to differential air
currents that produce cooling effect.[1] In today’s
technical era we hugely rely on computers & other
automatic devices to perform critical tasks for us. It may
be complex calculations of aerospace or any mechanical
design problem, storing of giant data, it also helpful in
manipulation of critical signals and giving commands to
machines for critical and accurate machining. Now-a-
days it also plays an important role in security of nation
& in medical sector. All this advancement is due to
multidisciplinary efforts i.e. merging of two streams like
Mechanical and Electronics.[2] Take a good look at your
day and we will find quite a number of gadgets,
machines and appliances that in one way have electronic
parts in them. We are awakened by our electronic time
clock in order that we won't be late for our work. We
hurriedly heat our left over from last night on our
microwave oven for our breakfast. Since we still have
some time, we eat breakfast while we turn on our
television to watch the morning news. After which we
gather the things we need to bring with it and we open
our PDA to check on our daily schedule. We get our car
keys and we drive in our car to work. On the way to the
office we listen to some music by turning on the radio or
putting on our favorite CD on We CD player. If we are
the more technological driven type we bring along with
We an MP3 player or an IPod. We get to our building
and take a ride on the elevator while receiving a very
important client call on our mobile phone. We get to our
office and we turn on our computer to check our email
as well as to make our report for that afternoon's
meeting. From these set of activities alone, one can see
how electronics play a special and helpful role in our
lives. All these electronic devices have limited operating
capabilities. Reliable & satisfactory use of devices
depends on circuit conditions imposed on them. To
achieve this device must be surrounded by components
chosen to protect against the extreme conditions. If
extreme conditions of parameters like voltage, current,
temperature are violated then it results in degraded
2. International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
ISSN (Print) : 2321-5747, Volume-4, Issue-1,2016
21
performance or destroyed permanently. [3] It is a type of
converter which converts AC to DC, when compared
with normal converters SCR controls output DC voltage
by applying gate pulse. Thereby power consumption
will be less. When forward voltage reaches the threshold
voltage (break over voltage) thyristor starts conducting
and gate loses its control i.e. remains in ON state. When
latching current reduces below holding current, SCR
turns OFF.
Fig. 01 SCR switching device
Electronics operate when current flows through their
circuitry. How much current is dependent on the
resistance of the wires and voltage source we are using
(the relationship is V=IR, I is current, V is voltage, and
R is resistance). Resistance is temperature dependent,
the colder the object is the less resistance it has. Power
follows the equation P=IV, so, if the temperature drops
then so does the required voltage which means we could
use less power to run our electronics. We are going to
see thermal effects on SCR (Silicon controlled Rectifier)
and how can we minimize it? Basically SCR is a power
controlled device. The SCR has two states, ON or OFF,
and it allows current to flow in only one direction. SCR's
can remain in the off state even though the applied
potential may be several thousand volts. In the on state,
they can pass several thousand amperes. When a small
signal is applied between the gate and cathode terminals,
the SCR will begin conducting within 3 microseconds.
Once turned on, it will remain on until the current
through it is reduced to a very low value, called the
holding current. Silicon shows a peculiar profile, in that
its electrical resistance increases with temperature up to
about 160 °C, then starts decreasing, and drops further
when the melting point is reached. This can lead to
thermal runaway phenomena within internal regions of
the semiconductor junction; the resistance decreases in
the regions which become heated above this threshold,
allowing more current to flow through the overheated
regions, in turn causing yet more heating in comparison
with the surrounding regions, which leads to further
temperature increase and resistance decrease. SCR's
emit about 1.5 watt's of energy in the form of heat, per
ampere conducted. Failure to dissipate this energy is
perhaps one of the main sources of SCR failure. The
reliability of SCR's decreases about 50% for every 10°C
increase of semiconductor temperature. Other critical
parameters such as the dv/dt rating and the blocking
voltage rating also decrease rapidly with temperature.
The heat generated by the SCR must be dissipated, thus,
all controllers have some means to cool the SCR's.
Typically an aluminum heat sink, with fins to increase
the surface area, is used to dissipate this energy to air.
Controllers with relatively small current capacities rely
on natural convection. Higher current capacity
controllers use a fan to force air past the fins in order to
increase heat dissipation .Occasionally, water cooled
heat sinks are used on SCR controllers with very high
current ratings. A case study carried out by one of the
reputed service providing industry at well known bank
shows that failure of electronic equipments at data centre
due to raise in temperature which results in three days
without ATM service in whole Indian Subcontinent. [4]
The delicate electronic device should protect against the
extreme conditions for satisfactory operation so that it
faithfully adheres to the specified characteristics
provided by manufacturing. Power dissipation in
electrical components raises the internal temperature and
affects performance and reliability. High internal
temperature may be detrimental to the physical structure
of the component in designing of small size light weight
electronic systems, removal of heat and control of
internal temperature profile are very important
considerations. [3]
II. PRESENT THEORIES AND PRACTICES
Power losses in devices appear in form of heat.
