Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been one of the promising technology that has a great
interest attention from many researchers over the world. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)
communications environment as a part of ITS opens the way for a wide range of applications such as safety
applications, mobility and connectivity for both driver and passengers to exploit the transport systems in a
smoothly, efficiently and safer way. Several challenging tasks facing adopting VANET functionality for ITS
such as modelling of wireless transmission and routing issues. These research issues have become more
critical due to the high mobility of vehicles nodes (transmitters and receivers) and unexpected network
topology due to the high speed of nodes. In fact, modelling radio propagation channel in VANET
environment which considers as one of a stringent communications environment is a challenging task. The
selection of a suitable transmission model plays a key role in the routing decisions for VANET. Different
propagation models allow calculating the Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on key environmental
properties such as the distance between transmitter vehicle and a receiver vehicle, the gain and antenna
height of transmitter and a receiver vehicles. Hence, it is useful to calculate RSS and SNR values for a
specific propagation model and then these values can be used later for routing decision in order to find the
best path with high SNR. This paper evaluates the performance of different transmission models (free-
space, two-ray and log-normal) in terms of Receive Signal Strength (RSS). In addition, the performance of
such wireless transmission models for vehicular communication in terms of PDR, throughput and delay is
evaluated by applying the proposed cross layer routing approach based on IEEE 802.11p. By using
MATLAB, the obtained results confirm the best packet delivery ratio for our proposed approach, where it
indicates poor quality of DSSS PHY with high number vehicles. The minimum delay achieved when traffic
density is decreased
The document describes a proposed multi-hop clustering (MHC) approach for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). The MHC approach selects cluster heads based on the node's speed being closest to the average speed and having a high network life. It calculates distrust values to isolate malicious nodes and determines a QoS value considering bandwidth, number of neighbors, distance and velocity ratios. The approach aims to improve stability, reliability and security compared to previous work. It was simulated in NS2 and showed better results than existing techniques for parameters like overhead, throughput, delay, loss and delivery ratio. The key contribution is adding calculations for percentage of stability and path length.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ROADSIDE UNIT INFRASTRUCTURE I...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) represent a powerful and active field of research and have given rise to many challenges related to routing protocols and communication problems with other vehicles or fixed infrastructure called roadside units (RSU). The dynamic topology and the obstacles encountered in VANET environments mean that the routing of data and the communication between vehicles is confronted with many problems, and particularly in vehicular applications that require reliable communication and satisfactory quality of service (QoS). This paper promotes the intention of infrastructure in an urban
scenario and studies the performance of routing protocols considering the constraint of mobility. This leads us to analyze a wide range of routing protocols to ensure optimal coverage and continuous connectivity, taking into consideration two types of data traffic in realistic environments that depend on certain performance metrics. The paper also investigates which protocols provide better performance with RSUs by ranking the results for QoS.
Vehicular adhoc network (VANET) adopts or resembles a similar structure of Mobile adhoc network (MANET). The communication in VANET are generally classified into following three categories such as Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Hybrid network which is a combination of V2V and V2I network. VANET using the IEEE 802.11p standard has great potential of achieving objectives of Smart intelligent transport system (SITS) for improving transport and road safety efficiency. As more and more services is been provided for V2V based VANET network. It is a challenging task to provide QoS to end user, due to wireless medium that has limited channel availability for transmission. To guarantee QoS and provide efficient network performance, a prioritized MAC need to be designed. Many priority based MAC has been designed in recent times to improve the quality of data delivery to end user. However these do not consider the impact of environment and presence of obstacle which affects the signal attenuation at the receiver end and affecting the QoS of channel availability. To address, this work present an obstacle based radio propagation model, obstacle based CEV (City, Expressway and Village) environmental model and a selective MAC to provide QoS for different services. The proposed model efficiency is evaluated in term of throughput achieved per channel, Collison and success packet transmission. To evaluate the adaptive performance of proposed AMACexperiment are conducted under CEV environment and are compared with existing MAC NCCMA. The outcome achieved shows that the proposed model is efficient in term of reducing Collison, improving packet transmission and throughput performance considering two types of services.
Comparative study of proactive and reactive routing protocols in vehicular ad...IJECEIAES
In recent years, the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), which is an ad-hoc network used by connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) for information processing, has attracted the interest of researchers in order to meet the needs created by the accelerating development of autonomous vehicle technology. The enormous amount of information and the high speed of the vehicles require us to have a very reliable communication protocol. The objective of this paper is to determine a topology-based routing protocol that improves network performance and guarantees information traffic over VANET. This comparative study was carried out using the simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator (NS-3). Through the results obtained, we will show that the choice of the type of protocol to use depends on the size of the network and also on the metrics to be optimized.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE LINK-ADAPTIVE COOPERATIVE AMPLIFY-AND-FORWARD REL...IJCNCJournal
This paper analyzes the performance of cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay networks that
employ adaptive M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)/M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK)
digital modulation techniques in Nakagami-m fading channel. In particular, we present and compared the
analysis of CAF relay networks with different cooperative diversity and opportunistic routing strategies
such as regular Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Selection Diversity Combining (SDC), Opportunistic
Relay Selection with Maximal Ratio Combining (ORS-MRC) and Opportunistic Relay Selection with
Selection Diversity Combining (ORS-SDC). We advocate a simple yet unified numerical approach based on
the marginal moment generating function (MGF) of the total received SNR to compute the average symbol
error rate (ASER), mean achievable spectral efficiency, and outage probability performance metrics.
This document analyzes the performance of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) using WiMAX technology with realistic mobility patterns. It designs VANET systems in different environments using the NS2 simulator. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) techniques are implemented to improve quality of service. Simulation results show that MIMO and AMC provide significant gains in throughput, delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, and packet loss ratio. Different routing protocols are also evaluated under various realistic mobility scenarios.
Lately, the concept of VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) has gotten a huge attention as
more wireless communication technologies becoming available. Such networkis expected to be
one of the most valuable technology for improving efficiency and safety of the future
transportation. Vehicular networks are characterized by high mobility nodes which pose many
communication challenging problems. In vehicular networks, routing Collision Avoidance
Messages (CAMs) among vehicles is a key communication problem.Failure in routing CAMs to
their intended destination within the time constraint can render these messages useless. Many
routing protocols have been adapted for VANETs, such as DSDV (Destination Sequenced
Distance Vector), AODV (Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector), and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). This work compares the performance of those routing protocols at different driving environments and scenarios created by using the mobility generator (VanetMobiSim) and
network simulator(NS2). The obtained results at different vehicular densities, speeds, road
obstacles, lanes, traffic lights, and transmission ranges showed that on average AODV protocol outperforms DSR and DSDV protocols in packet delivery ratio and end-toend delay. However, at certain circumstances (e.g., at shorter transmission ranges) DSR tends to have better performance than AODV and DSDV protocols.
The impact of channel model on the performance of distance-based schemes in v...IJECEIAES
This document discusses three distance-based schemes - RNDN, EVNDN, and OIFP - for data dissemination in vehicular named data networks (VNDNs). It evaluates the impact of different propagation models (Friis, Nakagami, random) on the performance of these schemes. Simulation results show that the Nakagami model significantly degrades network performance and increases retransmissions for RNDN. EVNDN sees more retransmissions under Friis and random models. OIFP exhibits higher interest satisfaction ratios and lower delays compared to the other schemes under all models. The document concludes that propagation models have a noticeable effect on distance-based scheme performance in VNDNs.
The document describes a proposed multi-hop clustering (MHC) approach for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). The MHC approach selects cluster heads based on the node's speed being closest to the average speed and having a high network life. It calculates distrust values to isolate malicious nodes and determines a QoS value considering bandwidth, number of neighbors, distance and velocity ratios. The approach aims to improve stability, reliability and security compared to previous work. It was simulated in NS2 and showed better results than existing techniques for parameters like overhead, throughput, delay, loss and delivery ratio. The key contribution is adding calculations for percentage of stability and path length.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ROADSIDE UNIT INFRASTRUCTURE I...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) represent a powerful and active field of research and have given rise to many challenges related to routing protocols and communication problems with other vehicles or fixed infrastructure called roadside units (RSU). The dynamic topology and the obstacles encountered in VANET environments mean that the routing of data and the communication between vehicles is confronted with many problems, and particularly in vehicular applications that require reliable communication and satisfactory quality of service (QoS). This paper promotes the intention of infrastructure in an urban
scenario and studies the performance of routing protocols considering the constraint of mobility. This leads us to analyze a wide range of routing protocols to ensure optimal coverage and continuous connectivity, taking into consideration two types of data traffic in realistic environments that depend on certain performance metrics. The paper also investigates which protocols provide better performance with RSUs by ranking the results for QoS.
Vehicular adhoc network (VANET) adopts or resembles a similar structure of Mobile adhoc network (MANET). The communication in VANET are generally classified into following three categories such as Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Hybrid network which is a combination of V2V and V2I network. VANET using the IEEE 802.11p standard has great potential of achieving objectives of Smart intelligent transport system (SITS) for improving transport and road safety efficiency. As more and more services is been provided for V2V based VANET network. It is a challenging task to provide QoS to end user, due to wireless medium that has limited channel availability for transmission. To guarantee QoS and provide efficient network performance, a prioritized MAC need to be designed. Many priority based MAC has been designed in recent times to improve the quality of data delivery to end user. However these do not consider the impact of environment and presence of obstacle which affects the signal attenuation at the receiver end and affecting the QoS of channel availability. To address, this work present an obstacle based radio propagation model, obstacle based CEV (City, Expressway and Village) environmental model and a selective MAC to provide QoS for different services. The proposed model efficiency is evaluated in term of throughput achieved per channel, Collison and success packet transmission. To evaluate the adaptive performance of proposed AMACexperiment are conducted under CEV environment and are compared with existing MAC NCCMA. The outcome achieved shows that the proposed model is efficient in term of reducing Collison, improving packet transmission and throughput performance considering two types of services.
