Véhiculer Traffic is an inevitable phenomenon which is directly linked with the urban developmental society and cannot be ignored as it acts as a nervous system to the society in general and individuals in particular. Urban Traffic is emerging as an incurable threat to the modern society as there is a lack of efficient intelligent traffic management system. Prior attempts to use radio frequency spectrum, ultrasonic sensors and other alternatives proved to be ineffective as they are becoming crowded, that forced to develop an alternate means like wireless communication which can accommodate the exponentially increasing traffic demand. In this proposed research initiative, a Visible Light Communication (VLC) system is analyzed on its capabilities to provide an alternative to the current standards of wireless transfer of information using light from LEDs as the communication medium. The proposed system based upon the blinking of light-emitting diodes at a rapid rate such that the human eye will not notice the change in light illumination but a highly sensitive photodiode can read the behavioral changes and decode the information embedded within it. The proposed VLC methodology is also being tried to get implemented in intelligent wireless traffic management to resolve traffic logjams that usually occur in metro cities.
TRAFFIC CONTROL MANAGEMENT AND ROAD SAFETY USING VEHICLE TO VEHICLE DATA TRAN...ijcseit
An emerging technology Li-Fi, or light fidelity is a bidirectional and fully networked wireless
communications medium which uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and provides transmission of
data through illumination by sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the
human eye can follow. It can provide connectivity within a very large area with more security and with
higher data rates and high speed than data that can be transmitted through Wi-Fi. It uses visible light
communication or infra-red and near ultraviolet spectrum which works by switching bulbs on and off
within nanoseconds. By using Li-Fi technology highly reliable vehicle to vehicle communication is possible
by transmitting and receiving data through LED head-lights and tail-lights. In this paper we propose a
system that uses Li-Fi enabled LED head-light, tail-light and traffic signal light that can be used for traffic
management and road safety by using vehicle to vehicle data transmission The aim of designing this system
is to reduce road accidents and managing traffic more accurately
Call Admission Control (CAC) with Load Balancing Approach for the WLAN NetworksIJARIIT
The cell migrations take place between the different network operators, and require the significant information exchange between the operators to handle the migratory users. The new user registration requires the pre-shared information from the user’s equipment, which signifies the user recognition before registering the new user over the network. In this thesis, the proposed model has been aimed at the development of the new call admission control mechanism with the sub-channel assignment. The very basic utilization of the proposed model is to increase the number of the users over the given cell units, which is realized by using the sub-channel assignment to the users of the network. The proposed model is aimed at solving the issue by assigning the dual sub channels over the single communication channel. Also the proposed model is aimed at handling the minimum resource users by incorporating the load balancing approach over the given network segment. The load balancing approach shares the load of the overloaded cell with the cell with lowest resource utilization. The proposed model performance has been evaluated in the various scenarios and over all of the BTS nodes. The proposed model results have been obtained in the form of the resource utilization, network load, transmission delay, consumed bandwidth and data loss. The proposed model has shown the efficiency obtained by using the proposed call admission control (CAC) along with the new load balancing mechanism. The proposed model has shown the robustness of the proposed model in handling the cell overloading factors.
