This document summarizes a research article about using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems to enable safe navigation at intersections and increase traffic throughput. It describes how V2V communication allows vehicles to broadcast their position and intentions to surrounding vehicles using technologies like DSRC. Simulation results showed this approach can reasonably improve safety and throughput at intersections. The document also provides background on vehicle communication standards and issues like latency, knowledge of surrounding vehicles, message usefulness, simulation challenges, and system penetration rates.
Consistent Access of Internet in Vehicular NetworksIRJET Journal
This document proposes the SWIM protocol to provide consistent internet access in vehicular networks. It aims to minimize packet transmission delays and improve throughput. The SWIM protocol uses unicast for vehicle-to-roadside communication and broadcast for downlink vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Simulation results show that SWIM maintains higher throughput even at increased speeds compared to existing systems. It also achieves near 100% packet delivery between transmitting and receiving vehicles. The SWIM protocol provides an efficient method of handling disruptions to ensure continuous internet access for users traveling in vehicles.
Implementing Visible Light Communication in Intelligent Traffic Management to...ijceronline
Véhiculer Traffic is an inevitable phenomenon which is directly linked with the urban developmental society and cannot be ignored as it acts as a nervous system to the society in general and individuals in particular. Urban Traffic is emerging as an incurable threat to the modern society as there is a lack of efficient intelligent traffic management system. Prior attempts to use radio frequency spectrum, ultrasonic sensors and other alternatives proved to be ineffective as they are becoming crowded, that forced to develop an alternate means like wireless communication which can accommodate the exponentially increasing traffic demand. In this proposed research initiative, a Visible Light Communication (VLC) system is analyzed on its capabilities to provide an alternative to the current standards of wireless transfer of information using light from LEDs as the communication medium. The proposed system based upon the blinking of light-emitting diodes at a rapid rate such that the human eye will not notice the change in light illumination but a highly sensitive photodiode can read the behavioral changes and decode the information embedded within it. The proposed VLC methodology is also being tried to get implemented in intelligent wireless traffic management to resolve traffic logjams that usually occur in metro cities.
Cognitive Radio For Vehicular Adhoc NetworksAkshaya V
Cognitive radio technology allows wireless devices to intelligently access and use available radio frequency spectrum. When applied to vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), cognitive radio can improve communication reliability and safety. By dynamically adapting to the changing radio environment, cognitive radio enables vehicles to communicate using available spectrum bands. This results in more efficient communication between vehicles and infrastructure, reducing collisions and improving traffic flow. However, challenges remain around efficient spectrum management, security, and standardization that researchers are working to address in order to fully realize the benefits of cognitive radio for VANETs.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of different routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs and discusses factors that affect communication. It then describes three routing protocols - Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing. To evaluate these protocols, the researchers used the OMNeT++ network simulator along with the SUMO traffic simulator. Simulations were run using these protocols in different traffic environments like city, main road, and country settings. Key metrics like throughput and latency were evaluated.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of different routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs and discusses factors that affect communication. It then describes three routing protocols - Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing. To evaluate these protocols, the researchers used the OMNeT++ network simulator along with the SUMO traffic simulator. Simulations were run using these protocols in different traffic environments like city, main road, and country settings. Key metrics like throughput and latency were evaluated.
Optimal model of vehicular ad-hoc network assisted by unmanned aerial vehicl...IJECEIAES
Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a promising project related to intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which aims at connecting vehicles and providing a set of functionalities for the efficient management of the network. However, the high mobility of the network nodes is considered a significant challenge for implementing a reliable, secure, and efficient exchange system. Furthermore, VANET faces the issue of packet delivery due to the high mobility of the nodes and packet collisions complicate the process of sending and receiving packets. We propose to combine two technologies which are unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and information centric networks (ICN) and apply it in VANET architecture as supporting technology. The UAV are more reliable and less affected by channel fading. And can be used in areas where we cannot install network infrastructure. The UAV has many advantages that we have cited in this article and can solve many issues of VANET. Using ICN can solve some of the problems of VANET since ICN has many strategies to capture and retrieve data. This study proposes a new VANET model based on an UAV and ICN, to reduce the overload of the vehicles, which in most cases require more resources and have a limited time to process and act especially in case of an accident or emergency.
Deterministic AODV Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networkpaperpublications3
Abstract: Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) can provide scalable and cost-effective solutions for applications such as traffic safety, dynamic route planning, and context-aware advertisement using short-range wireless communication. To function properly, these applications require efficient routing protocols. However, existing mobile ad hoc network routing and forwarding approaches have limited performance in VANETs. This dissertation shows that routing protocols which account for VANET-specific characteristics in their designs, such as position and mobility of Vehicle, can provide good performance for a large spectrum of applications.
Increased vehicular traffic demands smart vehicles which can interact with each other and roadside infrastructure to prevent accidents. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) provides this flexibility to the vehicles. In this desertion we initially analyze the performance of AODV and OLSR, and further we improve the performance of AODV by selecting the node on the basis of trust value of the successive nodes, we also reduce the neighbor hood expiry time and correspondingly update the route table of AODV, with this purposed approach we would be able to reduce the end-to-end delay of AODV sufficiently also the performance of AODV increase in terms of Throughput and packet delivery ratio.Keywords: VANET, AODV, ROUTING, ROUT TABLE.
Title: Deterministic AODV Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network
Author: Dalbir Singh, Amit Jain (Asst. Prof.)
ISSN 2350-1022
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology
Paper Publications
This document summarizes a research article about using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems to enable safe navigation at intersections and increase traffic throughput. It describes how V2V communication allows vehicles to broadcast their position and intentions to surrounding vehicles using technologies like DSRC. Simulation results showed this approach can reasonably improve safety and throughput at intersections. The document also provides background on vehicle communication standards and issues like latency, knowledge of surrounding vehicles, message usefulness, simulation challenges, and system penetration rates.
Consistent Access of Internet in Vehicular NetworksIRJET Journal
This document proposes the SWIM protocol to provide consistent internet access in vehicular networks. It aims to minimize packet transmission delays and improve throughput. The SWIM protocol uses unicast for vehicle-to-roadside communication and broadcast for downlink vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Simulation results show that SWIM maintains higher throughput even at increased speeds compared to existing systems. It also achieves near 100% packet delivery between transmitting and receiving vehicles. The SWIM protocol provides an efficient method of handling disruptions to ensure continuous internet access for users traveling in vehicles.