Comparative study of proactive and reactive routing protocols in vehicular ad...IJECEIAES
In recent years, the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), which is an ad-hoc network used by connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) for information processing, has attracted the interest of researchers in order to meet the needs created by the accelerating development of autonomous vehicle technology. The enormous amount of information and the high speed of the vehicles require us to have a very reliable communication protocol. The objective of this paper is to determine a topology-based routing protocol that improves network performance and guarantees information traffic over VANET. This comparative study was carried out using the simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator (NS-3). Through the results obtained, we will show that the choice of the type of protocol to use depends on the size of the network and also on the metrics to be optimized.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE LINK-ADAPTIVE COOPERATIVE AMPLIFY-AND-FORWARD REL...IJCNCJournal
This paper analyzes the performance of cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay networks that
employ adaptive M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)/M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK)
digital modulation techniques in Nakagami-m fading channel. In particular, we present and compared the
analysis of CAF relay networks with different cooperative diversity and opportunistic routing strategies
such as regular Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Selection Diversity Combining (SDC), Opportunistic
Relay Selection with Maximal Ratio Combining (ORS-MRC) and Opportunistic Relay Selection with
Selection Diversity Combining (ORS-SDC). We advocate a simple yet unified numerical approach based on
the marginal moment generating function (MGF) of the total received SNR to compute the average symbol
error rate (ASER), mean achievable spectral efficiency, and outage probability performance metrics.
This document analyzes the performance of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) using WiMAX technology with realistic mobility patterns. It designs VANET systems in different environments using the NS2 simulator. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) techniques are implemented to improve quality of service. Simulation results show that MIMO and AMC provide significant gains in throughput, delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, and packet loss ratio. Different routing protocols are also evaluated under various realistic mobility scenarios.
Lately, the concept of VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) has gotten a huge attention as
more wireless communication technologies becoming available. Such networkis expected to be
one of the most valuable technology for improving efficiency and safety of the future
transportation. Vehicular networks are characterized by high mobility nodes which pose many
communication challenging problems. In vehicular networks, routing Collision Avoidance
Messages (CAMs) among vehicles is a key communication problem.Failure in routing CAMs to
their intended destination within the time constraint can render these messages useless. Many
routing protocols have been adapted for VANETs, such as DSDV (Destination Sequenced
Distance Vector), AODV (Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector), and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). This work compares the performance of those routing protocols at different driving environments and scenarios created by using the mobility generator (VanetMobiSim) and
network simulator(NS2). The obtained results at different vehicular densities, speeds, road
obstacles, lanes, traffic lights, and transmission ranges showed that on average AODV protocol outperforms DSR and DSDV protocols in packet delivery ratio and end-toend delay. However, at certain circumstances (e.g., at shorter transmission ranges) DSR tends to have better performance than AODV and DSDV protocols.
The impact of channel model on the performance of distance-based schemes in v...IJECEIAES
This document discusses three distance-based schemes - RNDN, EVNDN, and OIFP - for data dissemination in vehicular named data networks (VNDNs). It evaluates the impact of different propagation models (Friis, Nakagami, random) on the performance of these schemes. Simulation results show that the Nakagami model significantly degrades network performance and increases retransmissions for RNDN. EVNDN sees more retransmissions under Friis and random models. OIFP exhibits higher interest satisfaction ratios and lower delays compared to the other schemes under all models. The document concludes that propagation models have a noticeable effect on distance-based scheme performance in VNDNs.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
The document summarizes several routing protocols for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) that utilize Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. It first provides background on VANETs and the different types of communication (V2V and V2I). It then overviews 5 specific V2I routing protocols, describing how each protocol utilizes Roadside Units (RSUs) to establish routes for packet forwarding between vehicles and infrastructure. Finally, it discusses challenges and future perspectives for better exploiting RSUs' potential in routing, such as using them as anchors to improve path robustness and load balancing traffic. The document aims to survey V2I routing protocols and analyze the role
This document summarizes a research article about using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems to enable safe navigation at intersections and increase traffic throughput. It describes how V2V communication allows vehicles to broadcast their position and intentions to surrounding vehicles using technologies like DSRC. Simulation results showed this approach can reasonably improve safety and throughput at intersections. The document also provides background on vehicle communication standards and issues like latency, knowledge of surrounding vehicles, message usefulness, simulation challenges, and system penetration rates.
QOS ROUTING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING OLSR ...ijasuc
Mobile Ad-Hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes in communication without using infrastructure.
As the real-time applications used in today’s wireless network grow, we need some schemes to provide
more suitable service for them. We know that most of actual schemes do not perform well on traffic which
is not strictly CBR. Therefore, in this paper we have studied the impact, respectively, of mobility models
and the density of nodes on the performances (End-to-End Delay, Throughput and Packet Delivery ratio)
of routing protocol (Optimized Link State Routing) OLSR by using in the first a real-time VBR (MPEG-4)
and secondly the Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic. Finally we compare the performance on both cases.
Experimentally, we considered the three mobility models as follows Random Waypoint, Random
Direction and Mobgen Steady State. The experimental results illustrate that the behavior of OLSR change
according to the model and the used traffics.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through simulation. It first provides background on VANETs and describes the AODV and DSDV protocols. It then discusses the simulators MOVE, SUMO, and NS-2 that were used to generate mobility models and simulate the routing protocols under different network scenarios varying the number of nodes and connections. The document aims to evaluate the behavior and effectiveness of the reactive AODV protocol versus the proactive DSDV protocol in VANET environments.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. Simulations were conducted using NS-2, SUMO, and MOVE simulators for a grid map scenario with varying numbers of nodes. The results show that AODV performed better than DSDV in terms of throughput and packet delivery fraction, while DSDV had lower end-to-end delays. However, neither protocol was found to be fully suitable for the highly dynamic VANET environment. The document concludes that further work is needed to develop improved routing protocols optimized for VANETs.
Evaluation The Performance of MAODV and AODV Protocols In VANETs ModelsCSCJournals
This paper to study, analyse the performance of multicast technology using the MAODV (Multicast On-demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol) in the VANETs (Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks), this protocol using widely in MANETs (Mobile Ad-Hoc Network). The wireless nodes in the wireless vehicle networks are the same wireless devices, which are integrated with a sensor and designed specifically for the design of safety, privacy and security applications. Researchers are interested in developing and enhancing the number of service quality parameters (packets received, delay, productivity, node power consumption, etc.). The aim of this paper is to introduce and optimize VANETS multi-cast transmission technology to reduce delay, increase throughput and reduce packet loss. Although, presents an analytical study of the Enhanced Protocol (MAODV) Protocol (AODV) and compares it to AODV performance in VANETs.
A Novel De Routing Scheme for Vehicular Ad-Hoc NetworkIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel routing scheme for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) using a differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm. The DE algorithm is used to select the most suitable vehicle to act as a cluster manager by minimizing a fitness function. Key metrics like data packet delivery ratio, throughput, and time complexity are compared between the proposed DE-based scheme and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing approach in VANETs. The goal is to efficiently distribute safety messages in VANETs while minimizing channel collisions on the control channel.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper on improving traffic detection algorithms using an extended floating car data (xFCD) system. The xFCD system collects data from vehicles including location, speed, direction and visual data from a forward-facing camera. It is tested under different lighting and traffic conditions. The paper investigates using xFCD data and information from road sensors to construct a hybrid model characterizing traffic states. A traffic detection algorithm is proposed to improve network performance metrics like throughput, delivery ratio and packet delay. Simulation results show the proposed approach improves these metrics compared to existing methods.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
A Systematic Review on Routing Protocols for VANETsIRJET Journal
This document provides a systematic review and comparative analysis of 10 routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It summarizes the key methods, benefits, and conclusions of each protocol. The protocols use various techniques like clustering, machine learning, Q-learning, firefly algorithm, and particle swarm optimization to address the challenges of frequent topology changes in VANETs. Simulation results show the protocols improve metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and network throughput compared to other existing protocols. In conclusion, an efficient routing protocol is needed to meet the unique requirements of VANETs and achieve good performance.
Resource Dependent Radio Allocation For Battlefield Communications - A Data M...IJERA Editor
Network Enabled Capability (NEC) and the Land Open Systems Architecture (LOSA) are novel approaches to enable interoperability between a heterogeneous collection of assets in the battlefield. These paradigms utilise an underlying network for cooperation between deployed battlefield equipment. NEC and LOSA have great potential to transform military communications and enhance integrated survivability as well as situational awareness, but the Achilles’ heel of NEC and LOSA is the wireless spectrum over which they must communicate. A noisy and dynamic battlefield wireless spectrum as well as an array of heterogeneous wireless communications equipment handling multiple types of data with different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements requires a system which manages and allocates these communication resources effectively. This paper presents the High Availability Wireless Communications (HAWC) system, a hardware agnostic communications controller middleware to manage any combination of existing and future multiband wireless resources. The system utilises a vehicle’s data model to gather information about available radio resources and enable LOSA by meeting communications data requirements and delivering appropriate QoS to the appropriate traffic in a fleet of vehicles. The functionality of the system is verified by using behavioural simulation on a virtual battlefield.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON END-TOEND DELAY FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN ITSijngnjournal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of velocity on end-to-end delay for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in intelligent transportation systems. The study used the network simulator QualNet to simulate V2V communication in a vehicular ad hoc network under different vehicle velocities. Simulation results showed that the Bellman-Ford routing protocol achieved the lowest end-to-end delay for all vehicle velocities tested in an urban scenario, outperforming AODV and DSR protocols. The study concluded that vehicle velocity has an impact on end-to-end delay in V2V communication, with lower velocities resulting in lower delays.
Multicast routing protocol for advanced vehicular ad hoc networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Transport sector has great impact on our daily life. Despite the huge number of vehicular models, driving process still faces many challenges due to the lack information about the roads and the surrounding sudden events, which can result in high number of accidents globally and especially in Saudi Arabia. A new technology, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), has emerged to support Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and to offer advanced solutions for drivers to avoid different hazard events that occur on the road. In this paper, we discuss the multicast and broadcast communications in VANETs, Quality of Sevice (QoS) awaregroup addressing/managing solutions to VANETs which help inclassifying different application that explore and design a new cross-layer framework, aware of high mobility and efficiency.