Accumulation of hear energy increases temperature of
internal structure of devices. Heat must be removed by
transferring it to surroundings. Three modes of heat
transfer are A. conduction – A mode of heat transfer in
which heat is transferred from one molecule to another
without appreciable movement of molecules. B.
Convection – A mode of heat transfer in which actual
movement of molecule takes place. C. Radiation – A
mode of heat transfer in which electromagnetic emission
works as energy carrier. [5] The heat transfer in
electronic system is dominated by conduction &
convection processes.[3] presently there are following
methods to dissipate heat in electronic devices
A. Heat sink
Heat sinks are widely used in electronics, and almost
essential to modern central processing units. Generally it
is a metal object brought into contact with an electronic
component’s hot surface — though in most cases, a thin
thermal interface material mediates between the two
surfaces. Microprocessors and power handling
semiconductors are examples of electronics that need a
heat sink to reduce their temperature through increased
thermal mass and heat dissipation primarily by
conduction and convection and to a lesser extent by
radiation. Heat sinks have become essential to modern
integrated circuits like microprocessors. A heat sink
usually consists of a metal structure with one or more
flat surfaces to ensure good thermal contact with the
components to be cooled, and an array of comb or fins
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to increase the surface contact with the air, and thus the
rate of heat dissipation. A heat sink is commonly used
along with fan to increase airflow rate over the heat sink.
This maintains a large temperature gradient by replacing
warmed air faster than convection. This is known as a
forced air system.
B. Fins (extended surfaces)
Fins (extended surfaces) are used to improve heat
transfer. In electronic devices has space constraint, the
numbers and arrangement of fins must be done in way
that it must dissipate more heat when compared with no
same surface without fins.
C. Cavities (inverted fins)
Cavities (inverted fins) embedded in a heat source, are
the regions formed between adjacent fins that stand for
the essential promoters of nucleate boiling or
condensation. These cavities are usually utilized to
extract heat from a variety of heat generating bodies to a
heat sink.
D. High conductivity materials
Utilization of high-conductivity materials (inserts) are
proposed for electronic cooling and for enhancing the
heat removal from small chips to a heat sink. As the
space occupied by high conductivity materials together
with the cost are the two elements of major concern
therefore designers seeking for more efficient designs of
high conductivity pathways.
E. Cold Plate
Placing a conductive thick metal plate which is referred
as a cold plate acts as heat transfer interface between a
heat source and a cold flowing fluid may improve the
cooling performance. In such arrangement, the heat
source is cooled under the thick plate instead of being
cooled in direct contact with the cooling fluid. It is
observed that heat transfer rate between the heat source
and the cooling fluid by way of conducting the heat in
an optimal manner. The two most attractive advantages
of this method are that no additional pumping power and
no extra heat transfer surface area that is quite different
from fins. Heat sinks are made from a good thermal
conductor such as silver, gold, copper, or aluminum
alloy. Copper and aluminum are among the most-
frequently used materials for this purpose within
electronic devices.
F. Convective air cooling
This term describes device cooling by the convection
flow of the warm air being allowed to escape the body
of the component to be replaced by cooler air. This
method usually requires venting at the top or sides of the
housing to be effective.
G. Forced air cooling
To increase heat transfer rate cooler air is forced to flow
on heated surface with help of a fan or blower.
H. Heat pipes
A heat pipe is a heat transfer device that uses
evaporation and condensation of a two-phase ―working
fluid‖ or coolant to transport large quantities of heat
with a very small difference in temperature between the
hot and cold interfaces. A typical heat pipe consists of
sealed hollow tube made of a thermo conductive metal
such as copper and a wick to return the working fluid
from the evaporator to the condenser. The pipe contains
saturated liquid and vapour of a working fluid (water,
ammonia), all other gases being excluded. The most
common heat pipe for electronics thermal management
has a copper envelope and wick, with water as the
working fluid. The advantage of heat pipes is their great
efficiency in transferring heat.
I. Peltier cooling plates
Peltier cooling plates take advantage of the Peltier effect
to create a heat flux between the junctions of two
different conductors of electricity by applying an electric
current. This effect is commonly used for cooling
electronic components and small instruments.
J. Synthetic jet air cooling
A synthetic jet is produced by a continual flow of
vortices that are formed by alternating brief ejection and
suction of air across an opening such that the net mass
flux is zero. A unique feature of these jets is that they
are formed entirely from the working fluid of the flow
system in which they are deployed can produce a net
momentum to the flow of a system without net mass
injection to the system.