Implementing Visible Light Communication in Intelligent Traffic Management to...ijceronline
Véhiculer Traffic is an inevitable phenomenon which is directly linked with the urban developmental society and cannot be ignored as it acts as a nervous system to the society in general and individuals in particular. Urban Traffic is emerging as an incurable threat to the modern society as there is a lack of efficient intelligent traffic management system. Prior attempts to use radio frequency spectrum, ultrasonic sensors and other alternatives proved to be ineffective as they are becoming crowded, that forced to develop an alternate means like wireless communication which can accommodate the exponentially increasing traffic demand. In this proposed research initiative, a Visible Light Communication (VLC) system is analyzed on its capabilities to provide an alternative to the current standards of wireless transfer of information using light from LEDs as the communication medium. The proposed system based upon the blinking of light-emitting diodes at a rapid rate such that the human eye will not notice the change in light illumination but a highly sensitive photodiode can read the behavioral changes and decode the information embedded within it. The proposed VLC methodology is also being tried to get implemented in intelligent wireless traffic management to resolve traffic logjams that usually occur in metro cities.
Cognitive Radio For Vehicular Adhoc NetworksAkshaya V
Cognitive radio technology allows wireless devices to intelligently access and use available radio frequency spectrum. When applied to vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), cognitive radio can improve communication reliability and safety. By dynamically adapting to the changing radio environment, cognitive radio enables vehicles to communicate using available spectrum bands. This results in more efficient communication between vehicles and infrastructure, reducing collisions and improving traffic flow. However, challenges remain around efficient spectrum management, security, and standardization that researchers are working to address in order to fully realize the benefits of cognitive radio for VANETs.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of different routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs and discusses factors that affect communication. It then describes three routing protocols - Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing. To evaluate these protocols, the researchers used the OMNeT++ network simulator along with the SUMO traffic simulator. Simulations were run using these protocols in different traffic environments like city, main road, and country settings. Key metrics like throughput and latency were evaluated.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of different routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs and discusses factors that affect communication. It then describes three routing protocols - Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing. To evaluate these protocols, the researchers used the OMNeT++ network simulator along with the SUMO traffic simulator. Simulations were run using these protocols in different traffic environments like city, main road, and country settings. Key metrics like throughput and latency were evaluated.
Optimal model of vehicular ad-hoc network assisted by unmanned aerial vehicl...IJECEIAES
Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a promising project related to intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which aims at connecting vehicles and providing a set of functionalities for the efficient management of the network. However, the high mobility of the network nodes is considered a significant challenge for implementing a reliable, secure, and efficient exchange system. Furthermore, VANET faces the issue of packet delivery due to the high mobility of the nodes and packet collisions complicate the process of sending and receiving packets. We propose to combine two technologies which are unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and information centric networks (ICN) and apply it in VANET architecture as supporting technology. The UAV are more reliable and less affected by channel fading. And can be used in areas where we cannot install network infrastructure. The UAV has many advantages that we have cited in this article and can solve many issues of VANET. Using ICN can solve some of the problems of VANET since ICN has many strategies to capture and retrieve data. This study proposes a new VANET model based on an UAV and ICN, to reduce the overload of the vehicles, which in most cases require more resources and have a limited time to process and act especially in case of an accident or emergency.
Deterministic AODV Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networkpaperpublications3
Abstract: Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) can provide scalable and cost-effective solutions for applications such as traffic safety, dynamic route planning, and context-aware advertisement using short-range wireless communication. To function properly, these applications require efficient routing protocols. However, existing mobile ad hoc network routing and forwarding approaches have limited performance in VANETs. This dissertation shows that routing protocols which account for VANET-specific characteristics in their designs, such as position and mobility of Vehicle, can provide good performance for a large spectrum of applications.
Increased vehicular traffic demands smart vehicles which can interact with each other and roadside infrastructure to prevent accidents. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) provides this flexibility to the vehicles. In this desertion we initially analyze the performance of AODV and OLSR, and further we improve the performance of AODV by selecting the node on the basis of trust value of the successive nodes, we also reduce the neighbor hood expiry time and correspondingly update the route table of AODV, with this purposed approach we would be able to reduce the end-to-end delay of AODV sufficiently also the performance of AODV increase in terms of Throughput and packet delivery ratio.Keywords: VANET, AODV, ROUTING, ROUT TABLE.
Title: Deterministic AODV Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network
Author: Dalbir Singh, Amit Jain (Asst. Prof.)
ISSN 2350-1022
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology
Paper Publications
Towards Improving Road Safety Using Advanced Vehicular NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are advanced network technologies applied to improve safety on roads and to offer suitable solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The goal of VANETs is to assistdrivers and to act as a smart co-pilot that can alret about accidents and help avoiding them while prodivding high-end infotainment systems for both the driver and passengers. Consequently, VANETs can save millions of lives around the world, especially in Saudi Arabia, which has a very high rate of road accidents annualy. In this paper, we introduce and discuss VANETs, related routing protocols, challenging problems, and the existing solutions. This work is a part of a bigger project that aims to enhance VANETs technologies and to updapteITS to significantly promote road safety in general and Saudi Arabia’s roads in particular.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a traffic control system using message forwarding in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The system incorporates scanners that detect abnormal traffic conditions and activate transmitters to broadcast congestion notifications using a reliable directional greedy routing algorithm. The system is simulated using the VEINS simulator. Key aspects of the system include establishing vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication, calculating a roadway congestion index to detect abnormalities, and enabling transmitters to forward messages about detected events to improve traffic flow and safety.
This document summarizes previous research on vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses key aspects of VANETs such as vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. It then reviews 14 previous studies on topics like clustering algorithms, quality of service routing, data dissemination, and security issues like detecting black hole attacks. The studies evaluated different approaches to improve stability, reliability, latency and throughput in VANETs. The document aims to identify important challenges in VANET research and areas for further work.
This document discusses stratellites, which are proposed as an alternative to communication towers and satellites. Stratellites would be large balloons stationed in the stratosphere at an altitude of around 20 km. Each stratellite could provide coverage over an area of 300,000 square miles, replacing the need for hundreds of towers. They have advantages over satellites such as lower latency and lower launch costs. Potential applications include broadband internet access, telecommunications networks, and remote sensing. However, stratellites also face challenges such as weather and technical issues that need to be addressed.
Optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) framework for highway based Vehicula...IJERA Editor
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is a novel technology. It has the property of higher node mobility. Vehicular Adhoc
networks offer wireless communications between vehicles themselves (V2V) and between vehicles to the
roadside units (V2R). The VANET is an active research area, as it has great prospective to enhance the road and
vehicle safety, efficiency of traffic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network not only just provides the safety applications, but
also provides communication to the users. The QoS support in VANET is a challenge when the existing routing
paths become no longer are available as a result of changes in the velocity and position of node, and distance
between the vehicular nodes or network topology. In this study we designed a framework which provides us the
facility to enhance various Quality of Service parameters, such as End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss
ratio etc. The proposed model uses layered approach, deep classification as existed QoS components are further
broken down and provides Quality of Experience to the users. NCTUns is used as simulation tool to build up
simulations. After getting the results of simulation we carried out the performance analysis of various routing
protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides much better performance in terms
of various QoS parameters like End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss ratio
This document discusses stratellites, which are high-altitude airships that can be used for wireless communication networks instead of satellites or cell towers. Stratellites are unmanned balloons filled with helium that hover in the stratosphere at around 20 km altitude using solar-powered propellers. Each stratellite can service an area of 300,000 square miles. They have advantages over satellites such as lower latency, lower launch costs, and the ability to provide high-speed broadband access to remote areas. Some potential applications include providing national wireless broadband networks for voice, video, and internet access.
Augastiny_VANET advantages and disadvantages.pptxKNaveenKumarECE
The document summarizes research on quality of service (QoS) enhancement in software defined networking (SDN) based vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first introduces VANETs and discusses their services, technologies, and issues. It then explains how SDN can provide a global view and centralized control to address VANET issues. The SDN architecture separates the control plane and data plane. Issues in applying SDN to VANETs include privacy concerns due to centralized control and single point of failure risks. The document reviews several papers on improving VANET QoS through various routing algorithms, clustering, bio-inspired methods, and fog/edge computing approaches integrated with SDN and 5G
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative study of proactive and reactive routing protocols in vehicular ad...IJECEIAES
In recent years, the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), which is an ad-hoc network used by connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) for information processing, has attracted the interest of researchers in order to meet the needs created by the accelerating development of autonomous vehicle technology. The enormous amount of information and the high speed of the vehicles require us to have a very reliable communication protocol. The objective of this paper is to determine a topology-based routing protocol that improves network performance and guarantees information traffic over VANET. This comparative study was carried out using the simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator (NS-3). Through the results obtained, we will show that the choice of the type of protocol to use depends on the size of the network and also on the metrics to be optimized.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
This document discusses deploying wireless sensor devices in intelligent transportation system applications. It describes how wireless sensor networks can deliver a connected environment where vehicles, infrastructure, and people can interact. The document also examines different communication technologies that could be used for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure connections, including ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Ultra Wide Band, and CALM. It argues that ZigBee is well-suited for connecting wireless sensor devices to vehicles and infrastructure due to its low cost and power capabilities.
This document discusses differential evolution based secured routing protocols for VANETs (vehicular ad hoc networks). It begins with an introduction to VANETs and discusses some of their key characteristics and applications. It then discusses some of the main attacks against VANETs, including identification/authentication attacks, privacy attacks, availability attacks, and routing attacks. It proposes using a differential evolution algorithm and distance bounding technique to design a secure routing protocol to detect and mitigate routing attacks from malicious nodes in VANETs. The paper reviews several related works on security issues and solutions for VANETs and aims to improve routing security through the proposed differential evolution based approach.
This document summarizes a research paper on improving vehicle-to-roadside unit communication using WiMAX technology. The researchers implemented a VANET simulation scenario in Qualnet to test connectivity between vehicles and roadside units. They found that using WiMAX instead of DSRC reduced packet loss from 58% to 8% at 72 km/h and lowered latency times. The appropriate routing protocol for the WiMAX scenario was determined to be AODV, as it had lower latency than DSR. The simulation showed that WiMAX increased the network range tremendously from 1.8km to 50km compared to DSRC. The study aims to enhance safety and reduce traffic accidents by improving connectivity between vehicles and roadside infrastructure.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing
among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong
messaging is given.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
This document proposes a Global Frontrunner Routing Algorithm (GFRA) to address routing challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). GFRA aims to minimize transmission delays by reducing the number of hops needed to route emergency messages between vehicles. It determines the distance and direction to the destination vehicle, and if it is over 1000m away, forwards the message to the nearest "frontrunner" vehicle along the direction of travel. This frontrunner or subsequent frontrunners will continue forwarding the message until it reaches the destination vehicle. Simulation results will evaluate GFRA's performance in reducing delays compared to multi-hop routing protocols for VANETs. The algorithm
This document discusses different approaches for deploying Road Side Units (RSUs) to support vehicle-to-infrastructure communications in intelligent transportation systems. It proposes a Density-based RSU deployment policy (D-RSU) that places more RSUs in areas with lower expected vehicle density and fewer RSUs in areas with higher density, aiming to minimize costs while still providing adequate coverage. Simulations of the D-RSU approach and other policies in an urban scenario show it can reduce the number of required RSUs and the time needed to notify emergency services of accidents compared to uniform or minimum-cost deployment strategies.
Multicast routing protocol for advanced vehicular ad hoc networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Transport sector has great impact on our daily life. Despite the huge number of vehicular models, driving process still faces many challenges due to the lack information about the roads and the surrounding sudden events, which can result in high number of accidents globally and especially in Saudi Arabia. A new technology, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), has emerged to support Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and to offer advanced solutions for drivers to avoid different hazard events that occur on the road. In this paper, we discuss the multicast and broadcast communications in VANETs, Quality of Sevice (QoS) awaregroup addressing/managing solutions to VANETs which help inclassifying different application that explore and design a new cross-layer framework, aware of high mobility and efficiency.
Abstract: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), a subclass of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is a
promising approach for the intelligent transport system (ITS). VANET allows vehicles to form a self-organized
network without the need for a permanent infrastructure. As the VANET has a potential in improving road
safety, real time traffic update and other travel comforts, it turns attention of the researcher. Though VANET
and MANET shares some common characteristics like self-organized network, dynamic topology, ad hoc nature
etc, VANET differs from MANET by challenges, application, architecture, power constraint and mobility
patterns, so routing protocols used in MANET are not applicable with VANET. New routing strategy for VANET
has been proposed by many researchers in recent year. This paper provides focus on the various aspects of
VANET like architecture, characteristic, challenges, glimpse of routing protocols, and simulation models used
for VANET.