This document discusses differential evolution based secured routing protocols for VANETs (vehicular ad hoc networks). It begins with an introduction to VANETs and discusses some of their key characteristics and applications. It then discusses some of the main attacks against VANETs, including identification/authentication attacks, privacy attacks, availability attacks, and routing attacks. It proposes using a differential evolution algorithm and distance bounding technique to design a secure routing protocol to detect and mitigate routing attacks from malicious nodes in VANETs. The paper reviews several related works on security issues and solutions for VANETs and aims to improve routing security through the proposed differential evolution based approach.
IRJET- Efficient and Secure Communication In Vehicular AD HOC NetworkIRJET Journal
The document discusses efficient and secure communication in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It proposes a Cluster based reliable routing (CRR) protocol. Vehicles are clustered based on their velocity, and a Cluster Controller (CC) is elected based on transmitter heights and position to manage communication among cluster members. The CRR protocol aims to address the challenging routing issues posed by the highly dynamic topology of VANETs.
IMPROVED QUALITY OF SERVICE PROTOCOL FOR REAL TIME TRAFFIC IN MANETIJCNCJournal
This document proposes an improved quality of service protocol for real-time traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It presents a modified version of the AODV routing protocol that provides two key improvements: 1) A balanced best-effort traffic aware route discovery mechanism that selects paths with lower ratios of best-effort packets to minimize their impact on real-time traffic. 2) A packet forwarding procedure that gives transmission priority to real-time packets by transmitting them immediately from the queue while best-effort packets have to wait, improving throughput for real-time applications. Simulation results show the proposed protocol performs better than basic AODV in terms of throughput and delay for real-time traffic.
The document reviews different routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses some of their key characteristics including decentralized operation and dynamic topology. It then reviews several popular routing protocol categories for MANETs - flat, hierarchical, and location-based. Flat protocols like distance vector and link state are discussed as well as their limitations in dynamic MANET environments. The review covers over a dozen different specific routing protocols that have been proposed.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a traffic control system using message forwarding in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The system incorporates scanners that detect abnormal traffic conditions and activate transmitters to broadcast congestion notifications using a reliable directional greedy routing algorithm. The system is simulated using the VEINS simulator. Key aspects of the system include establishing vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication, calculating a roadway congestion index to detect abnormalities, and enabling transmitters to forward messages about detected events to improve traffic flow and safety.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have seen tremendous growth in the last decade, providing a vast
range of applications in both military and civilian activities. The temporary connectivity in the vehicles can also
increase the driver’s capability on the road. However, such applications require heavy data packets to be shared on
the same spectrum without the requirement of excessive radios. Thus, e-client approaches are required which can
provide improved data dissemination along with the better quality of services to allow heavy traffic to be easily
shared between the vehicles. In this paper, an e-client data dissemination approach is proposed which not only
improves the vehicle to vehicle connectivity but also improves the QoS between the source and the destination. The
proposed approach is analyzed and compared with the existing state-of-the-art approaches. The effectiveness of the
proposed approach is demonstrated in terms of the significant gains attained in the parameters namely, end to end
delay, packet delivery ratio, route acquisition time, throughput, and message dissemination rate in comparison with
the existing approaches.
Study of vanet routing protocols for end to end delaycsandit
Less than a century since the automobile was made affordable enough for the general
public, hundreds of millions of vehicles now travel along highways and streets around the
world. Innovations in safety, comfort, and convenience have made vast improvements in
automobiles during that time, and now new technologies promise to change the face of
vehicular travel once again. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is network which provides the
communication between vehicle to vehicle for p r o v i d i n g i n f o rma t i o n t o travelers with
new features and applications that have never previously been possible. This paper focuses
on vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications in VANET. Lot of research is going on for
determining route between source and destination vehicles for routing the information with
good packet delivery ratio. In this paper we provide a simulation and study of VANET Routing
Protocols for end-to-end delay in V2V communication.
Performance Evaluation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (Vanet) Using Clustering A...pijans
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS) have actually attracted a lot of attention over the last few years as
being used to improve road safety. In this paper, cluster based technique has been introduced in VANET.
As VANET is a new form of MANET, so with this cluster based technique in VANET, several handoff
problems have been removed, which were actually difficult to remove in MANET. For this traffic
infrastructure cluster based routing has been used, with two routing protocols i.e. AODV and AODV+. The
network simulator NS2 has been used for removing unpredictable movements that may arise in the network.
An Optimized Mechanism for Adaptive and Dynamic Policy Based Handover in Clus...pijans
On-going revolution in ever-improving wireless communication enforces the necessity of a self configuring,
rapidly deployable and infrastructure less network. MANET is such an autonomous wireless network that
meets the requirements. At the same time MANET’s random behavior and absence of any central
intelligence to gather unambiguous knowledge about user contexts complexes QoS maintenance and
hampers proper utilization of network resources resulting into unnecessary handovers. In past, few policy
driven handover approaches have been proposed for MANET but none of them explores a comprehensive
policy design. Therefore in this paper we propose an adaptive and optimized policy based handover
mechanism which is based on explicitly designed policies like load balancing, service discovery and next
hop selection .Efficient procedures for these policies are also explored .This work predicts the high time of
handover need on the basis of application specific needs of individual freely roaming mobile nodes,
avoiding unnecessary handovers and provides efficient handover procedure with optimized resource
consumption, reduced latency and interruption time.
More Related Content
Similar to CROSS LAYER DESIGN APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT DATA DELIVERY BASED ON IEEE 802.11P IN VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS (VANETS) FOR CITY SCENARIOS
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
The document summarizes several routing protocols for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) that utilize Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. It first provides background on VANETs and the different types of communication (V2V and V2I). It then overviews 5 specific V2I routing protocols, describing how each protocol utilizes Roadside Units (RSUs) to establish routes for packet forwarding between vehicles and infrastructure. Finally, it discusses challenges and future perspectives for better exploiting RSUs' potential in routing, such as using them as anchors to improve path robustness and load balancing traffic. The document aims to survey V2I routing protocols and analyze the role
This document summarizes a research article about using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems to enable safe navigation at intersections and increase traffic throughput. It describes how V2V communication allows vehicles to broadcast their position and intentions to surrounding vehicles using technologies like DSRC. Simulation results showed this approach can reasonably improve safety and throughput at intersections. The document also provides background on vehicle communication standards and issues like latency, knowledge of surrounding vehicles, message usefulness, simulation challenges, and system penetration rates.
QOS ROUTING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING OLSR ...ijasuc
Mobile Ad-Hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes in communication without using infrastructure.
As the real-time applications used in today’s wireless network grow, we need some schemes to provide
more suitable service for them. We know that most of actual schemes do not perform well on traffic which
is not strictly CBR. Therefore, in this paper we have studied the impact, respectively, of mobility models
and the density of nodes on the performances (End-to-End Delay, Throughput and Packet Delivery ratio)
of routing protocol (Optimized Link State Routing) OLSR by using in the first a real-time VBR (MPEG-4)
and secondly the Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic. Finally we compare the performance on both cases.
Experimentally, we considered the three mobility models as follows Random Waypoint, Random
Direction and Mobgen Steady State. The experimental results illustrate that the behavior of OLSR change
according to the model and the used traffics.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through simulation. It first provides background on VANETs and describes the AODV and DSDV protocols. It then discusses the simulators MOVE, SUMO, and NS-2 that were used to generate mobility models and simulate the routing protocols under different network scenarios varying the number of nodes and connections. The document aims to evaluate the behavior and effectiveness of the reactive AODV protocol versus the proactive DSDV protocol in VANET environments.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. Simulations were conducted using NS-2, SUMO, and MOVE simulators for a grid map scenario with varying numbers of nodes. The results show that AODV performed better than DSDV in terms of throughput and packet delivery fraction, while DSDV had lower end-to-end delays. However, neither protocol was found to be fully suitable for the highly dynamic VANET environment. The document concludes that further work is needed to develop improved routing protocols optimized for VANETs.
Evaluation The Performance of MAODV and AODV Protocols In VANETs ModelsCSCJournals
This paper to study, analyse the performance of multicast technology using the MAODV (Multicast On-demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol) in the VANETs (Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks), this protocol using widely in MANETs (Mobile Ad-Hoc Network). The wireless nodes in the wireless vehicle networks are the same wireless devices, which are integrated with a sensor and designed specifically for the design of safety, privacy and security applications. Researchers are interested in developing and enhancing the number of service quality parameters (packets received, delay, productivity, node power consumption, etc.). The aim of this paper is to introduce and optimize VANETS multi-cast transmission technology to reduce delay, increase throughput and reduce packet loss. Although, presents an analytical study of the Enhanced Protocol (MAODV) Protocol (AODV) and compares it to AODV performance in VANETs.
A Novel De Routing Scheme for Vehicular Ad-Hoc NetworkIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel routing scheme for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) using a differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm. The DE algorithm is used to select the most suitable vehicle to act as a cluster manager by minimizing a fitness function. Key metrics like data packet delivery ratio, throughput, and time complexity are compared between the proposed DE-based scheme and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing approach in VANETs. The goal is to efficiently distribute safety messages in VANETs while minimizing channel collisions on the control channel.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper on improving traffic detection algorithms using an extended floating car data (xFCD) system. The xFCD system collects data from vehicles including location, speed, direction and visual data from a forward-facing camera. It is tested under different lighting and traffic conditions. The paper investigates using xFCD data and information from road sensors to construct a hybrid model characterizing traffic states. A traffic detection algorithm is proposed to improve network performance metrics like throughput, delivery ratio and packet delay. Simulation results show the proposed approach improves these metrics compared to existing methods.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
A Systematic Review on Routing Protocols for VANETsIRJET Journal
This document provides a systematic review and comparative analysis of 10 routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It summarizes the key methods, benefits, and conclusions of each protocol. The protocols use various techniques like clustering, machine learning, Q-learning, firefly algorithm, and particle swarm optimization to address the challenges of frequent topology changes in VANETs. Simulation results show the protocols improve metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and network throughput compared to other existing protocols. In conclusion, an efficient routing protocol is needed to meet the unique requirements of VANETs and achieve good performance.