Visible Light Communication for Visually Impaired People using Sustainable LEDsijtsrd
We developed navigation system prototype for the visually impaired using LED lights. Where LED lights emit visible light with location data and a smartphone or blind persons stick with a visible light receiver receives the data. The controller with receiver calculates the optimal path to a designation and speaks to the visually impaired through a headphone or turns stick left or right with the help of motor. The prototype is able to navigate the visually impaired users fairly well with speech guidance. We believe that the application of visible light communication belongs to location-based services and new graphical user interfaces that combine visual imagery with visible light communication. For this application, users are able to know the information associated with a transmitter. If a transmitter is attached to a building or a fixed place, location information will be obtained. Indoor navigation is convenient for everyone, and it is especially useful for visually impaired. If a transmitter is attached to a building or a fixed place, location information will be obtained and conveyed to receiver using LED light. Indoor navigation is convenient for everyone, and it is especially useful for visually impaired. Pradnya Kulkarni | Prof. M. B. Tadwalkar"Visible Light Communication for Visually Impaired People using Sustainable LEDs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2236.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/2236/visible-light-communication-for-visually-impaired-people-using-sustainable-leds/pradnya-kulkarni
What is VLC
Visible light & Spectrum
VLC process
-Transmitter
-Receiver
-Modulation
VLC characteristics
Comparison with RF & IR
Demerits of VLC
Applications
TRAFFIC CONTROL MANAGEMENT AND ROAD SAFETY USING VEHICLE TO VEHICLE DATA TRAN...ijcseit
An emerging technology Li-Fi, or light fidelity is a bidirectional and fully networked wireless
communications medium which uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and provides transmission of
data through illumination by sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the
human eye can follow. It can provide connectivity within a very large area with more security and with
higher data rates and high speed than data that can be transmitted through Wi-Fi. It uses visible light
communication or infra-red and near ultraviolet spectrum which works by switching bulbs on and off
within nanoseconds. By using Li-Fi technology highly reliable vehicle to vehicle communication is possible
by transmitting and receiving data through LED head-lights and tail-lights. In this paper we propose a
system that uses Li-Fi enabled LED head-light, tail-light and traffic signal light that can be used for traffic
management and road safety by using vehicle to vehicle data transmission The aim of designing this system
is to reduce road accidents and managing traffic more accurately
Call Admission Control (CAC) with Load Balancing Approach for the WLAN NetworksIJARIIT
The cell migrations take place between the different network operators, and require the significant information exchange between the operators to handle the migratory users. The new user registration requires the pre-shared information from the user’s equipment, which signifies the user recognition before registering the new user over the network. In this thesis, the proposed model has been aimed at the development of the new call admission control mechanism with the sub-channel assignment. The very basic utilization of the proposed model is to increase the number of the users over the given cell units, which is realized by using the sub-channel assignment to the users of the network. The proposed model is aimed at solving the issue by assigning the dual sub channels over the single communication channel. Also the proposed model is aimed at handling the minimum resource users by incorporating the load balancing approach over the given network segment. The load balancing approach shares the load of the overloaded cell with the cell with lowest resource utilization. The proposed model performance has been evaluated in the various scenarios and over all of the BTS nodes. The proposed model results have been obtained in the form of the resource utilization, network load, transmission delay, consumed bandwidth and data loss. The proposed model has shown the efficiency obtained by using the proposed call admission control (CAC) along with the new load balancing mechanism. The proposed model has shown the robustness of the proposed model in handling the cell overloading factors.
Visible Light Communication for Visually Impaired People using Sustainable LEDsijtsrd
We developed navigation system prototype for the visually impaired using LED lights. Where LED lights emit visible light with location data and a smartphone or blind persons stick with a visible light receiver receives the data. The controller with receiver calculates the optimal path to a designation and speaks to the visually impaired through a headphone or turns stick left or right with the help of motor. The prototype is able to navigate the visually impaired users fairly well with speech guidance. We believe that the application of visible light communication belongs to location-based services and new graphical user interfaces that combine visual imagery with visible light communication. For this application, users are able to know the information associated with a transmitter. If a transmitter is attached to a building or a fixed place, location information will be obtained. Indoor navigation is convenient for everyone, and it is especially useful for visually impaired. If a transmitter is attached to a building or a fixed place, location information will be obtained and conveyed to receiver using LED light. Indoor navigation is convenient for everyone, and it is especially useful for visually impaired. Pradnya Kulkarni | Prof. M. B. Tadwalkar"Visible Light Communication for Visually Impaired People using Sustainable LEDs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2236.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/2236/visible-light-communication-for-visually-impaired-people-using-sustainable-leds/pradnya-kulkarni
What is VLC
Visible light & Spectrum
VLC process
-Transmitter
-Receiver
-Modulation
VLC characteristics
Comparison with RF & IR
Demerits of VLC
Applications
Depiction Optimization of Overdue Wi-Fi Offloading in Heterogeneous SystemsIJASRD Journal
The fast growing mobile data traffic causes the deficiency of cellular network capacity. To mitigate this problem, Wi-Fi offloading techniques where the mobile data traffic is offloaded through sparsely deployed Wi-Fi networks have been extensively investigated. Wi-Fi offloading techniques can be classified into: 1) auction game-based offloading and 2) congestion game-based offloading. To proposed system inventing a Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) to make offloading decisions efficiently. The existing approach use two algorithms such as; 1) Hybrid offloading algorithm and 2) Monotone offloading algorithm. But the previous work of hybrid offloading algorithm and monotone offloading algorithm was not efficient. Based on the Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) mechanism. The proposed mechanism of offload cellular network traffic of vehicular users through carrier Wi-Fi networks based on the game theory approach. It computes the mobile network offloading performance. In this design of offloading mechanism in order to improve the overall offloading performance. By reducing the number of vehicular users contending for the channel and prioritizing high WIFI data rates and thus the offloading performance can be improved. In the proposed approach is reducing the accessing cost, time and improve the Wi-Fi offloading performance.