Keywords: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks; routing; position based routing; characteristics; transmission strategies
CROSS LAYER DESIGN APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT DATA DELIVERY BASED ON IEEE 802.11P...pijans
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been one of the promising technology that has a great
interest attention from many researchers over the world. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)
communications environment as a part of ITS opens the way for a wide range of applications such as safety
applications, mobility and connectivity for both driver and passengers to exploit the transport systems in a
smoothly, efficiently and safer way. Several challenging tasks facing adopting VANET functionality for ITS
such as modelling of wireless transmission and routing issues. These research issues have become more
critical due to the high mobility of vehicles nodes (transmitters and receivers) and unexpected network
topology due to the high speed of nodes. In fact, modelling radio propagation channel in VANET
environment which considers as one of a stringent communications environment is a challenging task. The
selection of a suitable transmission model plays a key role in the routing decisions for VANET. Different
propagation models allow calculating the Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on key environmental
properties such as the distance between transmitter vehicle and a receiver vehicle, the gain and antenna
height of transmitter and a receiver vehicles. Hence, it is useful to calculate RSS and SNR values for a
specific propagation model and then these values can be used later for routing decision in order to find the
best path with high SNR. This paper evaluates the performance of different transmission models (free-
space, two-ray and log-normal) in terms of Receive Signal Strength (RSS). In addition, the performance of
such wireless transmission models for vehicular communication in terms of PDR, throughput and delay is
evaluated by applying the proposed cross layer routing approach based on IEEE 802.11p. By using
MATLAB, the obtained results confirm the best packet delivery ratio for our proposed approach, where it
indicates poor quality of DSSS PHY with high number vehicles. The minimum delay achieved when traffic
density is decreased
This document reviews data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses the key challenges in VANET data dissemination, including recurrent link disruptions, routing issues, and information exchange in the presence of disconnections. It then describes various types of data dissemination in VANETs, such as vehicle-to-infrastructure, vehicle-to-vehicle, geographical forwarding, opportunistic forwarding, and cluster-based forwarding. Finally, it reviews several data dissemination protocols used in VANETs, including Simple and Robust Dissemination protocol, Acknowledgment-Based Broadcast from Static to Highly Mobile protocol, and the Semantic and Self-Decision Geocast
Call for Papers - Journal of Electrical Systems (JES), E-ISSN: 1112-5209, ind...Christo Ananth
At the forefront of technological innovation and scholarly discourse, the Journal of Electrical Systems (JES) is a peer-reviewed publication dedicated to advancing the understanding and application of electrical systems, communication systems and information science. With a commitment to excellence, we provide a platform for researchers, academics, and professionals to contribute to the ever-evolving field of electrical engineering, communication technology and Information Systems.
The mission of JES is to foster the exchange of knowledge and ideas in electrical and communication systems, promoting cutting-edge research and facilitating discussions that drive progress in the field. We aim to be a beacon for those seeking to explore, challenge, and revolutionize the way we harness, distribute, and utilize electrical energy and information systems..
Call for Papers - Utilitas Mathematica, E-ISSN: 0315-3681, indexed in ScopusChristo Ananth
Utilitas Mathematica Journal is a broad scope journal that publishes original research and review articles on all aspects of both pure and applied mathematics. This journal is the official publication of the Utilitas Mathematica Academy, Canada. It enjoys good reputation and popularity at international level in terms of research papers and distribution worldwide. Offers selected original research in Pure and Applied Mathematics and Statistics. UMJ coverage extends to Operations Research, Mathematical Economics, Mathematics Biology and Computer Science. Published in association with the Utilitas Mathematica Academy. The leadership of the Utilitas Mathematica Journal commits to strengthening our professional community by making it more just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive. We affirm that our mission, Promote the Practice and Profession of Statistics, can be realized only by fully embracing justice, equity, diversity, and inclusivity in all of our operations. Individuals embody many traits, so the leadership will work with the members of UMJ to create and sustain responsive, flourishing, and safe environments that support individual needs, stimulate intellectual growth, and promote professional advancement for all
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Towards Improving Road Safety Using Advanced Vehicular NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are advanced network technologies applied to improve safety on roads and to offer suitable solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The goal of VANETs is to assistdrivers and to act as a smart co-pilot that can alret about accidents and help avoiding them while prodivding high-end infotainment systems for both the driver and passengers. Consequently, VANETs can save millions of lives around the world, especially in Saudi Arabia, which has a very high rate of road accidents annualy. In this paper, we introduce and discuss VANETs, related routing protocols, challenging problems, and the existing solutions. This work is a part of a bigger project that aims to enhance VANETs technologies and to updapteITS to significantly promote road safety in general and Saudi Arabia’s roads in particular.
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This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a traffic control system using message forwarding in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The system incorporates scanners that detect abnormal traffic conditions and activate transmitters to broadcast congestion notifications using a reliable directional greedy routing algorithm. The system is simulated using the VEINS simulator. Key aspects of the system include establishing vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication, calculating a roadway congestion index to detect abnormalities, and enabling transmitters to forward messages about detected events to improve traffic flow and safety.
This document summarizes previous research on vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses key aspects of VANETs such as vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. It then reviews 14 previous studies on topics like clustering algorithms, quality of service routing, data dissemination, and security issues like detecting black hole attacks. The studies evaluated different approaches to improve stability, reliability, latency and throughput in VANETs. The document aims to identify important challenges in VANET research and areas for further work.
This document discusses stratellites, which are proposed as an alternative to communication towers and satellites. Stratellites would be large balloons stationed in the stratosphere at an altitude of around 20 km. Each stratellite could provide coverage over an area of 300,000 square miles, replacing the need for hundreds of towers. They have advantages over satellites such as lower latency and lower launch costs. Potential applications include broadband internet access, telecommunications networks, and remote sensing. However, stratellites also face challenges such as weather and technical issues that need to be addressed.
Optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) framework for highway based Vehicula...IJERA Editor
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is a novel technology. It has the property of higher node mobility. Vehicular Adhoc
networks offer wireless communications between vehicles themselves (V2V) and between vehicles to the
roadside units (V2R). The VANET is an active research area, as it has great prospective to enhance the road and
vehicle safety, efficiency of traffic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network not only just provides the safety applications, but
also provides communication to the users. The QoS support in VANET is a challenge when the existing routing
paths become no longer are available as a result of changes in the velocity and position of node, and distance
between the vehicular nodes or network topology. In this study we designed a framework which provides us the
facility to enhance various Quality of Service parameters, such as End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss
ratio etc. The proposed model uses layered approach, deep classification as existed QoS components are further
broken down and provides Quality of Experience to the users. NCTUns is used as simulation tool to build up
simulations. After getting the results of simulation we carried out the performance analysis of various routing
protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides much better performance in terms
of various QoS parameters like End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss ratio
This document discusses stratellites, which are high-altitude airships that can be used for wireless communication networks instead of satellites or cell towers. Stratellites are unmanned balloons filled with helium that hover in the stratosphere at around 20 km altitude using solar-powered propellers. Each stratellite can service an area of 300,000 square miles. They have advantages over satellites such as lower latency, lower launch costs, and the ability to provide high-speed broadband access to remote areas. Some potential applications include providing national wireless broadband networks for voice, video, and internet access.