Resource Dependent Radio Allocation For Battlefield Communications - A Data M...IJERA Editor
Network Enabled Capability (NEC) and the Land Open Systems Architecture (LOSA) are novel approaches to enable interoperability between a heterogeneous collection of assets in the battlefield. These paradigms utilise an underlying network for cooperation between deployed battlefield equipment. NEC and LOSA have great potential to transform military communications and enhance integrated survivability as well as situational awareness, but the Achilles’ heel of NEC and LOSA is the wireless spectrum over which they must communicate. A noisy and dynamic battlefield wireless spectrum as well as an array of heterogeneous wireless communications equipment handling multiple types of data with different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements requires a system which manages and allocates these communication resources effectively. This paper presents the High Availability Wireless Communications (HAWC) system, a hardware agnostic communications controller middleware to manage any combination of existing and future multiband wireless resources. The system utilises a vehicle’s data model to gather information about available radio resources and enable LOSA by meeting communications data requirements and delivering appropriate QoS to the appropriate traffic in a fleet of vehicles. The functionality of the system is verified by using behavioural simulation on a virtual battlefield.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON END-TOEND DELAY FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN ITSijngnjournal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of velocity on end-to-end delay for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in intelligent transportation systems. The study used the network simulator QualNet to simulate V2V communication in a vehicular ad hoc network under different vehicle velocities. Simulation results showed that the Bellman-Ford routing protocol achieved the lowest end-to-end delay for all vehicle velocities tested in an urban scenario, outperforming AODV and DSR protocols. The study concluded that vehicle velocity has an impact on end-to-end delay in V2V communication, with lower velocities resulting in lower delays.
Multicast routing protocol for advanced vehicular ad hoc networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Transport sector has great impact on our daily life. Despite the huge number of vehicular models, driving process still faces many challenges due to the lack information about the roads and the surrounding sudden events, which can result in high number of accidents globally and especially in Saudi Arabia. A new technology, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), has emerged to support Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and to offer advanced solutions for drivers to avoid different hazard events that occur on the road. In this paper, we discuss the multicast and broadcast communications in VANETs, Quality of Sevice (QoS) awaregroup addressing/managing solutions to VANETs which help inclassifying different application that explore and design a new cross-layer framework, aware of high mobility and efficiency.
This document discusses differential evolution based secured routing protocols for VANETs (vehicular ad hoc networks). It begins with an introduction to VANETs and discusses some of their key characteristics and applications. It then discusses some of the main attacks against VANETs, including identification/authentication attacks, privacy attacks, availability attacks, and routing attacks. It proposes using a differential evolution algorithm and distance bounding technique to design a secure routing protocol to detect and mitigate routing attacks from malicious nodes in VANETs. The paper reviews several related works on security issues and solutions for VANETs and aims to improve routing security through the proposed differential evolution based approach.
IRJET- Efficient and Secure Communication In Vehicular AD HOC NetworkIRJET Journal
The document discusses efficient and secure communication in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It proposes a Cluster based reliable routing (CRR) protocol. Vehicles are clustered based on their velocity, and a Cluster Controller (CC) is elected based on transmitter heights and position to manage communication among cluster members. The CRR protocol aims to address the challenging routing issues posed by the highly dynamic topology of VANETs.
IMPROVED QUALITY OF SERVICE PROTOCOL FOR REAL TIME TRAFFIC IN MANETIJCNCJournal
This document proposes an improved quality of service protocol for real-time traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It presents a modified version of the AODV routing protocol that provides two key improvements: 1) A balanced best-effort traffic aware route discovery mechanism that selects paths with lower ratios of best-effort packets to minimize their impact on real-time traffic. 2) A packet forwarding procedure that gives transmission priority to real-time packets by transmitting them immediately from the queue while best-effort packets have to wait, improving throughput for real-time applications. Simulation results show the proposed protocol performs better than basic AODV in terms of throughput and delay for real-time traffic.
The document reviews different routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses some of their key characteristics including decentralized operation and dynamic topology. It then reviews several popular routing protocol categories for MANETs - flat, hierarchical, and location-based. Flat protocols like distance vector and link state are discussed as well as their limitations in dynamic MANET environments. The review covers over a dozen different specific routing protocols that have been proposed.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a traffic control system using message forwarding in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The system incorporates scanners that detect abnormal traffic conditions and activate transmitters to broadcast congestion notifications using a reliable directional greedy routing algorithm. The system is simulated using the VEINS simulator. Key aspects of the system include establishing vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication, calculating a roadway congestion index to detect abnormalities, and enabling transmitters to forward messages about detected events to improve traffic flow and safety.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have seen tremendous growth in the last decade, providing a vast
range of applications in both military and civilian activities. The temporary connectivity in the vehicles can also
increase the driver’s capability on the road. However, such applications require heavy data packets to be shared on
the same spectrum without the requirement of excessive radios. Thus, e-client approaches are required which can
provide improved data dissemination along with the better quality of services to allow heavy traffic to be easily
shared between the vehicles. In this paper, an e-client data dissemination approach is proposed which not only
improves the vehicle to vehicle connectivity but also improves the QoS between the source and the destination. The
proposed approach is analyzed and compared with the existing state-of-the-art approaches. The effectiveness of the
proposed approach is demonstrated in terms of the significant gains attained in the parameters namely, end to end
delay, packet delivery ratio, route acquisition time, throughput, and message dissemination rate in comparison with
the existing approaches.
Study of vanet routing protocols for end to end delaycsandit
Less than a century since the automobile was made affordable enough for the general
public, hundreds of millions of vehicles now travel along highways and streets around the
world. Innovations in safety, comfort, and convenience have made vast improvements in
automobiles during that time, and now new technologies promise to change the face of
vehicular travel once again. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is network which provides the
communication between vehicle to vehicle for p r o v i d i n g i n f o rma t i o n t o travelers with
new features and applications that have never previously been possible. This paper focuses
on vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications in VANET. Lot of research is going on for
determining route between source and destination vehicles for routing the information with
good packet delivery ratio. In this paper we provide a simulation and study of VANET Routing
Protocols for end-to-end delay in V2V communication.
Similar to CROSS LAYER DESIGN APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT DATA DELIVERY BASED ON IEEE 802.11P IN VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS (VANETS) FOR CITY SCENARIOS (20)
Performance Evaluation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (Vanet) Using Clustering A...pijans
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS) have actually attracted a lot of attention over the last few years as
being used to improve road safety. In this paper, cluster based technique has been introduced in VANET.
As VANET is a new form of MANET, so with this cluster based technique in VANET, several handoff
problems have been removed, which were actually difficult to remove in MANET. For this traffic
infrastructure cluster based routing has been used, with two routing protocols i.e. AODV and AODV+. The
network simulator NS2 has been used for removing unpredictable movements that may arise in the network.
An Optimized Mechanism for Adaptive and Dynamic Policy Based Handover in Clus...pijans
On-going revolution in ever-improving wireless communication enforces the necessity of a self configuring,
rapidly deployable and infrastructure less network. MANET is such an autonomous wireless network that
meets the requirements. At the same time MANET’s random behavior and absence of any central
intelligence to gather unambiguous knowledge about user contexts complexes QoS maintenance and
hampers proper utilization of network resources resulting into unnecessary handovers. In past, few policy
driven handover approaches have been proposed for MANET but none of them explores a comprehensive
policy design. Therefore in this paper we propose an adaptive and optimized policy based handover
mechanism which is based on explicitly designed policies like load balancing, service discovery and next
hop selection .Efficient procedures for these policies are also explored .This work predicts the high time of
handover need on the basis of application specific needs of individual freely roaming mobile nodes,
avoiding unnecessary handovers and provides efficient handover procedure with optimized resource
consumption, reduced latency and interruption time.
An Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network for Secured Communica...pijans
Security and reliable communication is challenging task in mobile Ad Hoc network. Through mobility of network device compromised with attack and loss of data. For the prevention of attack and reliable communication, various authors proposed a method of secured routing protocol such as SAODV and SBRP (secured backup routing protocol). The process of these methods work along with route discovery and route maintains, discovery and route maintained needed more power consumption for that process. The power of devices is decrease during such process and network lifetimes expire. In this paper, we modified the secured stateless protocol for secured routing and minimized the utilization of power during path discovering and establishment. For the authentication of group node used group signature technique and sleep mode threshold concept for power minimization. Our proposed technique is simulated in ns-2 and compare to other routing protocol gives a better performance in comparison to energy consumption and throughput of network.
As-Puma : Anycast Semantics In Parking Using Metaheuristic Approachpijans
The number of vehicle used in the world are increasing day by day resulting in the obvious problem of
parking of these vehicle’s in residential and vocational areas. We perceive the problem of vehicles parking
in vocational establishments / malls. Today majority of parking systems are manual parking systems where
in, on the spot, parking of the vehicle is done and a parking slip is generated and handed over to customer.
This is cumbersome technique wherein various parking attendants in the parking areas manually keeps on
informing the Parking inspector on how many free parking slots available so that only that many number of
parking slips/tickets are generated as the number of free parking slots. We address the problem of parking
in Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) by proposing metaheuristic driven approach of Ant Colony optimization
(ACO) technique with anycast semantics models . Here we propose the parking architecture to solve the
problem of parking especially in commercial areas with their design diagrams . In this architecture we
apply the delivery model to deliver the packet correctly to the intended receiver. Using this we can book
various parking’s through remote areas so that the customer can get the information about availability of
various parking’s inside an area and the parking fare for each category of the automobile. Using this
architecture the customer can get the prior knowledge about various vacant parking slots inside a parking
area and he can book the corresponding parking from his location.
A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manetspijans
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
Black Hole Attack Prevention Using Random Dispersive Routing for Mobile Adhoc...pijans
Mobile Adhoc Networks is a wireless network and it has become an important technology in current years
in which security has become an important problem. Black hole Attack is one of the promising and severe
security attacks in mobile ad hoc networks which block the communication of secret data during packet
delivery. Black hole attack directly attacks the node’s data traffic on the path and with intent drops, alters
or delays the data traffic passing through that node. In other type of black hole attack which misleadingly
replies for the route request which comes from the node which initiates the route discovery process that it
has as much as necessary routes to the destination even it does not have path to the destination. This paper
deals with prevention of black hole attacks using Shamir’s secret sharing and Random Multipath Routing
Algorithm
Performance Analysis of Mtpr Routing Protocol in Power Deficient Nodepijans
Power conservation in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a major challenge even today for researchers.