Design and Implementation of Smart congestion control systemdbpublications
The frequent traffic jams at major junctions
call for an efficient traffic management
system in place. The resulting wastage of
time and increase in pollution levels can be
eliminated on a city-wide scale by these
systems.
The project proposes to implement
an intelligent traffic controller using real
time image processing. The image
sequences from a camera are analyzed using
thresholding method to find the density.
Subsequently, the number of vehicles at
the intersection is evaluated and traffic is
efficiently managed. The project also
proposes to implement a real-time
emergency vehicle detection system. In case
an emergency vehicle is detected, the lane is
given priority over all the others. Hardware
control is done by microcontroller.
Free-Space Optical Networking Using the Spectrum of Visible LightIJTET Journal
Radio frequency technology suffers from limited bandwidth and electromagnetic interference. The recent
developments in solid-state Light Emitting Diode (LED) materials and devices are driving resurgence into the use of Free-Space Optical (FSO) wireless communication. LED-based network transceivers have a variety of competitive advantages over RF
including high bandwidth density, security, energy consumption, and aesthetics. They also use a highly reusable unregulated part of the spectrum (visible light). Many opportunities exist to exploit low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units for widespread deployment of optical communication. The prime focus is to reducing cost, and for that, we have to make appropriate selection
of system’s components, e.g. modulation, coding, filtering. The objective is to describe the viability of an optical free-space visible light transceiver as a basis for indoor wireless networking and to achieve acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance for indoor use, with a low cost system.
8 of the Must-Read Network & Data Communication Articles Published this weeke...IJCNCJournal
Beamforming for millimetre-wave (mmWave) frequencies has been studied for many years. It is considered as an important enabling technology for communications in these high-frequency ranges and it received a lot of attention in the research community. The special characteristics of the mmWave band made the beamforming problem a challenging one because it depends on many environmental and operational factors. These challenges made any model-based architecture fit only special applications, working scenarios, and specific environment geometry. All these reasons increased the need for more general machine learning based beamforming systems that can work in different environments and conditions. This increased the need for an extended adjustable dataset that can serve as a tool for any machine learning technique to build an efficient beamforming architecture. Deep MIMO dataset has been used in many architectures and designs and has proved its benefits and flexibility to fit in many cases. In this paper, we study the extension of collaborative beamforming that includes many cooperating base stations by studying the impact of User Equipment (UE) speed ranges on the beamforming performance, optimizing the parameters of the neural network architecture of the beamforming design, and suggesting the optimal design that gives the best performance for as a small dataset as possible. Suggested architecture can achieve the same performance achieved before with up to 33% reduction in the dataset size used to train the system which provides a huge reduction in the data collection and processing time.
Technology such as holographic image telepresence, eHealth and well-being applications, pervasive connectivity in intelligent environments, enterprise 4.zero and massive robotics, massive unmanned mobility in three dimensions, augmented truth (AR), and digital truth (VR), to name a few, will shape tomorrow's truth.
Causes of Fiber Cut and the Recommendation to Solve the ProblemIOSRJECE
Optical fiber technology has transformed the telecom landscape in Ghana in recent years owing to its overwhelming advantages over the traditional transmission medium. Though the technology is highly immune to electromagnetic wave, it also offers a higher capacity of bandwidth for data and voice activities. The fiber infrastructure in Ghana has experienced a lot of fiber cuts incidences. And this has affected network quality delivery, increased operational expenditure and decline revenue margins of the telcos. This research was carried out in two phases using MTN Ghana (Western and Central Region) as a case study, to establish the root causes and remedial actions to curb it. First, Pareto and Ishakawa analytical tools were applied to the primary source data for the analysis. Secondly, a purposive survey was administered to acquire additional information. It was established that activities of government sponsored projects and private developers were largely responsible for the menace due to; negligence, ignorance, lack of coordination etc. On the bases, it’s recommended that telcos and stakeholders embark on educational campaign to sensitize the public on optical fiber cables whiles the government of Ghana put in measures to build mandatory right-of-way with support from the private sector.