Augastiny_VANET advantages and disadvantages.pptxKNaveenKumarECE
The document summarizes research on quality of service (QoS) enhancement in software defined networking (SDN) based vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first introduces VANETs and discusses their services, technologies, and issues. It then explains how SDN can provide a global view and centralized control to address VANET issues. The SDN architecture separates the control plane and data plane. Issues in applying SDN to VANETs include privacy concerns due to centralized control and single point of failure risks. The document reviews several papers on improving VANET QoS through various routing algorithms, clustering, bio-inspired methods, and fog/edge computing approaches integrated with SDN and 5G
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative study of proactive and reactive routing protocols in vehicular ad...IJECEIAES
In recent years, the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), which is an ad-hoc network used by connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) for information processing, has attracted the interest of researchers in order to meet the needs created by the accelerating development of autonomous vehicle technology. The enormous amount of information and the high speed of the vehicles require us to have a very reliable communication protocol. The objective of this paper is to determine a topology-based routing protocol that improves network performance and guarantees information traffic over VANET. This comparative study was carried out using the simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator (NS-3). Through the results obtained, we will show that the choice of the type of protocol to use depends on the size of the network and also on the metrics to be optimized.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
This document discusses deploying wireless sensor devices in intelligent transportation system applications. It describes how wireless sensor networks can deliver a connected environment where vehicles, infrastructure, and people can interact. The document also examines different communication technologies that could be used for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure connections, including ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Ultra Wide Band, and CALM. It argues that ZigBee is well-suited for connecting wireless sensor devices to vehicles and infrastructure due to its low cost and power capabilities.
This document discusses differential evolution based secured routing protocols for VANETs (vehicular ad hoc networks). It begins with an introduction to VANETs and discusses some of their key characteristics and applications. It then discusses some of the main attacks against VANETs, including identification/authentication attacks, privacy attacks, availability attacks, and routing attacks. It proposes using a differential evolution algorithm and distance bounding technique to design a secure routing protocol to detect and mitigate routing attacks from malicious nodes in VANETs. The paper reviews several related works on security issues and solutions for VANETs and aims to improve routing security through the proposed differential evolution based approach.
This document summarizes a research paper on improving vehicle-to-roadside unit communication using WiMAX technology. The researchers implemented a VANET simulation scenario in Qualnet to test connectivity between vehicles and roadside units. They found that using WiMAX instead of DSRC reduced packet loss from 58% to 8% at 72 km/h and lowered latency times. The appropriate routing protocol for the WiMAX scenario was determined to be AODV, as it had lower latency than DSR. The simulation showed that WiMAX increased the network range tremendously from 1.8km to 50km compared to DSRC. The study aims to enhance safety and reduce traffic accidents by improving connectivity between vehicles and roadside infrastructure.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing
among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong
messaging is given.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
This document proposes a Global Frontrunner Routing Algorithm (GFRA) to address routing challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). GFRA aims to minimize transmission delays by reducing the number of hops needed to route emergency messages between vehicles. It determines the distance and direction to the destination vehicle, and if it is over 1000m away, forwards the message to the nearest "frontrunner" vehicle along the direction of travel. This frontrunner or subsequent frontrunners will continue forwarding the message until it reaches the destination vehicle. Simulation results will evaluate GFRA's performance in reducing delays compared to multi-hop routing protocols for VANETs. The algorithm
This document discusses different approaches for deploying Road Side Units (RSUs) to support vehicle-to-infrastructure communications in intelligent transportation systems. It proposes a Density-based RSU deployment policy (D-RSU) that places more RSUs in areas with lower expected vehicle density and fewer RSUs in areas with higher density, aiming to minimize costs while still providing adequate coverage. Simulations of the D-RSU approach and other policies in an urban scenario show it can reduce the number of required RSUs and the time needed to notify emergency services of accidents compared to uniform or minimum-cost deployment strategies.
Multicast routing protocol for advanced vehicular ad hoc networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Transport sector has great impact on our daily life. Despite the huge number of vehicular models, driving process still faces many challenges due to the lack information about the roads and the surrounding sudden events, which can result in high number of accidents globally and especially in Saudi Arabia. A new technology, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), has emerged to support Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and to offer advanced solutions for drivers to avoid different hazard events that occur on the road. In this paper, we discuss the multicast and broadcast communications in VANETs, Quality of Sevice (QoS) awaregroup addressing/managing solutions to VANETs which help inclassifying different application that explore and design a new cross-layer framework, aware of high mobility and efficiency.
Abstract: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), a subclass of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is a
promising approach for the intelligent transport system (ITS). VANET allows vehicles to form a self-organized
network without the need for a permanent infrastructure. As the VANET has a potential in improving road
safety, real time traffic update and other travel comforts, it turns attention of the researcher. Though VANET
and MANET shares some common characteristics like self-organized network, dynamic topology, ad hoc nature
etc, VANET differs from MANET by challenges, application, architecture, power constraint and mobility
patterns, so routing protocols used in MANET are not applicable with VANET. New routing strategy for VANET
has been proposed by many researchers in recent year. This paper provides focus on the various aspects of
VANET like architecture, characteristic, challenges, glimpse of routing protocols, and simulation models used
for VANET.