To conserve it various power aware routing protocols have been proposed. These protocols do not take into
consideration the residual power left in nodes. To find the impact of the same a simulator was designed in
MATLAB-7.01. The routing protocol used in our simulation is Minimum Total Power Routing (MTPR) and
different performance metrics such as path optimality, throughput and hop count were recorded in
presence and absence of power scarce node. The result shows significant impact of power scarce node on
MANET performance.
Path Duration Analysis in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networkpijans
In Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) the mobility of the nodes is the main concern. This mobility of
nodes makes the route unstable and unreliable for the information exchange and communication between
two nodes in the network. To enhance the performance and throughput of the VANETs, routes between
nodes must be reliable and stable. In this paper, we study the significance of path duration and link
duration in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). Because of this mobility, connectivity graphs changes
very frequently and it affects the performance of VANETs. Therefore, path duration can be used to predict
the behaviour of the mobile nodes in the network. Estimation of the path duration in VANETs can be a key
factor to improve the performance of the routing protocol. Estimation of path duration is a challenging task
to perform as it depends on many parameters including node density, transmission range, numbers of hops,
and velocity of nodes. This paper will provide a comprehensive study for estimating the path duration in
VANETs.
Study of Various Schemes for Link Recovery in Wireless Mesh Networkpijans
As there is a growing need for the cost effective and highly dynamic large-bandwidth networks over large
coverage area , the Wireless Mesh Network provide first step towards effective communication. A Wireless
Mesh Network is one of the most advanced wireless network used for communication. During their
operating period , the wireless mesh network may suffer from frequent link failure which results in poor
performance of network. Link failure detection plays crucial role in performance of WMN. The proposed
paper presents the review of various techniques used for detection of link failure and the techniques used
for recovery of wireless mesh network.
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networkpijans
Sensor nodes, when deployed to form Wireless sensor network operating under control of central authority
i.e. Base station are capable of exhibiting interesting applications due to their ability to be deployed
ubiquitously in hostile & pervasive environments. But due to same reason security is becoming a major
concern for these networks. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable against various types of external and
internal attacks being limited by computation resources, smaller memory capacity, limited battery life,
processing power & lack of tamper resistant packaging. This survey paper is an attempt to analyze threats
to Wireless sensor networks and to report various research efforts in studying variety of routing attacks
which target the network layer. Particularly devastating attack is Wormhole attack- a Denial of Service
attack, where attackers create a low-latency link between two points in the network. With focus on survey of
existing methods of detecting Wormhole attacks, researchers are in process to identify and demarcate the
key research challenges for detection of Wormhole attacks in network layer.
This document is Intended for the purpose of Enabling the power of social media to Empower Ridesharing.
this entails the creation of an ad-ridesharing Initiative with a view to tackling real-world problems such as
traffic congestion and the ever-increasing fuel prices. The main objectives include creating applications,
both web and mobile based, to seamlessly integrate the app’s functionality into and everyday user’s
routine.
Performance Analysis of Improved Autonomous Power Control Mac Protocol (IAPCM...pijans
Power Control in Mobile Ad Hoc networks is a critical issue, since nodes are powered by batteries.The
main idea of power control schemes is to use different power levels for RTS/CTS and DATA/ACK. These
schemes may degrade network throughput and reduce energy efficiency of the network. In this paper we
have evaluated the performance of Improved Autonomous Power Control MAC Protocol (IAPCMP),that
allows nodes to dynamically adjust power levels for transmission of DATA/ACK according to the distance
between the transmitter and its neighbors.In IAPCMP power level for transmission of RTS/CTS is also
adjustable. This also used maximum power level for transmitting DATA/ACK periodically to make
neighboring nodes aware about ongoing transmission. The performance of IAPCMP is evaluated through
the metrics namely, packet delivery ratio and rate of energy efficiency.The simulation results show
significant improvement in protocol.
A Survey of Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networkspijans
In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview on Ad hoc networking by directional antennas. Use of
Directional antennas can largely reduce the interference, increase the spatial reuse and due to their longer
range we can have routes with fewer hop for two distant nodes. However the main problem of using
directional antennas in Ad hoc networks is due to the dynamic nature of the network. Neighbour discovery,
maintenance the track of moving neighbours, exploitation of the benefit of long range and directional MAC
protocols are the most challenging issues. We present three Directional MAC protocols and two
combinational protocols and system which give solutions to MAC and Neighbour discovery and compare
the throughput of them with 802.11 with omnidirectional antennas.
Wireless Evolution: IEEE 802.11N, 802.11AC, and 802.11AX Performance Comparisonpijans
The widespread adoption of IEEE 802.11 WLANs is attributed to their inherent mobility, flexibility, and
cost-effectiveness. Within the IEEE 802 working group, a dedicated task group is diligently advancing
WLAN technologies, particularly tailored for dense network scenarios. Amidst these advancements, the
802.11ac protocols have emerged as a preferred choice, delivering superior data transfer rates compared
to the preceding 802.11n standard. Significantly, the sixth-generation wireless protocol, IEEE 802.11ax,
has been introduced, showcasing enhanced performance capabilities that outpace its fifth-generation
predecessor, 802.11ac.In this pioneering investigation, we engage in an in-depth simulation-based scrutiny
of prominentWLAN protocols—namely, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, and the cutting-edge IEEE
802.11ax. Our exhaustive analyses traverse a spectrum of critical metrics, encompassing throughput,
coverage, spectral efficiency, Tx/Rx gain, and Tx/Rx power.In a single-user and SISO scenario, both
802.11ac and 802.11ax outperform 802.11n. Significantly, 802.11ax surpasses the previous 802.11n/ac
standards, highlighting substantial advancements in wireless performance.
Performance Improvement of Multiple Connections in AODV with the Concern of N...pijans
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS) consists of a collection of mobile nodes without having a central
coordination. In MANET, node mobility and dynamic topology play an important role in the performance.
MANET provide a solution for network connection at anywhere and at any time. The major features of
MANET are quick set up, self organization and self maintenance. Routing is a major challenge in MANET
due to it’s dynamic topology and high mobility. Several routing algorithms have been developed for
routing. This paper studies the AODV protocol and how AODV is performed under multiple connections in
the network. Several issues have been identified. The bandwidth is recognized as the prominent factor
reducing the performance of the network. This paper gives an improvement of normal AODV for
simultaneous multiple connections under the consideration of bandwidth of node.
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...pijans
Personal Communication Network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new
services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services
to integrated services, which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information, has resulted in
the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of
wire line networks. The ATM cell - relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless
transmission with PCN’s using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. As traffic in
these mobile cellular networks increases, Handoffs will become an increasingly important issue. As cell
sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand of services, newer more efficient handoff
schemes need to be used. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure
which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing
strategy. The proposed scheme allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the
traffic load for certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and
handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the
channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...pijans
This article presents a probabilistic modeling method utilizing smart meter data and an innovative agentbased simulator for electric vehicles (EVs). The aim is to assess the effects of different cost-driven EV charging strategies on the power distribution network (PDN). We investigate the effects of a 40% EV adoption on three parts of Frederiksberg's low voltage distribution network (LVDN), a densely urbanized municipality in Denmark. Our findings indicate that cable and transformer overloading especially pose a challenge. However, the impact of EVs varies significantly between each LVDN area and charging scenario. Across scenarios and LVDNs, the share of cables facing congestion ranges between 5% and 60%. It is also revealed that time-of-use (ToU)-based and single-day cost-minimized charging could be beneficial for LVDNs with moderate EV adoption rates. In contrast, multiple-day optimization will likely lead to severe congestion, as such strategies concentrate demand on a single day that would otherwise be distributed over several days, thus raising concerns about how to prevent it. The broader implications of our research suggest that, despite initial worries primarily centered on congestion due to unregulated charging during peak hours, a transition to cost-based smart charging, propelled by an increasing awareness of time-dependent electricity prices, may lead to a significant rise in charging synchronization, bringing about undesirable consequences for the power distribution network (PDN).
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...pijans
This article presents a probabilistic modeling method utilizing smart meter data and an innovative agentbased simulator for electric vehicles (EVs). The aim is to assess the effects of different cost-driven EV
charging strategies on the power distribution network (PDN). We investigate the effects of a 40% EV
adoption on three parts of Frederiksberg's low voltage distribution network (LVDN), a densely urbanized
municipality in Denmark. Our findings indicate that cable and transformer overloading especially pose a
challenge. However, the impact of EVs varies significantly between each LVDN area and charging
scenario. Across scenarios and LVDNs, the share of cables facing congestion ranges between 5% and
60%. It is also revealed that time-of-use (ToU)-based and single-day cost-minimized charging could be
beneficial for LVDNs with moderate EV adoption rates. In contrast, multiple-day optimization will likely
lead to severe congestion, as such strategies concentrate demand on a single day that would otherwise be
distributed over several days, thus raising concerns about how to prevent it. The broader implications of
our research suggest that, despite initial worries primarily centered on congestion due to unregulated
charging during peak hours, a transition to cost-based smart charging, propelled by an increasing
awareness of time-dependent electricity prices, may lead to a significant rise in charging synchronization,
bringing about undesirable consequences for the power distribution network (PDN).
Multilayer Perceptron Guided Key Generation through Mutation with Recursive R...pijans
In this paper, a multilayer perceptron guided key generation for encryption/decryption (MLPKG) has been
proposed through recursive replacement using mutated character code generation for wireless
communication of data/information. Multilayer perceptron transmitting systems at both ends accept an
identical input vector, generate an output bit and the network are trained based on the output bit which is
used to form a protected variable length secret-key. For each session, different hidden layer of multilayer
neural network is selected randomly and weights or hidden units of this selected hidden layer help to form
a secret session key. The plain text is encrypted using mutated character code table. Intermediate cipher
text is yet again encrypted through recursive replacement technique to from next intermediate encrypted
text which is again encrypted to form the final cipher text through chaining , cascaded xoring of multilayer
perceptron generated session key. If size of the final block of intermediate cipher text is less than the size of
the key then this block is kept unaltered. Receiver will use identical multilayer perceptron generated
session key for performing deciphering process for getting the recursive replacement encrypted cipher text
and then mutated character code table is used for decoding. Parametric tests have been done and results
are compared in terms of Chi-Square test, response time in transmission with some existing classical
techniques, which shows comparable results for the proposed technique.