Depiction Optimization of Overdue Wi-Fi Offloading in Heterogeneous SystemsIJASRD Journal
The fast growing mobile data traffic causes the deficiency of cellular network capacity. To mitigate this problem, Wi-Fi offloading techniques where the mobile data traffic is offloaded through sparsely deployed Wi-Fi networks have been extensively investigated. Wi-Fi offloading techniques can be classified into: 1) auction game-based offloading and 2) congestion game-based offloading. To proposed system inventing a Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) to make offloading decisions efficiently. The existing approach use two algorithms such as; 1) Hybrid offloading algorithm and 2) Monotone offloading algorithm. But the previous work of hybrid offloading algorithm and monotone offloading algorithm was not efficient. Based on the Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) mechanism. The proposed mechanism of offload cellular network traffic of vehicular users through carrier Wi-Fi networks based on the game theory approach. It computes the mobile network offloading performance. In this design of offloading mechanism in order to improve the overall offloading performance. By reducing the number of vehicular users contending for the channel and prioritizing high WIFI data rates and thus the offloading performance can be improved. In the proposed approach is reducing the accessing cost, time and improve the Wi-Fi offloading performance.
Design and Implementation of Smart congestion control systemdbpublications
The frequent traffic jams at major junctions
call for an efficient traffic management
system in place. The resulting wastage of
time and increase in pollution levels can be
eliminated on a city-wide scale by these
systems.
The project proposes to implement
an intelligent traffic controller using real
time image processing. The image
sequences from a camera are analyzed using
thresholding method to find the density.
Subsequently, the number of vehicles at
the intersection is evaluated and traffic is
efficiently managed. The project also
proposes to implement a real-time
emergency vehicle detection system. In case
an emergency vehicle is detected, the lane is
given priority over all the others. Hardware
control is done by microcontroller.
Free-Space Optical Networking Using the Spectrum of Visible LightIJTET Journal
Radio frequency technology suffers from limited bandwidth and electromagnetic interference. The recent
developments in solid-state Light Emitting Diode (LED) materials and devices are driving resurgence into the use of Free-Space Optical (FSO) wireless communication. LED-based network transceivers have a variety of competitive advantages over RF
including high bandwidth density, security, energy consumption, and aesthetics. They also use a highly reusable unregulated part of the spectrum (visible light). Many opportunities exist to exploit low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units for widespread deployment of optical communication. The prime focus is to reducing cost, and for that, we have to make appropriate selection
of system’s components, e.g. modulation, coding, filtering. The objective is to describe the viability of an optical free-space visible light transceiver as a basis for indoor wireless networking and to achieve acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance for indoor use, with a low cost system.
8 of the Must-Read Network & Data Communication Articles Published this weeke...IJCNCJournal
Beamforming for millimetre-wave (mmWave) frequencies has been studied for many years. It is considered as an important enabling technology for communications in these high-frequency ranges and it received a lot of attention in the research community. The special characteristics of the mmWave band made the beamforming problem a challenging one because it depends on many environmental and operational factors. These challenges made any model-based architecture fit only special applications, working scenarios, and specific environment geometry. All these reasons increased the need for more general machine learning based beamforming systems that can work in different environments and conditions. This increased the need for an extended adjustable dataset that can serve as a tool for any machine learning technique to build an efficient beamforming architecture. Deep MIMO dataset has been used in many architectures and designs and has proved its benefits and flexibility to fit in many cases. In this paper, we study the extension of collaborative beamforming that includes many cooperating base stations by studying the impact of User Equipment (UE) speed ranges on the beamforming performance, optimizing the parameters of the neural network architecture of the beamforming design, and suggesting the optimal design that gives the best performance for as a small dataset as possible. Suggested architecture can achieve the same performance achieved before with up to 33% reduction in the dataset size used to train the system which provides a huge reduction in the data collection and processing time.
Technology such as holographic image telepresence, eHealth and well-being applications, pervasive connectivity in intelligent environments, enterprise 4.zero and massive robotics, massive unmanned mobility in three dimensions, augmented truth (AR), and digital truth (VR), to name a few, will shape tomorrow's truth.