Keywords: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks; routing; position based routing; characteristics; transmission strategies
CROSS LAYER DESIGN APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT DATA DELIVERY BASED ON IEEE 802.11P...pijans
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been one of the promising technology that has a great
interest attention from many researchers over the world. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)
communications environment as a part of ITS opens the way for a wide range of applications such as safety
applications, mobility and connectivity for both driver and passengers to exploit the transport systems in a
smoothly, efficiently and safer way. Several challenging tasks facing adopting VANET functionality for ITS
such as modelling of wireless transmission and routing issues. These research issues have become more
critical due to the high mobility of vehicles nodes (transmitters and receivers) and unexpected network
topology due to the high speed of nodes. In fact, modelling radio propagation channel in VANET
environment which considers as one of a stringent communications environment is a challenging task. The
selection of a suitable transmission model plays a key role in the routing decisions for VANET. Different
propagation models allow calculating the Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on key environmental
properties such as the distance between transmitter vehicle and a receiver vehicle, the gain and antenna
height of transmitter and a receiver vehicles. Hence, it is useful to calculate RSS and SNR values for a
specific propagation model and then these values can be used later for routing decision in order to find the
best path with high SNR. This paper evaluates the performance of different transmission models (free-
space, two-ray and log-normal) in terms of Receive Signal Strength (RSS). In addition, the performance of
such wireless transmission models for vehicular communication in terms of PDR, throughput and delay is
evaluated by applying the proposed cross layer routing approach based on IEEE 802.11p. By using
MATLAB, the obtained results confirm the best packet delivery ratio for our proposed approach, where it
indicates poor quality of DSSS PHY with high number vehicles. The minimum delay achieved when traffic
density is decreased
This document reviews data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses the key challenges in VANET data dissemination, including recurrent link disruptions, routing issues, and information exchange in the presence of disconnections. It then describes various types of data dissemination in VANETs, such as vehicle-to-infrastructure, vehicle-to-vehicle, geographical forwarding, opportunistic forwarding, and cluster-based forwarding. Finally, it reviews several data dissemination protocols used in VANETs, including Simple and Robust Dissemination protocol, Acknowledgment-Based Broadcast from Static to Highly Mobile protocol, and the Semantic and Self-Decision Geocast
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Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
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Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and specific gravity define fluid behavior.
Fluid Statics: Studies pressure, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces on surfaces.
Pressure at a Point: In a static fluid, the pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's principle. The pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.
Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It can be calculated using the formula P=ρghP=ρgh, where PP is the pressure, ρρ is the fluid density, gg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hh is the height of the fluid column above the point in question.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, as described by Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
Fluid Pressure on Surfaces: The analysis of pressure forces on surfaces submerged in fluids. This includes calculating the total force and the center of pressure, which is the point where the resultant pressure force acts.
Pressure Measurement: Manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, and differential pressure transducers measure fluid pressure.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
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Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
2. 2
it does not need to be connected to a network. An ad
hoc network is a transient network that forms when
there is no preexisting or centrally controlled
network infrastructure. Any vehicle in a VANET
acts as a wireless router or node, enabling those
within 100 to 300 metres of one another to join and
form a wide area network [11]. As one car leaves the
network because it is no longer within range of the
signal, other vehicles can join in, forming a kind of
mobile Internet as vehicles link with one another. As
a result of its potential safety benefits, this
innovation is anticipated to be used initially by
emergency vehicles like police cars and fire trucks.
Vertical handoffs, horizontal handoffs, hard
handoffs, soft handoffs, essential handoffs,
alternative handoffs, downhill handoffs, and upward
handoffs are all examples of state-of-the-art work in
VANET [12]. Scientists have taken into account
things like decision methods, node mobility,
clustering, and various technologies in their study,
including things like LTE (Long Term Evaluation),
WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access), and the two-antenna method. Among the
most promising new technologies, Li-Fi is based on
wireless communications using visible light and may
be used to facilitate communication in a
communication environment and to execute handoff
at a lower cost [3, 4], [5, 13]. Visible Light
Transmittal is seen in Figure 1.
Forward Vehicle
Traffic Signal
Following Vehicle
Internet
V2VCommunication
LED Display
Figure 1. Visible Light Communication
VANETs come in three different architectural
flavours: WLAN, fully ad hoc networks, and hybrid-
mode networks. Wireless local area network
(WLAN) or access point linked to roadside units
(RSUs) is what's known as vehicle-to-infrastructure
communication (V2I). The second category, known
as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, uses
on-board units (OBUs) to exchange data at very low
frequencies among moving vehicles. In the third
group, V2V and V2I methods of interaction are
combined. The term "handoff" refers to the process
by which data is moved between two areas of
network coverage that are physically separated
because of the shorter range of the outgoing channel.
The transition from one entity to another consists of
the following stages: Analyzing and identifying
networks: In this step, we scan for available wireless
networks and assess the quality of their signals
based on the acknowledgements we get. Here is
where the call is made as to when and between
which access points a handoff should occur.
Procedures for Handoff: During this step, the data
necessary to route a packet to a different channel is
transferred. Depending on the circumstances, a
handoff might be either horizontal or vertical, hard
or soft, mandatory or optional, downward or
upward, based on the network, or client-based, with
or without client assistance.
II.RELATED STUDY
In order to reduce traffic accidents, vehicle-to-
vehicle communication has shown to be the most
effective strategy. In article [6], the author proposes
using light-emitting diode bulbs as a kind of Li-Fi
connectivity, with information being transmitted
using the electromagnetic spectrum as an optical
wireless channel. This technology has the potential
to significantly reduce the number of lives lost in
traffic accidents. In order for cars to talk to one
another while travelling within touching distance,
they use ultrasonic sensors to measure separation.
In-car LI-FI allows for the wireless transfer of data
between vehicles. Media files, documents, and other
kinds of information can all be sent and received
using LIFI. This plan has the potential to be
implemented with little effort and greatest
effectiveness. LED-based illumination is widely
utilised in modern activities, and its advantages—
fast switching, excellent power economy, and safety
to human vision—make it a promising candidate for
use in communication. So, this project will explore
eco-friendly data transmission between automobiles
using visible light, which is comprised of white
LEDs that transmit auditory signals to the receiver.
In addition to improving the efficacy of existing RF
communication, the future looks bright for very low
latency (VLC) transmissions.
During the 1990s, autonomous vehicles have been
the subject of a lot of study. Continuous wireless
communications between vehicles or vehicles and
the infrastructure are crucial for the success of
autonomous vehicles. It is possible to see vehicular
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3. 3
visible light communications (V-VLC) as an
alternative technology to radio frequency (RF) based
communications. For V-VLC, regular vehicle lights
work just fine. In addition to its increased security, it
makes use of the unrestricted bandwidth present in
the visible light spectrum. The influence of road
surface imperfections or the road topography on
fluctuations in the received signal-to-noise ratio is
unknown, despite the fact that numerous research
have been conducted in this field (SNR). In article
[7], we build a channel model that incorporates the
car's suspension system in terms of angular relations
and vertical movement due to the car's vibrations on
bumpy roads. Using the model, we can evaluate the
SNR in various situations.