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcppijans
In order to reduce the communication cost and time we are looking forward for successful implementation
of an infrastructure less network like Mobile Ad Hoc Network in all arena of wireless mobile
communication. But still it is a challenge to decide a most appropriate routing protocol for MANET. In
MANET there is no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and
path loss. Since MANET does not use fixed infrastructure rather it always have to find suitable router and
routing path for each communication, existing established routing protocol is not suitable for MANET to
function properly. Different Routing protocols have been proposed to meet the challenges with MANETs.
This paper evaluates the performances of four MANET routing protocols which are DSDV, AODV, DSR
and TORA over TCP, a Transport Layer Protocol. The performance metrics which are considered in this
paper are packet delivery fractions, normalized routing overload, end to end delay and throughput. DSDV
is a proactive protocol and the others are reactive protocols.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
CROSS LAYER DESIGN APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT DATA DELIVERY BASED ON IEEE 802.11P IN VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS (VANETS) FOR CITY SCENARIOS
1. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
DOI: 10.5121/ijans.2018.8401 1
CROSS LAYER DESIGN APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT
DATA DELIVERY BASED ON IEEE 802.11P IN
VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS (VANETS) FOR
CITY SCENARIOS
Mayada Abdelgadir, Rashid A. Saeed and Abuagla Babiker
Electronics Communications Dept.,Sudan University of Science and Technology(SUST),
Khartoum, Sudan
ABSTRACT
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been one of the promising technology that has a great
interest attention from many researchers over the world. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)
communications environment as a part of ITS opens the way for a wide range of applications such as safety
applications, mobility and connectivity for both driver and passengers to exploit the transport systems in a
smoothly, efficiently and safer way. Several challenging tasks facing adopting VANET functionality for ITS
such as modelling of wireless transmission and routing issues. These research issues have become more
critical due to the high mobility of vehicles nodes (transmitters and receivers) and unexpected network
topology due to the high speed of nodes. In fact, modelling radio propagation channel in VANET
environment which considers as one of a stringent communications environment is a challenging task. The
selection of a suitable transmission model plays a key role in the routing decisions for VANET. Different
propagation models allow calculating the Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on key environmental
properties such as the distance between transmitter vehicle and a receiver vehicle, the gain and antenna
height of transmitter and a receiver vehicles. Hence, it is useful to calculate RSS and SNR values for a
specific propagation model and then these values can be used later for routing decision in order to find the
best path with high SNR. This paper evaluates the performance of different transmission models (free-
space, two-ray and log-normal) in terms of Receive Signal Strength (RSS). In addition, the performance of
such wireless transmission models for vehicular communication in terms of PDR, throughput and delay is
evaluated by applying the proposed cross layer routing approach based on IEEE 802.11p. By using
MATLAB, the obtained results confirm the best packet delivery ratio for our proposed approach, where it
indicates poor quality of DSSS PHY with high number vehicles. The minimum delay achieved when traffic
density is decreased.
KEYWORDS
VANET, Radio Propagation Model, RSS, Cross-layer, FHSS, DSSS, IEEE 802.11p.
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been receiving significant interest
and attention from various stakeholders over the world. Indeed, automotive companies, ITS
designers, and even the industry academic research communities are all looking forward to design
and deploy different ITS applications and systems. The main goal of ITS is to introduce
improvements in terms of efficiency and safety level of the road and the transportation system via
new applications, protocols and standard. Besides that, increasing number of vehicles gives the
motivations for improving road safety and inter-vehicle entertainment via Vehicular Ad-hoc
Networks (VANET) systems as part of ITS [1-3].
In the past few years, further developments in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) have led to
the emergence of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The concept is to create an ‘ad-hoc
2. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
2
network’ of moving vehicles with ever-present connectivity. Each vehicle acts like a mobile node
and moves along predetermined paths (roads). The connectivity is established when a vehicle
tries to look for a nearby vehicle or infrastructure within the communication range to establish
desired communication. Since vehicles can communicate with each other, it has opened a totally
new communication paradigm that can be used to provide new services to stakeholders [4, 5].
Emerging Vehicular networks will provide both driver and passengers with a variety of
applications for safety, traffic efficiency, driver assistance, as well as infotainment to be
incorporated into modern automobile designs [6].
One of the big challenges facing VANET system is a high traveling speed situation of vehicles. A
key problem in such environment is the data exchange between neighbour vehicles must be
supported with high level of QoS. A major problem with VANET systems is the effect of
different propagation models in addition with multipath fading. The Received Signal Strength
(RSS) is position dependent and time varying. The received power is determined by the radiating
characteristics and the vehicle antenna as well as statistically distributed reflectors. Before
designing a new routing scheme that becomes more suitable with dynamic VANET environment,
modelling of different wireless transmission methods must be studied as pointed out in [7, 8]. The
selection of a proper transmission model plays a key role in the routing decisions for VANET.
Main challenges to model the wireless channel for VANET are physical constraints inherent to
such networks such as high speed, lack of permanent infrastructure, limited knowledge in relation
to the position of vehicles as well as various interfering obstacles that affects the strength of
received signal at each communicating vehicle and can be provided by as a main information
from a wireless channel model at the receiver vehicle. This value of Received Signal Strength
(RRS) can be exploited in the routing decisions. In general, there are two ways to model the
wireless radio channel for VANET. The first approach is to develop mathematical models while
the second method is to practically take the measurements and use these measurements to fit a
certain mathematical model [9-11].
For VANET communication environment, two types of propagation models are defined for
wireless systems. The first model is named by deterministic propagation model which allows
calculating the Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on key environmental properties such as
the distance between transmitter vehicle and a receiver vehicle. These models have a wide range
from basic to very complex where they also account for multipath propagation in the environment
modeled exactly as the area of deployment. The second propagation model is called probabilistic
propagation model allow a more realistic modelling of radio wave propagation to predict the
received power at the destination vehicle for dynamic wireless channel. In these models an
average received power at a distance d is calculated by predetermining the value of a reference
received power Po as a mean value. This value of Po is obtained using deterministic models [12].
In general form, when designing VANET system that provides safety applications, it is important
to take into account the particular requirements and constraints to obtain high level of QoS. The
main requirements are low delay, high throughput and low packet loss rate. Thus, some additional
design metrics including the strength of received power r
P according to specific propagation
model that gives an indication of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) can be used in routing protocol.
Those route metrics comes from a cross layer design (CLD) that enable sharing of information
between physical and MAC layers. In fact, cross layer design (CLD) has enormous potential in
ad-hoc communications environment to define a good level of link quality for a specific type of
applications [7, 9].
IEEE 802.11p is an IEEE recommended MAC and PHY layer standard for VANET environment
[10, 13]. It uses dedicated frequency band of 5.85 GHz to 5.925 GHz and supports 10 MHz
bandwidth and provide performance and power transmission mask improvement in Wireless
Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) compliant receiver [14, 15].
3. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
3
In this paper, the performance of urban city VANET environment under two different types of
propagation models in terms of PDR, average throughput and delay by using cross layer design
(CLD) based on IEEE 802.11p is evaluated. The reminder of this paper is organized as follows:
Section II reviews several studies about cross layer design (CLD) cross layer design (CLD) under
specific transmission model. In Section III, the proposed system model is discussed and the
simulation environment is explained in details. Section IV presents the results and analysis for
different scenarios. Section V concludes the contribution of this paper.
2. RELATED WORKS
In conventional and traditional networks, channel modelling has shown a significant impact on
the performance of routing design [16, 17]. In addition, authors in [18] introduced a detailed
study in relation to the modelling of channel conditions for vehicular communication and a
comparison of different propagation models based on the propagation mechanism and the
modelling technique was presented. More efforts in terms of VANET channel architecture was
presented in [19] where the researchers presented the limitations of unit-disk and Log-Normal
models in order to achieve realistic VANET topology characteristics. In this work, a mechanisms
to tune the parameters of Log-Normal model according to vehicle density, and verified the
applicability by using real-time data of four different highways has been proposed. The authors in
[20] introduced a method for channel modelling in VANETs based on discrete time by utilizing
Markov Chain modelling (MVCM).
Many efforts have been done by researchers for finding the best MAC layer protocols for the
problematic VANET aspects. Different standards of IEEE 802.11 are evaluated in terms of
different parameters in order to find the best standard that can be compatible with the dynamic
environment of VANET system. In addition, several different routing protocols have been studied
and proposed in the literature to improve the communication performance of VANETs that
affects by routing issues. Cross layer design (CLD) Cross layer design (CLD) based on IEEE
802.11p is one of the proposed technique that aims to minimize delay and increase both the
throughput and PDR [21].
Recently work was done in [7], the authors proposed an Enhanced version of AODV (En-AODV)
protocol to deal with routes instability issue in multimedia applications. En-AODV leverages
cross-layer information on the link quality state combined with the knowledge of the final vehicle
destination to estimate more stable route. In their work, minimum lifetime and destination region
is proposed to reduce the communication overhead as a two additional fields were added to the
Route REQuest (RREQ) packets in order to estimate more stable and reliable route. The obtained
simulation results by using NS-3 confirmed the efficiency of En-AODV and highlight its
supremacy over AODV under various metrics and scenarios.
Several routing protocols have been defined by many researchers for VANET. Author in [22]
evaluated various proposed routing techniques for VANET in terms of throughput and PDR for
city and highway scenarios. His paper concluded the importance to propose a new routing
protocol in order to improve the performance of VANET transmission to provide reliable QoS for
safety applications in VANET.
In [9] a survey of recent work on cross-layer communication solutions for VANETs is presented.
Major approaches to cross-layer protocol design is introduced, followed by an overview of
corresponding cross-layer protocols. Finally, open research problems in developing efficient
cross-layer protocols for next generation transportation systems are discussed.