Causes of Fiber Cut and the Recommendation to Solve the ProblemIOSRJECE
Optical fiber technology has transformed the telecom landscape in Ghana in recent years owing to its overwhelming advantages over the traditional transmission medium. Though the technology is highly immune to electromagnetic wave, it also offers a higher capacity of bandwidth for data and voice activities. The fiber infrastructure in Ghana has experienced a lot of fiber cuts incidences. And this has affected network quality delivery, increased operational expenditure and decline revenue margins of the telcos. This research was carried out in two phases using MTN Ghana (Western and Central Region) as a case study, to establish the root causes and remedial actions to curb it. First, Pareto and Ishakawa analytical tools were applied to the primary source data for the analysis. Secondly, a purposive survey was administered to acquire additional information. It was established that activities of government sponsored projects and private developers were largely responsible for the menace due to; negligence, ignorance, lack of coordination etc. On the bases, it’s recommended that telcos and stakeholders embark on educational campaign to sensitize the public on optical fiber cables whiles the government of Ghana put in measures to build mandatory right-of-way with support from the private sector.
Medium access in cloud-based for the internet of things based on mobile vehic...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Smart cities are made up of a large number of smart, intelligent gadgets that can sense, compute, act, and communicate. Focusing on how data is transferred between sensory devices and applications in the internet of things (IoT), and cyber-physical systems have led to 5G/IoT integration. This paper proposes a revolutionary architecture for mobile vehicular cloud infrastructure that takes variable weather, road, and traffic circumstances into consideration. It proposes a dynamic speed management system for smart cities. To optimize system flexibility and reduce costs, the system makes advantage of the most recent advancements in wireless communication and utilizes current telecommunication infrastructures utilized in data streaming, sound, and video. The study presents an internet protocol (IP) real-time subsystem-network-based framework for requesting bandwidth from free wireless channel resources using the channell quality indicator channel.
The Assessments and Challenges of LED Generated Data Traffic using Li-Fi Tech...AM Publications
Internet today will be highly integrated with many aspects of our daily needs making it a corner stone in modern life. This dependency increased the demand on having internet services with higher Bandwidth, higher Bit Rates and lower Congestion problems. As a result, more and more applications will be widely realized for Internet based in the future, either in custom or dedicated fashion. As a result, the Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) technology - that is considered in this paper - refers to the technology that can transfer data in a faster reliable way; utilizing Light Emitted Diode (LED) bulb which is the source of illumination. The method of communication is through transfer data pulses instead of radio frequencies signals, thus providing an economic advantage by eliminating the need for complex wireless networks.
TOP 20 Cited Wireless & Mobile Networks Research Articles 2021ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes
articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all
technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together
researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts
and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Top 10 Read Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJ...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes
articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all
technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together
researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts
and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
TRAFFIC CONTROL MANAGEMENT AND ROAD SAFETY USING VEHICLE TO VEHICLE DATA TRAN...ijcseit
An emerging technology Li-Fi, or light fidelity is a bidirectional and fully networked wireless
communications medium which uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and provides transmission of
data through illumination by sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the
human eye can follow. It can provide connectivity within a very large area with more security and with
higher data rates and high speed than data that can be transmitted through Wi-Fi. It uses visible light
communication or infra-red and near ultraviolet spectrum which works by switching bulbs on and off
within nanoseconds. By using Li-Fi technology highly reliable vehicle to vehicle communication is possible
by transmitting and receiving data through LED head-lights and tail-lights. In this paper we propose a
system that uses Li-Fi enabled LED head-light, tail-light and traffic signal light that can be used for traffic
management and road safety by using vehicle to vehicle data transmission The aim of designing this system
is to reduce road accidents and managing traffic more accurately
Li fi (light fidelity) – the changing scenario of wireless communicationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Sustainability has been a major parameter in evaluation of construction industry. Sustainable construction can be defined simply as the application of methods which fulfill the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of the future generation [1]. One of such methods used is LCA. Life Cycle Assessment of a construction material is done to get a broader picture of the environmental impact of the particular material in terms of carbon footprint. LCA Methods helps in pointing out the specific process of the material procurement or usage during which cynically affects the environment. The analysis of the results may help in informing the consumer or producer to reduce the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, EIO-LCA software is discussed and alternative construction materials are analyzed against conventional materials thereby, suggesting the better one between them. Necessary incentives to enhance the use of LCA were also discussed.