Visible Light Communication (VLC) allows for
localized data transmission by light beams as an
alternative to radio waves. They have qualities that
make them well-suited for use in ADAS (Advanced
Driving Assistance System) software for use on
mobile devices. According to the research in paper
[8], a smartphone needs access to a car's private
data. It's crucial that this information is transmitted
accurately. We do this by developing and deploying
a VLC system comprised of a customized book light
and a USB optical transmitter. Our model has these
two parts permanently installed into a car. Our VLC
system is well-suited to this level of mobility
restriction. When compared to RF communication,
our VLC system's consistent short-range
communication, low transmission power, and line-
of-sight (LOS) property are significant advantages.
This fits the bill well for achieving a safe and
confidential data transmission in ADAS systems. In
this paper, a commercial LED-based VLC prototype
is introduced and evaluated. Our experimental
evaluation demonstrates that our VLC prototype is
feasible for delivering adequate data connection
quality and can function on resource-constrained
systems.
Several experts believe that Visible Light
Communications have great promise for facilitating
communication-based car safety technologies due to
its many benefits. Among the primary applications
in this field is the transmission of data from vehicles
to infrastructure. Nevertheless, the dependability of
VLC systems is severely compromised by the
external communication route. In article [9], the
author conducts extensive daytime testing on a
similar VLC link. The goal is to analyse and
emphasise the effect of sunshine on the
performances of the links by experimentation,
determining the effects of sun power and sun
direction on VLC. The exploratory inquiry also aims
to find security flaws so that they can be fixed in the
future. We improved the design of a photodiode-
based VLC receiver by employing an unique
logarithmic transimpedance configuration, and we
employed a standard-compliant LED traffic light as
the VLC emitter in this system. The findings of the
experiments demonstrated that sunlight may
significantly affect VLC in the open. Nevertheless,
they also demonstrated that VLC can handle 50 m
conversation ranges in transportation components
with the right system architecture and suitable signal
conditioning.
To improve transportation reliability and
effectiveness, among the best alternative is
communication-based vehicle safety technologies.
Because to their low cost, wide availability, and
uncontrolled emission spectrum, visible light
communications (VLC) hold considerable potential
for advancement in this area. Yet, the criteria set by
vehicle safety purposes are beyond the capabilities
of current VLC systems. The ability to communicate
across long distances is one of the most pressing
areas for improvement. In this light, author [10]
reports initial experimental findings of a
revolutionary VLC system that allows for
communication between traffic lights and vehicles at
a distance of 130 metres. The implementation of a
phototransistor-based VLC detector for increased
sensitivity, a logarithmic transimpedance
amplification circuit to dampen the impact of
parasitic light and prevent photoelement
concentration. As far as we are aware, this is the
furthest range a VLC link has been successfully
established in an automobile.
III.METHODOLOGY
Li Fi The radio frequency spectrum is becoming
increasingly congested, but the emergence of visible
light communication (VLC) using the enormous
unregulated and free light spectrum offers hope. The
optical networked communication known as light
fidelity (Li-Fi) is a type of very-long-range (VLC)
used to offload mobile data traffics. The idea is to
use a Li-Fi network with an existing RF wireless
infrastructure. The downlink transmitter in a Li-Fi
network is lit by white LED lights. In most cases,
the LEDs will have a steady current delivered across
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4. 4
them. Increasing the rate of current variation leads to
a corresponding increase in optical output. The
necessary data may be simply encoded and delivered
by adjusting the rate at which the LEDs flicker.
Adding more LEDs to the system allows for
simultaneous information transfer, and changing the
ratio of red, blue, and green LEDs allows for
different frequencies of light to be used to encode
multiple data channels.
Transmitter Section
Arduino
UNO
ADXL335
PING
PIC 16F877
IR2110/IR2113
LiFi Transmission
model
MOSFET
Speed Sensor
Figure 2. Transmitter Section.
Using Li-Fi technology and LED light, the
suggested system makes it simple for one vehicle to
send data to another. By using this strategy, we can
reduce the likelihood of vehicular mishaps. Data
transfer using Li-Fi technology is expected to
become increasingly important in the future. As the
number of users on a WiFi network grows, issues
such as slow speeds and signal interference become
increasingly common. Li-Fi is the optical wireless
connection for data, music, and video streaming in
LEDs, which greatly decreases traffic congestion
and ushers in a safer, greener, and more prosperous
future without radio waves, which have been shown
to be hazardous to living things. The vibration
detector is employed to identify potential collision
zones, while the detector is used to estimate the
distance between close cars. Transmitter and
receiver configuration shown in Figure 2.
Receiver Section
Arduino UNO
LiFi Transceiver
model
UART Mobile
Figure 2. Receiver Section.
The microcontroller is the heart of the system being
suggested here. PIC 16F877 is the microcontroller
utilized. The microcontroller is linked to all the
parts. The input unit, the output unit, and the control
unit are the three main components. Accelerometers
and ultrasonic sensors serve as input devices. The
distance between the two cars is determined using an
ultrasonic sensor, which then sends that data to a
microcontroller. As the driver makes a left or right
turn, the accelerometer records that information and
sends it to the micro controller. The microprocessor
and the car's three buttons or switches are in charge
of the vehicle's three functions—accelerating,
decelerating, and applying the brakes. In this case,
the prototype for the DC motor is the vehicle's
wheels. The pulse width modulation of a MOSFET
driver regulates the motor's speed. The data about
the transmitter car is shown on an LCD in the output
device. You can see information like how fast you're
going, how far apart the cars are, and which way
you're pointing the steering wheel.
PIC MICROCONTROLER
The programmable integrated circuit (PIC)
microcontroller was the first microcontroller to
implement the reduced instruction set computer
(RISC) architecture. An acronym for "Reduced
Instruction Set Computer," or RISC. Due to a
dedicated data bus and an isolated instruction bus,
both types of memory may be accessed at the same
time.
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5. 5
ULTRA SONIC SENSOR
In this experiment, a parallax PING ultrasonic sensor
was employed. This detector is often implemented in
a project setting. There are two primary components
to this sensor: the transmitter and the receiver. The
ultrasonic waves are broadcast by the transmitter and
picked up by the receiver after being deflected.
Lastly, the differential in wave arrival times may be
calculated, allowing the distances between the
vehicles to be determined.