K. Electrostatic fluid acceleration
An electrostatic fluid accelerator (EFA) is a device
which pumps a fluid such as air without any moving
parts. Instead of using rotating blades, as in a
conventional fan, an EFA uses an electric field to propel
electrically charged air molecules. Because air
molecules are normally neutrally charged, the EFA has
to create some charged molecules, or ions, first. Thus
there are three basic steps in the fluid acceleration
process: ionize air molecules, those ions to push many
more neutral molecules in a desired direction, and then
recapture and neutralize the ions to eliminate any net
charge. [6]
Experiment is carried out at university of Texas for
showing effect of colors on temperature. Temperature
measurements taken at centre (internal) of timber for
different ambient over a period of time exposed to full
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sun (except shade measurements). This test is to
compare the heat transfer to the timber for different
colored surfaces. Gives following results- (On Y axis
temperature & on X axis shades of colors) [7]
Fig. 2 relation between temperature & colors
III. LITERATURE GAP
Every technical venture is said to be successful if it is
economically proved beneficial. Market will be
commanded by those products only which are of best
quality at least price. It is newly identified that zebra
pattern has thermal connection and also proved that
color has affect on heat transfer [1],[7] nobody has
checked the possibility of colors & zebra pattern to
dissipate heat from electronic equipments so its output
should not affect.
IV. EXPERIMENTATION
Experimental set up for checking the possibility of
application of zebra pattern to improve the heat transfer
consists of A. Heating coil (V = 230/50, 1000W, Mfg by
-Vikas Appliances) , B. Physical contact type digital
thermometer (HTC DT_1), C. Stand (42cm from base),
D. M.S. Plate (4 Nos, 15cm x 15 cm, thickness = 0.6
cm).
Fig. 3 Physical contact type digital thermometer
Four plates are taken for conducting experiment. Out of
these four plates one is kept as it is (without any paint),
remaining three are painted with black, white & zebra
pattern. Four drills are made at corners for holding it on
heating coil.
Fig. 4 Plates for conducting experiment
A plate is hold by stand, set up is as shown in fig. with
help of string. It is held at approximate distance of 4cm.
heater is switched on to heat plate.
Fig. 5 Actual set up
V. RESULTS
Plates are heated up to 100o
C with help of heating coil
& then cooled to 50 o
C by natural convection and time
required for reducing temperature is measured.
Table. 1 Observations
Sr. No. Color of Plate Time
01 Without any Color 19 min 32 sec
02 Black Coloured 20 min 37 sec
03 White Coloured 18 min 12 sec
04 Zebra Pattern
Coloured
16 min 30 sec
VI. CONCLUSIONS
As from experiment we can observe that time required
to dissipate heat is reduced when it is colored with zebra
pattern it happens due to change in air flow velocity
over black & white stripes. Another reason is due to
formation of eddies at change in phase which accelerates
air flow velocity. Application of this zebra pattern in
electronic equipment helps us to dissipate heat in
quicker time which helps equipments to perform in
better way. Also further study will helps us to move
towards more compact design and reduced size of fans
& lead to overall power requirement of equipment.
REFERENCES
[1] Brenda Larison et. All , ―How the zebra got its
stripes: a problem with too many solutions,‖
Royal Society Open Science, vol. 2, pp. 1-9,
April 2015.
[2] U Bolton, ―An Introduction to Mechatronics,‖
Printess Hall of India, Delhi,Third edition, pp. 1-
24.
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ISSN (Print) : 2321-5747, Volume-4, Issue-1,2016
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[3] Singh, Khanchandani, ― Power Electronics‖
McGraw Publication, Third edition, pp. 62-69,
823-851.
[4] Technical Expert Assesment Report, by XXX
facility Industry for XXX Bank, India, May
2014. Brenda Larison et. All , ―How the zebra
got its stripes: a problem with too many
solutions,‖ Royal Society Open Science, vol. 2,
pp. 1-9, April 2015.
[5] U Bolton, ―An Introduction to Mechatronics,‖
Printess Hall of India, Delhi,Third edition, pp. 1-
24.
[6] Singh, Khanchandani, ― Power Electronics‖
McGraw Publication, Second edition, pp. 62-69,
823-851.
[7] Technical Expert Assesment Report, by XXX
facility Industry for XXX Bank, India, May
2014.
[8] Pawaskar, Choudhary, ―Heat Transfer,‖ Nishant
Publication, Pune, First edition, pp. 161-207.
[9] A Anand kumar, ―Fundamentals of Digital
Circuits,‖ Printess Hall of India, Delhi,Third
edition, pp. 61-234.
[10] Jhon David, ―Relation between color and heat
transfer,‖ University of Texas press, 2009