Keywords – Sustainability, Life Cycle Assessment, carbon footprint, EIO-LCA
Comprehensive investigation of coherent optical OFDM-RoF employing 16QAM exte...IJECEIAES
Given the growing need for long haul transmission that requires a high rate of data, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme (OFDM), is regarded as a technique with high potentials for high-capacity optical networks. OFDM transmits over both optical and wireless channels, with the data distributed over a huge amount of the subcarrier, and the data is distributed over a huge number of subcarriers. OFDM achieves RF signal for a long-haul transmitting by utilizing Radio over Fiber (RoF) system, which is known to produce higher orthogonality of the OFDM modulated signal designed for the wireless network. RoF systems comprise of heterogeneous networks designed through the use of wireless and optical links. The aim of this paper is to carry out an investigation of the performance of the external modulation in RoF links, while analyzing the shortcomings caused by the various elements of the optical system. The Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) can be applied in external modulation, and exhibits a more robust performance when implemented with the OFDM modulation technique.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
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The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
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Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
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Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
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- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
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Implementing Visible Light Communication in Intelligent Traffic Management to resolve Traffic Logjams
1. ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Volume, 05 || Issue, 09 ||September – 2015 ||
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 13
Implementing Visible Light Communication in Intelligent Traffic
Management to resolve Traffic Logjams
Pritpal Singh1
, Gagandeep Singh2
, Ashmeet Singh3
( Electronics and Communication Department. GTBIT College, GGSIP University, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078,
India)
I. Introduction
The Real time traffic situations in metro cities are passing through their worst case scenario as there are millions
of vehicles running every day in metro cities resulting in traffic nuisance and logjams and ultimately lowering
the speed of life and add on the worries for the government too as it tends to cause a lot of delay in
transportation of essentials cum commuters.
The main intension behind Visible Light Communication driven Intelligent Traffic Management System
remains the finding of an efficient way of handling traffic inflow and outflow throughout a city so as to avoid
harsh traffic jams and to prevent the creation of traffic in first place. As accordance with Human intelligence
combining and latest technology, the proposed initiated system can revolutionize traffic management with the
infrastructure already in place and minimal monetary requirements as in this system implementation of the
existing light poles and Infrared (IR) sensors act as communication nodes in distinctive vehicles that can warn
each other of a developing traffic situation and hence can prevent heavy traffic jams in prior to its happening.
Proposed initiative is composed of a transmitter which is a street light which transmit map information required
to crossing vehicles and transfer the map information to each receiver installed in vehicles. In this system, every
street light is having their differentiable unique Identifications (IDs) for the generation of a visible light signal to
transmit the map information by using a Visible Light Transmitter module. Every mobile terminal installed in
vehicle is equipped with a Receiver module for receiving the mapped information generated from the street light
in visual light form and displays this fabricated information in the mobile terminal.
Abstract
Véhiculer Traffic is an inevitable phenomenon which is directly linked with the urban
developmental society and cannot be ignored as it acts as a nervous system to the society in general
and individuals in particular. Urban Traffic is emerging as an incurable threat to the modern
society as there is a lack of efficient intelligent traffic management system. Prior attempts to use
radio frequency spectrum, ultrasonic sensors and other alternatives proved to be ineffective as they
are becoming crowded, that forced to develop an alternate means like wireless communication
which can accommodate the exponentially increasing traffic demand. In this proposed research
initiative, a Visible Light Communication (VLC) system is analyzed on its capabilities to provide
an alternative to the current standards of wireless transfer of information using light from LEDs as
the communication medium. The proposed system based upon the blinking of light-emitting diodes
at a rapid rate such that the human eye will not notice the change in light illumination but a highly
sensitive photodiode can read the behavioral changes and decode the information embedded within
it. The proposed VLC methodology is also being tried to get implemented in intelligent wireless
traffic management to resolve traffic logjams that usually occur in metro cities.
Keywords: photodiode, optical communication, LED, infrared, visible light, traffic management,
wireless, etc
2. Implementing Visible Light Communication…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 14
Apart from street lights, IR based vehicle motion detectors are implemented on both sides of the road which
activates when any vehicle interrupts, the IR sensor gets activated and a jam signal, say “X” is sent by the
vehicle to neighboring vehicles behind it, thus intimating them of the upcoming traffic situation ahead.
Fig: Direction and Traffic information
The theme of this research initiative encircles the infusion of Visible Light Communication and Traffic
Management. The possibility of infusion of the both is being done through designing our own analog circuit to
integrate with a computer, and then sending some form of data using visible light LEDs from a transmitter and
decoding it with a receiver also implementing the principle of IR motion seekers that work through an emitter
side which transmit a beam of invisible IR rays and receiver, installed at the opposite edge which is sensitive
only to IR rays and detect vehicle passersby when the beam gets broken. The information then transmitted by
blinking LEDs as bits and gets decoded by the photodiode installed in vehicles and signals them to maintain
distance or to speed up accordingly. The proposed system is best suited to all those metro cities where the
existing traffic management system proved to be failure due to over increasing traffic quantity and density.