ACCELEROMETER
The ADXL335 is a low-power, full 3-axis
accelerometer that is tiny and thin. Signal
conditioning occurs at the output voltages. The
meter has a full-scale range of +/- 3g, therefore it
can measure accelerations from +/- 3g to 0g. In tilt-
sensing systems, the dynamic acceleration due to
motion can be sensed alongside the static
gravitational acceleration. Capacitors labelled CX,
CY, and CZ are connected to the accelerometer's
XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins, respectively, and
allow the user to adjust the device's bandwidth.
MOSFET DRIVER
The IR2110/IR2113 MOSFET Driver is employed.
This driver is faster, has greater voltage, and can
output in two different directions (high and low).
There has been a shift away from monolithic design
thanks to Proprietary HVIC and latch immune
CMOS technology. The logic inputs are reduced to
3.3V-3V, making them compatible with normal
CMOS output. To ensure minimal driver cross-
conduction, the production drivers have a high-
current pulse-buffer stage.
SOLAR PANNEL
With this setup, the solar panel doubles as a Li-Fi
receiver. A vast number of photovoltaic cells are
stacked in a linear fashion to form the solar panel.
The information from the Li-Fi transmitter is
captured by the panel and converted into an
electrical signal before being boosted by the
amplifier.
LCD
The liquid crystal display (LCD) utilized here is a
standard 16x2 model. It uses an LCD dot matrix
with 16 rows and 2 columns of either [5x7] or [5x8].
We'll be using component number JHD162A. The
16-pin packages have a contrast-adjusting
functionality, a backlight, and a dot-by-dot
resolution of 5x8.
LED
A semiconductor diode emits light when electric
current passes through it, thus the name "light-
emitting diode" (LED). Photons are released as a
result of electron and hole recombination, which is
what we see as light. Electroluminescence is the
name for this phenomenon. The color of the light is
set by how much energy is needed for electrons to
jump the band gap of the semiconductor.
IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
As a result, we devised a model for the transmission
of information by means of illumination among two
vehicles. This model allows for the exchange of data
that includes the speed of the vehicles, the length
that separates them, as well as the direction in which
the vehicles are being driven once every five
seconds. For the purpose of presenting the data that
has been communicated, a programme known as
"SERIAL USB TERMINAL" is utilized. The data is
also presented on the LCD screen, and the motor is
being used to simulate a wheel as part of the design
process.
The outcomes of the simulation were used to create
two graphs that compared the hybrid method to the
suggested method in terms of delay and average
packet loss. Li-Fi causes an unwanted delay in the
system, it was discovered that the suggested method
had a lower average latency than the hybrid
protocol. This was due to the fact that the hybrid
protocol switches between Wi-Fi and Li-Fi. As an
additional consequence, this led to an increased
number of lost packets, which was clearly visible in
comparison to the technique that we had advised. As
a result, the suggested protocol would result in a
more effective handover with much reduced packet
loss. The percentage of packages delivered across a
range of vehicle counts is illustrated in Table 1 and
Figure 3, respectively.
Table 1. Packet Delivery Ratio Vs Number of
Vehicles.
No of
Vehicles
PDR
Li-Fi Wi-Fi
15 89.67 91.21
55 87.12 84.87
75 82.48 78.83
110 76.78 71.98
125 71.91 67.34
140 69.24 65.11
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6. 6
Figure 3. PDR Vs No. of Vehicles.
Table 2. Latency vs Distance
Distance Proposed
Hybrid
Protocol
100 7 8
200 20 27
300 24 29
400 26 30
500 28 32
600 30 34
Figure 4. Latency vs distance between vehicles.
The amount of time that passes between cars is seen
in Table 2 and Figure 4. It is possible for vehicles to
transmit their speeds and other characteristics to one
another, therefore reducing the likelihood of
collisions and the amount of time spent in traffic.
The receiver side of the system was implemented on
MATLAB as a Simulink model so that the workings
of the receiver side could be studied and analyzed.
The photodiode receives the data in the form of a
PWM signal, which is then converted into a light
signal and given a threshold value. The signal moves
in a downward direction, and the reason for this is
because the threshold value is too high. This voltage
at the output is then amplified by the inverting
amplifier, and the output response may then be
measured. The 0.25V threshold setting is to blame
for the rise in amplitude that can be seen in the
waveform (-ve due to inverting amplifier). In this
section, the same interval value that was set for the
transmitter is used to synchronize this section. Timer
0 is started, and serial contact with the PC that is
located on the receiving end is established. The
value that has been received is then translated to
decimal format, and this value is utilized to drive the
motor at the receiving end. The voltage that is
detected at the photodiode output as a result of the
existence of lights in the environment in which the
communication is taking place is referred to as the
threshold value. Following the determination of this
value, it is regarded as a digital LOW for the
purpose of the data transfer, whilst anything that is
much higher than this value is regarded as a digital
HIGH. The typical amount of data that is lost due to
the distance between vehicles is outlined in Table 5.
Figure 5. Average packet loss vs distance between
vehicles.
V.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
A discussion of LiFi's role as a communication
system follows, during which its modulation
methods and overall design are laid out. LiFi's
objective, which is to offer high speed data transfer,
is highlighted as one of the technology's most
significant advantages, along with its associated
obstacles. The primary facets of vehicle ad hoc
networks were the focus of our research. We
50
60
70
80
90
100
20 50 70 100 130 150
Li-Fi Wi-Fi
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
100 200 300 400 500 600
Latency
Distance between two cars
Proposed Hybrid Protocol
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
100 200 300 400
Average
packet
loss
Distance between two cars
Proposed Hybrid Protocol
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7. 7
discussed the current state of research on Li-Fi as
well as its potential benefits, which include the
ability to supplement RF correspondence and
enhance the efficiency of wireless networks
anywhere and everywhere short range links, such as
those used in Vanets, are utilized for high speed and
protected data transmission. Not only would the
incorporation of Li-Fi into RF communications
hasten the commercialization of Li-Fi, but it will
also unload traffic from the already overburdened
cellular networks. When executing a changeover
between a Li-Fi network and an RF network,
however, there may be a significant latency as well
as a high amount of feedback packets. Both of these
issues need to be studied. This article has offered an
approach on handover utilizing Li-Fi technology,
and after comparing it to traditional model, it was
discovered to reduce the delay implicated in
handover operation, in addition to a huge decrease
inside the loss of packets. This was discovered after
the article symbolized a scheme on handover
utilizing Li-Fi technology. This study would assist
researchers in understanding the existing methods
and working towards the creation of a newer and
more effective method. The work that has to be done
in the future is to analyses the outcome using current
research standards in terms of other factors.
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