Authors in [23] evaluate the performance of the 802.11p MAC protocol with various vehicle
densities (0.01-0.5 vehicles/m). The 802.11p MAC protocol is evaluated in terms of collision,
reliability, delay and throughput in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The evaluation results
4. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
4
indicate that 802.11p MAC protocol can be improved via extending the Control Channel (CCH)
interval and proves that the IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol can satisfy the latency requirement in
VANET safety applications. Similarly, the main aim of the study in [24] is to examine the MAC
of the vehicular communication standard IEEE 802.11p CSMA through simulation. The obtained
results indicate severe performance degradation for high density loaded system, both for
individual nodes and for the system. The simulations show that 802.11p is not suitable for
periodic location messages in a Mumbai-Pune highway road scenario. Also, the main idea of [25]
is to evaluate IEEE 802.11p MAC standard by creating a vehicular ad-hoc network scenario using
MATLAB simulations. A highway scenario with periodic broadcast of time critical packets in a
V2V architecture is considered. The evaluation was done in terms of channel access delay and
probability of channel access. The results show that, when the number of vehicles is increased
from 100 to 200, channel access delay increases by approximately 20ms and probability of
channel access decreases by approximately 5%.
On the other hand, in [13] authors conducted an experimental research analysis to measure the
performance through off-the-shell IEEE 802.11p devices to evaluate the standards’ performance
in a real scenario in terms of delay, jitter, bit rate and loss rate, where UDP protocol was used.
The achieved results indicate the best performance of this standard for VANET environment.
As a summary from the recent related works and with the passage of time, cross layer design
(CLD) has been proposed in recent works and it refers to a protocol design that exploits the
dependency between protocol layers to achieve desirable performance gains. On the other hand,
the research and application development in VANETs are driven by the IEEE 802.11p technology
which is intended to enhance the IEEE 802.11 to support ITS applications where reliability and
low latency are crucial factors. Therefore, it is important to test and evaluate cross layer design
(CLD) based on IEEE 802.11p for VANET system by using the actual radio propagation models
such as shadowing model. Before that, different propagation models need to be evaluated in terms
of RSS. The majority of VANET simulators such as NS-2 works only under two-ray models.
3. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
3.1 MODELS OF RADIO PROPAGATION CHANNEL
In this section, the system model that is used in this work to evaluate various propagation
conditions is defined. The first assumption is each transmitting vehicle has transmitted power Pt =
0.2 W. A VANET model has a specific topology which defined by a size of urban city area equals
to xmax × ymax that contains n number of nodes (vehicles) which are moving with a constant
velocity υ which depends on the simulation scenario (highway or city). Here, a speed of 50 Km/s
for a urban city scenario was considered. The positioning of the vehicles are defined according to
the homogeneous Poisson point process. It is assumed that the source vehicle s randomly selects a
destination vehicle d to communicate with. Here, position-update.m as function in MATLAB was
created. Moreover, Random Waypoint model was used in order to model the mobility of vehicles.
In order to evaluate the effects of different transmission models on the communication, the
received power (RSS) is calculated according to specific mathematical equation which defined
the transmission model in terms of varied distance between transmitter and receiver as shown
later in this section. Here, the main aim is to determine the value of the received power of signal
(RSS) in terms of the channel propagation model and the distance between source and destination
vehicles. Finally, cross-layer design routing approach for different traffic density based on
maximum SNR path is evaluated for city scenario and compared by using two-ray and log-normal
shadowing models.
5. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
5
Free-space Propagation Model
The simplest deterministic propagation models is the free-space model which defined by line of
sight (LOS) path between transmitter and receiver separated by distance d. Sometimes referred to
as Friis model. This model is based on the Friss-transmission equation [12]. The model can also
be applied to a vehicular communication scenario with relatively simple assumptions. The
received power using Free-space model can be calculated according to the following formula:
= (
) ( )
Where: r
P = the strength of received power, t
P = the transmitted power, t
G = the transmitter
antenna gain, r
G = the receiver antenna gain, λ = the wavelength, and d = the distance between
transmitter and receiver vehicles.
Two-Ray Propagation Model
As it is known, line of sight not always exist between transmitter and receiver. To take into the
account non line of sight path, a Two-Ray propagation model was developed [12]. In literature,
few variants of this model have been described with different assumptions. Some
implementations of this model in the context of VANETs are described in this section. In one of
the implementations, practical parameters of the transmitter and receiver such as antenna heights
are considered. The strength of received power using this model can be calculated based on the
value of cross-over distance which is determined from the following equation:
=
( )
Where: ht = the transmitted antenna height, hr = the received antenna height, and λ = the wavelength.
The following formula shows the relationship between the strength of received power (Pr) and the
distance between two communicating vehicles nodes (d) based on the value of dcross :
=
(
) ≤
>
(!)
Log-Normal Shadowing Model
The Log-Normal Shadowing propagation model is one of the basic probabilistic propagation
models uses a normal distribution with variance σ to distribute reception power in the logarithmic
domain. As compared to the deterministic models where received power is estimated as a
function of distance, in this model the received power is classified as a random variable following
the Log-Normal distribution. This model states that for any particular distance d between transmit
and receive vehicles, the received power is decreased by a factor that resembles a random
variable having normal distribution at the mean distance dependent value [12]. The strength of
received power in dB unit can be calculated based on the value of cross-over distance which is
determined as:
" #$ = − & ' ( ) *
&
+ + -& ( )
6. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
6
The value of 0
r
P refers to the strength of the received power when the propagation model in free
space and can be calculated using the following formula [9]:
& = (
) (.)
Where: r
P = the strength of received power, t
P = the transmitted power, t
G = the transmitter
antenna gain, r
G = the receiver antenna gain, λ = the wavelength, and d = the distance between
transmitter and receiver vehicles.
In fact, the log-normal shadowing model is defined according to two parameters as presented in
equation (4) the exponential value of path loss n and X0 which represent the Gaussian random
variable with zero mean and one variance.
3.2 SIMULATION SCENARIOS AND PARAMETERS
In this work, the simulation parameters were defined according to the VANET standard which is IEEE
802.11p. The standard in [26, 27] defined the main parameters as shown in Table I. In this simulation,
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) as one of the simplest PHY techniques was used in order to
simulate highway scenario for VANET. IEEE 802.11p DSSS/PHY characteristics and Physical Layer
Convergence Protocol (PLCP) frame formats as shown in Table II were obtained from IEEE standard in
[28, 29].
Table I : The Simulation Parameters
Parameter Value
Frequency 5.9 GHz
# of Vehicles 100-300
Speed Limit 50 Km/h
Packet size 18496
Network size 1200 x 500
Gt 10
Gr 10
ht 1
hr 1
Physical Layer IEEE 802.11p
Contention Window
Min (CWMin)
31 slots
Contention Window
Max (CWMax)
1023 slots
Mobility
Random Way
Point
Table 2 : DSSS PHY Parameters
Parameter DSSS
Slot Time [µs] 20
Turnaround Time
[µs]
5
Preamble [bits] 144
PLCP header [bits] 48
Data Rate [Mbps] 1
SIFS interval [µs] 10
7. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
7
Moreover, the topology and road network were defined with a specific number of vehicles nodes.
The total simulation area of 1200x500 is used in our simulation by using topo.m function as
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Road Topology of Simulated Area in MATLAB (Urban City Scenario)
3.3 THE PROPOSED CROSS LAYER PHY/MAC FRAMEWORK
In VANET communication, each two communicating vehicles can send an information through
one route (the best available path) which contains several vehicles (hops). Each link defines by
several metrics such as the available bandwidth (BW), the received signal strength ( r
P ) and then
the value of SNR that are used to select the route with best channel quality with a specific number
of hops. In this work, a cross layer design (CLD) which aims to exploit the SNR of the route
based on RSS has been proposed. According to this method, each link has its calculated received
power that based on specific wireless transmission propagation model. In cross layer design
(CLD), the physical lower layer information is forwarded to MAC layer in order to enhance the
overall performance of routing mechanism.
In this work, both two-ray as deterministic propagation model and log-normal shadowing as a
probabilistic propagation model are evaluated. These characteristics need to be represented in
computer simulations. The loss coefficient value that is equals to 1. On the other hand, Cross
layer Design (CLD) aims to form a stable routes and improve the application performance in
terms of PDR and delay. The channel quality is defined according to SNR values which are
passed to neighbour during route discovery phase. By capturing SNR information from the PHY
layer, the network layer can provide a better route that improves link connectivity through
defining an interface which can communicate directly between the layer-1 and layer-2 bypassing
the layer-2.
3.4 ROUTE DISCOVERY PHASE
The phase of route discovery is one of the most important phases of any protocol in wireless
environment to enable communications between two nodes. In routing protocol, when there is an
information to send from sender to receiver vehicles, a valid path (route) must be checked in the
vehicle routing table. If this route exit in this routing table, there is no need to send a Route
REQuest (RREQ) in order to find a route, otherwise it is mandatory to start a new route by
broadcasting a new RREQ to all its vehicles in the neighbors from the source node. The RREQ
packet contains source and destination nodes addresses. In addition, it contains source and
destination nodes sequence numbers and broadcast ID and a counter in order to count the number
of RREQ generation. Each packet has a defined sequence number to avoid duplication. Any
RREQ packet with the same sequence number is discarded in the receiver node. Two additional
fields (RSS and SNR). Finally, the RREQ arrives some nodes with a route to that destination and
hence, a Route REPly (RREP) packet is generated which is then sent back to the source node.
Both new two design metrics RSS and SNR are added to the RREP packet. A summary of route
discovery phase is presented in Algorithm 1.
8. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
8
Algorithm 1: Route Discovery Algorithm
Step 1 Check the routing table (contains destination IP address
and sequence number)
if (there is no route) then
Go to step 2
else
Discard the RREQ
End
Step 2 RREQ packet is generated by a source vehicle with ID (i)
Set the destination IP address in dest. ID field
Initialize the Pr and SNR fields to zero
Broadcast the RREQ packet
Step 3 Upon reception of a RREQ an intermediate vehicle Vec
does the following:
if (Vec is the destination vehicle) then
Go to Step 5
else
If (Vec is currently in or going to the same region) then
record in their routing tables the address of neighbours
Go to Step 4
else
Discard the RREQ
end
end
Step 4 Compute the Pr and SNR with the sender vehicle (neighbor)
Compute the Pr0 using equation (2)
Compute Pr by using propagation model equation
if (SNR > TH_value) then
Update the SNR value in the RREQ
Broadcast the updated RREQ
else
Broadcast the received RREQ
End
Step 5 Wait an arbitrary time to receive more RREQs
Select the route with max SNR value
Send a RREP to the source vehicle using the reverse
direction of the discovered route
Step 6
if (The RREQ is not acknowledged yet by an RREP) then
timeout_rreq ++
if (timeout_rreq < # of tries) then
Go to step 2 (retransmit the RREQ)
else
Drop RREQ retransmit packet
end
end
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section, VANET simulation for urban city scenario was carried out to evaluate the
performance of the proposed routing approach by applying two-ray and log-normal shadowing
propagation models. In addition, PHY DSSS technique was used in this simulation. By using
MATLAB environment, the performance in terms of average throughput, delay and PDR is
evaluated. Here, cross layer design based on IEEE 802.11p is used. The main simulation
parameters of both physical and MAC layers are defined in IEEE 802.11p standard as given in
[27, 29]. In this work, two additional design metrics were added to RREQ packets ( r
P and SNR).
The results showed the effect of increasing the number of vehicles on these three performance
metrics as discussed in the coming sections.
4.1 PROBABILISTIC VS DETERMINISTIC MODELS
A comparison between deterministic models and the Log-normal probabilistic model is shown in
Figure 2 .This figure shows that the received signal determined using the probabilistic model
9. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
9
(log-normal shadowing) has lower values compared to its counterparts. Therefore, log-normal can
be considered to be more realistic VANET propagation model.
Figure 2. Different Radio Propagation Models
4.2 PACKET DELIVERY RATIO (PDR)
The first performance evaluation was done and measured in term of PDR. This value is calculated
by dividing the overall number of packet arrived at destination node ( p
R ) by the overall packet
sent from source nodes ( p
S ) according to:
/0 =
∑ 02
3
24' . 6
∑ 72
3
24' . 8
(9)
Figure 3 shows the effect of increasing the number of vehicles on PDR for city scenario by
applying both propagation models (two-ray and log-normal shadowing). In general view, the
PDR values shows unstable behaviour. Firstly, by increasing number of vehicle nodes the PDR is
decreased which is normal situation. Secondly, when number of vehicles becomes more than 70,
the PDR is decreased due to link failure. After that, when number of nodes becomes 130 the
routing path is more stable to deliver information which gives enhancement in PDR. The
maximum value of PDR for both models was achieved when number of vehicles was 200 and
equals to 99.42%. It can be clearly seen that, the value of PDR is decreased and has influence
behaviour due to traffic congestion in city area and the number of collision.
Figure 3. Packet delivery ratio in VANET network for city scenario
10. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
10
4.3 AVERAGE THROUGHPUT AND DELAY
This is one of the important and critical parameters that measures the overall network
performance. The average throughput γ in kbps can be calculated as [7]:
:
; =
< ∑ 0=
3
'
=4
/
(>)
where k is the packet size, p
R no. of received packets and D is the delay. Figure 4 presents the
average throughput Mbps versus m number of vehicles nodes for city scenario. It can be clearly
seen that, by increasing the traffic density, the throughput is decreased rapidly. Both two
propagation models present almost the same behaviour.
The delay represents the time period that needs to route a packet from the source to the desired
destination. The delay can be defined as the packets per unit time interval length which depends
on PDR value in the network and can be calculated from equation (7).
Similarly as introduced in Figure 5 which shows poor effect is obtained from log-normal
shadowing model when traffic density becomes high with maximum value equals to 926.39ms. It
can be clearly realized that, the minimum delay values were achieved when number of vehicles is
decreased.
Figure 4. Average Throughput γ in VANET network for city scenarios
Figure 5. Delay in VANET network for city scenario
11. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
11
5. CONCLUSIONS
Nowadays, ITS industries and academic research communities are interesting to find a solution
for many problematic issues in VANET environment applications, technologies and systems. It is
crucial to find the suitable approach for routing that can adapt the dynamic topology of VANET
environment. The objective of this work is to analyse and evaluate the performance of the
proposed cross layer design (CLD) based on IEEE 802.11p by using MATLAB simulation tool.
The performance is evaluated and compared in terms of PDR, average throughput and delay. Our
goal is to estimate the performance of cross layer routing model for city scenario by using DSSS
PYH technique under both two-ray and log-normal shadowing models. The obtained results
confirm the best packet delivery ratio for our proposed approach, where it indicates poor quality
of DSSS PHY with high number vehicles. The minimum delay achieved when traffic density is
decreased.
REFERENCES
[1] I. Jawhar, Mohamed, N., Zhang, L, "Inter-Vehicular Communication Systems, Protocols and
Middleware," 2010.
[2] K. Z. Z. Muhammad Rizwan Ghori , Nik Quosthoni , Muhammad Hisyam and Mohamed Montaser,
"Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET): Review," presented at the IEEE International Conference on
Innovative Research and Development (ICIRD), Bangkok, Thailand, May 2018.
[3] R. B. a. S. Cosenza. (November 2009) Vehicular Communication Systems: Enabling Technologies,
Applications, and Future Outlook on Intelligent Transportation. IEEE Communications Magazine.
[4] R. Akalu, "Privacy, Consent and Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)," Computer Law and
Security Review, vol. 34, pp. 37-46, 2017.
[5] E. C. E. S.-J. Z. E.-J. L. J. C. Eze, "Advances in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs): Challenges
and Road-map for Future Development," International Journal of Automation and Computing,
February 2016.
[6] H. Guo, Automotive Informatics and Communicative Systems: Principles in Vehicular Networks and
Data Exchange. United States of America: Information science reference, 2009.
[7] S. BoubakeurMoussaoui, MohamedSmati, JohnMurphy, "A cross layer approach for efficient
multimedia data dissemination inVANETs," Vehicular Communications, vol. 9, pp. 127-134, 2017.
[8] R. A. S. Mayada Ahmed, AbuAgla Babikir, "Mobility Routing Model for Vehicular Ad-hoc
Networks (VANETs), Smart City Scenarios," Vehicular Communications, vol. 9, pp. 154-161, July
2017.
[9] B. J. a. E. Ekici, "A survey of cross-layer design for VANETs," Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 9, pp. 966–
983, 2011.
[10] A. Festag, "Standards for vehicular communication – from IEEE 802.11p to 5G," Elektrotechnik &
Informationstechnik, Springer, vol. 132, 2015.
[11] R. S. a. S. K. Priyanka Rathee, "Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.11p in the Presence of Hidden
Terminals," Wireless Pers Commun, Springer, 2016.
[12] T. Rappaport, Wireless Communications - Principles and Practice: Prentice Hall, 2002.
[13] V. F. e. S. Fernando A.Teixeira, Jesse L. Leoni, Daniel F. Macedo, José M. S. Nogueira, "Vehicular
networks using the IEEE 802.11p standard: An experimental analysis," VehicularCommunications,
pp. 91-96, 2014.
[14] F. K. Julian Heinovski, Falko Dressler and Christoph Sommer, "Performance Comparison of IEEE
802.11p and ARIB STD-T109," IEEE Vehicular Networking, 2016.
12. International Journal on Ad Hoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 8, No. 4, October 2018
12
[15] M. N. B. M. W. Shamsul Jamel Elias, R Badlishah Ahmad and Aznor Hanah Abdul Halim, "A
Comparative Study of IEEE 802.11 Standards for Non-Safety Applications on Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks: A Congestion Control Perspective," Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering
and Computer Science, vol. 2, 2014,.
[16] D. T. J. Laneman, and G. W.Wornell, "Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks: Efficient
Protocols and Outage Behavior," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 50, pp. 3062–3080,
2004.
[17] B. H. a. S. Valaee, "Reliable Periodic Safety Message Broadcasting in VANETs using Network
Coding," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 3, pp. 1284–1297, 2014.
[18] M. B. a. W. Viriyasitavat, "Channel Models for Vehicular Communications," in Vehicular ad hoc
Networks, ed, 2015, pp. 335-363.
[19] S. E. N. Akhtar, and O. Ozkasap, "Vehicle Mobility and Communication Channel Models for
Realistic and Efficient Highway VANET Simulation," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
vol. 64, pp. 248–262, 2015.
[20] M. T. P. Fazio, C. Sottile, and A. Lupia, "Vehicular Networking and Channel Modeling: A New
Markovian Approach," presented at the 12th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications and
Networking Conference (CCNC), January 2015.
[21] T. S. K. A. Sarfaraz Ahmed , S. Syed Abdul Syed and S. Subburam, "Cross-Layer Design Approach
for Power Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Egyptian Informatics Journal, vol. 16, 2015.
[22] B. Mustafa, "Issues of Routing in VANET," Master, Computer Science, Blekinge Institute of
Technology, Sweden, June 2010.
[23] K. D. Lusheng Miao, Barend Jacobus Van Wyk and Yskandar Hamam, "Performance Evaluation of
IEEE 802.11p MAC Protocol in VANETs Safety Applications," presented at the IEEE Wireless
Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2013.
[24] V. D. K. a. D. K. Kotecha, "Performance of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication using IEEE 802.11p
in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network Environment," International Journal of Network Security & Its
Applications (IJNSA), vol. 5, March,2013.
[25] M. A. S. Shahzad A. Malik, Shahid A. Khan, M. Jahanzeb, Umar Farooq and M. Adnan Khan,
"Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol for VANETs," Australian Journal of Basic
and Applied Sciences, pp. 4089-4098, 2010.
[26] IEEE, "Structure of IEEE 802.11 Packets at Various Physical Layers," ed: IEEE, 2000.
[27] IEEE, "Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications," in
Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments, ed. New York,USA: IEEE, 2010.
[28] IEEE, "IEEE P802.11 Wireless LANs," in Mechanism to Allow Correct Calculation of Frame
Durations, ed: IEEE, 1999.
[29] IEEE, "Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications," ed.
New York, USA: IEEE, 2007.