II. Literature Review
Light Emitting Diodes, used in Visible Light Communication, is an eminent technology being researched and
invented recently to be used for common communications systems such as traffic management, wireless data
transmission, etc. Use of LEDs in VLC gives numerous advantages, one of which is long life expectancy and
accuracy. However, unlike many emerging technologies, the VLC also has some techno-economical-feasibility
issues which need to be addressed.
The LED based VLC system can operate in power economic perspective and has a longer life-time compared to
the Compact fluorescent lightning devices and that is the reason why in this research initiative, the characteristic
of short transient time in turning the light on/off processes was further investigated and a high-speed wireless
communication system, which is embedded in our LED lighting system, was tried to be built. In this review,
previously conducted credible researches are being scrutinized to understand their strength and weaknesses.
A. H. Elgala, et. all, In his research initiative proposed the differences between Radio and Visible Light
Communication and declares that Optical Wireless Communications itself consists a long history of
development and research. World wide deployment of solid state lighting (SSL) using LEDs is promoting to
drive the proposed technology in the form of Visible Light Communication system. Received Data through an
experimental system shown that the data density of 00.41b/sec/Hz/m2
is being achieved from a VLC
implementation.
S. Rajbhandari, S. Hashemi, et. all, In their research proposed a number of modulation techniques and
thoroughly analyzed in literature for optical wireless communication system. Every modulation methodology
has its attractive features as well as its shortcomings. There has been an important work on the analysis of these
and many other modulation and demodulation techniques under distinct channel and environmental conditions.
C. HU Guo-yong and their colleagues in their research paper conclude the probability of visible red light laser
being used as signal light source for Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication and on the basis of their analysis
of transmission in atmospheric channel containing 650 nm laser beams, performance of wireless laser
3. Implementing Visible Light Communication…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 15
communication link and a low power red laser diode was evaluated. Their proposed system was capable to
achieve maximum range of 300 m at data rate 100 Mb/s on paper. A phenomenal short-range link at data rate 10
Mb/s covering 300 m is also going to be implemented in their university.
It remains feasible to increase the system performance such as link range and data rate by increasing
transmitting power and decreasing laser beam divergence angle or through other approaches.
A. Mishra and Neelesh, and their colleagues in their findings gave the idea of using internet using Visible Light
Communication and also said that wireless communication is the futuristic technology which will keep on
spreading worldwide. In the present scenario, there is an immediate urgency for the improvisation in the means
of connecting. A Wireless network using VLC is a new technical initiative that can easily pave the way for a
comfortable wire-free future of internet as well as transmission and communication means. Such a technology is
useful to establish a smart wireless network grid, underwater communication grid along with mobile services.
Their research aims to explain the phenomenon of VLC through its application to provide Wireless Internet.
III. Principle
The Visible light communication is a data communication medium which employs visible light,
ranging between 400-800 THz (usually 780-375nm) and acts as an alternate to optical wireless communications
technologies.
Fig: Block Diagram
In the proposed research initiative, visible light communication in achieved by switching LEDs on and off at a
speed higher than is perceptible to human eye. Eyes are organs that can detect changes in light brightness and
power when these changes occur over a long time scale, but they can not percieve light that is switched on and
off rapidly, say at 200Hz or more depending on the eye. A photodiode on the other hand can easily recognize
the rapid on-off modulation. A photodiode is a photodetector that produces an electrical current that is
proportional to the optical power that is incident on the photodetector surface.
In this research, the above said principle is used to describe the implication of VLC in intelligent traffic
management with the help of LEDs as a transmitter and vehicle installed photodiodes as a decoder and receiver.
AVR Studio is used here as a development tool for the AT90S Series of AVR microcontrollers and embedded
technology is used for circuit development & fabrication.
IV. Methodology
The system consists of transmitter & Receiver circuits in which transmitter circuit contains ATMEL
ATMega16L microcontroller, BC 547 push – pull amplifier pair, LM 7805 Voltage regulator, LEDs, resistances
and capacitances. Programmed Controller ATMega16L here acts as a central processing unit which encodes the
data and feeds it to the LEDs via push – pull amplifiers. The voltage supplied to the LEDs fluctuates and
flickers. This flickering is invisible to the human eye.
4. Implementing Visible Light Communication…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 16
In the receiver side, ATMEL ATMega16L microcontroller, a photodiode, an LCD display, LM 7805 Voltage
Regulator, BC 547 Transistor, resistances and capacitances are installed suitably to make the system complete
and functional.
A photodiode consisting of p–n junction and when a photon of required charge encounters with the diode, it
creates an electron-hole pair and generate inner photoelectric effect. The overall current through the photodiode
remains total of the dark current and the photo-current that means dark current must be standardized to
maximize the sensitivity of the device.
Fig: Schematic of Transmitter and receiver circuit used in proposed VLC based system.
The received signal from the photodiode gets amplified for detection at the microcontroller and then displayed
at the LCD showing the appropriate route required for navigation. Values of resistances and capacitances are
kept high to avoid damage to the electrical components keeping in mind the values mentioned in the data sheets.
High Range capacitors such as 1000 mf installed to avoid damage to the electrical component as they act as
storage units and store charge to avoid sudden increase or decrease in voltage levels. A Robotic vehicle is being
used as a test mobile vehicle to install receiver circuit and when it comes under a street light connected with the
above transmitter, the required route is displayed on the LCD with the help of visible light as medium of
communication.
IR detectors are connected with photocell through microchips that are tuned to act on infrared light. IR here
used as a Motion/ break-beam sensor to detect motion and work by having an emitter side that sends out a beam
of human-invisible IR light. When a vehicle, installed with VLC receiver, passes through the LED street lights
connected to the transmitter, it gives real time traffic information to the car driver and avoids traffic menace and
conjunction.
V. Observation
After optimizing the circuit and its simulation, the hardware is developed and fabricated, thereafter installed in
specifically designed robotic vehicle to simulate real time traffic scenario. The photodiode based receiver circuit
is installed in robotic vehicle to facilitate decoding of VLC data and transmitter is being installed along with the
street lights to simulate a conjunction between traffic light and VLC data which is needed to be transmitted.
After the real time implementation set up, up to 100 runs is being performed to analyse the system efficiency
and accuracy towards the integrated VLC range. To facilitate traffic information prior to the driver before hitting
traffic jam, the street light based wireless traffic situation data transmission makes some sense at this proposed
system interlinking all existing amenities to construct a VLC communication system for traffic management.
5. Implementing Visible Light Communication…
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Fig: layout of robotic vehicle subjected to testing of VLC based traffic management system.
VI. Result & Discussion
After the realized simulation, the results have been generated and analyzed which compares the disturbances in
the real time situation and artificially simulated situation. The proposed research and its implementation
approach provide an alternative to the existing manual traffic management system that proves to be a failure
many of the times.
Sending information from the street light is being done after conversion into bits through some coding scheme
by a microcontroller and that gets transmitted with blinking LEDs. The transmitting system will be powered
from a wall outlet whereas the receiving system will be powered by batteries and the computer / microcontroller
combination. The fabricated PCB remains efficient even after hundreds of real time simulations which prove the
capabilities of proposed system.
VII. Conclusion
The proposed paper produces a novel design in pursue of implementing VLC communication system in
conjunction with wireless traffic management system and is definitely going to address the basic problem of
traffic management. Apart from this, VLC can also be used as a communications medium for ubiquitous
computing which have implications in various fields because light-producing devices such as indoor/outdoor
lamps, TVs, traffic signs, commercial displays and car headlights/taillights are used everywhere. Using visible
light is also economical for high-power applications and implications as human can perceive it and act to protect
their eyes. Further implications include underwater optical/acoustic communication system, VLC based wireless
optical communication, Blind indoor navigation system, etc.
References
[1] Z. Ghassemlooy, Fellow IET, Senior member IEEE, W.O.Popoola, S.Rajbhandari, M.Amiri,“Modulation
Techniques for Wireless Infrared Communication” S. Hashemi Optical Communications Research Group,
NCRLab., Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne,UK .
[2] HU Guo-yong†1, CHEN Chang-ying1,2, CHEN Zhenqiang1” Free-Space Optical communication using visible
light”,2(1Institute of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China) (2Department of
Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China)..
[3] R.E. Moore, Interval analysis (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966).
[4] Brooks Thomas; Graham Gold; Nick Sertic, The University of British Columbia, Project Number 1076 January
18, 2011.