This study analyzed errors in using personal pronouns in descriptive writing by ninth grade students in Indonesia. The researchers collected writing samples from 9 students and identified types of pronoun errors. They found 4 types of errors: omission, addition, misordering, and disordering. Most common was mis-formation errors, occurring in 17 out of 25 errors identified, or 68%. The highest percentage of errors was due to incorrect use of subject pronouns. The study aims to help students and teachers identify common errors and improve English writing instruction.
This document summarizes a research paper on the types and functions of address terms used by members of IPMK-SB "Kampar Students Studying in Padang" in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The research found four types of address terms used based on Wardhaugh's theories: kinship terms, special nicknames, pet names, and titles only. Kinship terms were the most commonly used at 55.38%. Five functions of address terms were also identified based on Wardhaugh and Esmae'li: showing intimacy, attracting attention, showing politeness, reflecting identity, and showing power differentials. The most dominant function was showing intimacy at 47.69%. The address terms used reflected the cultural differences between
A Case Study Of The 4Cs Approach To Academic Writing Among Second Year Busine...Simar Neasy
This study examines the use of the 4Cs approach (Clarity, Conciseness, Completeness, Correctness) to teach academic writing to second-year business students. The students had minimal knowledge of academic writing and made many errors. The study assessed students' writing before and after being taught the 4Cs approach. Results showed students better understood their strengths and weaknesses and improved in applying the 4Cs. Their writing enhanced and perceptions of the approach were positive. The 4Cs approach benefited both students' writing skills and teachers' ability to teach writing.
An Analysis Of Grammatical Amp Mechanical Errors In Writing Narrative TextScott Faria
This document provides an introduction to a research paper that analyzes grammatical and mechanical errors in students' writing of narrative texts. It discusses the background of the problem, research questions, purpose, significance, and rationale of the research. The research aims to identify the types of grammatical and mechanical errors students make in writing and determine the causal factors of these errors. The analysis seeks to help teachers reduce errors and improve students' writing ability.
An Analysis Of Students Speaking Anxiety In Academic Speaking ClassAngie Miller
This document summarizes a study that analyzed speaking anxiety among 52 students in an Academic Speaking class at a private university in Central Java, Indonesia. The study found that students' speaking anxiety was mainly caused by three factors: communication apprehension, test anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation. Additionally, lack of vocabulary, underestimating abilities, lack of preparation, fear of mistakes, and worry about embarrassment in front of peers also contributed to students' anxiety. The findings suggest that teachers play an important role in creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome speaking anxiety.
SOURCE-BASED NEWS WRITING AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: students' interest in writing must be increased, especially writing based on sources. Therefore,
this study would like to find students' perspectives and perceived challenges in writing based on sources. This
research was based on a case study. The research involved 68 students from one of the Universityy of PGRI
Semarang, and it analyzed 20 selected news writing papers written by students. The instruments for data
collection included questionnaire and observation. The results of this study found that 59% of students
perceived that writing news writing papers is very difficult. The students found it difficult to find suitable
sources for writing material and develop their ideas. They tended to use articles as the sources from the internet
whose originality is unclear. One reason this happens was because 80% of students did not know where to find
or get indexed journals to use as references for their writing. In addition, many students also preferred not to use
journals that were majorly English-based because of their limitation of English skills. The implication is that
students should be given further understanding of how to access journals and use reference sources in writing. It
is expected that every lecturer will give more source-based news writing assignments so that the ability of
students to write and develop ideas based on existing sources can be further improved.
KEYWORDS: source-based news writing, teaching writing, writing
A Comparative Investigation of Peer Revision versus Teacher Revision on the P...Valerie Felton
This document summarizes a study that compared the effects of teacher revision versus peer revision on Iranian EFL students' comprehension and production of relative clauses in writing. The study involved 109 students who were divided into three groups - one receiving teacher revision, one receiving peer revision, and a control group. Both teacher and peer revision groups underwent eight treatment sessions focusing on their respective revision methods. Results from pre- and post-tests indicated that both teacher and peer revision improved students' relative clause skills, but peer revision led to greater gains in comprehension and production. The findings suggest peer revision may be a beneficial supplement to teacher revision for language learners.
This document summarizes a research paper on the types and functions of address terms used by members of IPMK-SB "Kampar Students Studying in Padang" in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The research found four types of address terms used based on Wardhaugh's theories: kinship terms, special nicknames, pet names, and titles only. Kinship terms were the most commonly used at 55.38%. Five functions of address terms were also identified based on Wardhaugh and Esmae'li: showing intimacy, attracting attention, showing politeness, reflecting identity, and showing power differentials. The most dominant function was showing intimacy at 47.69%. The address terms used reflected the cultural differences between
A Case Study Of The 4Cs Approach To Academic Writing Among Second Year Busine...Simar Neasy
This study examines the use of the 4Cs approach (Clarity, Conciseness, Completeness, Correctness) to teach academic writing to second-year business students. The students had minimal knowledge of academic writing and made many errors. The study assessed students' writing before and after being taught the 4Cs approach. Results showed students better understood their strengths and weaknesses and improved in applying the 4Cs. Their writing enhanced and perceptions of the approach were positive. The 4Cs approach benefited both students' writing skills and teachers' ability to teach writing.
An Analysis Of Grammatical Amp Mechanical Errors In Writing Narrative TextScott Faria
This document provides an introduction to a research paper that analyzes grammatical and mechanical errors in students' writing of narrative texts. It discusses the background of the problem, research questions, purpose, significance, and rationale of the research. The research aims to identify the types of grammatical and mechanical errors students make in writing and determine the causal factors of these errors. The analysis seeks to help teachers reduce errors and improve students' writing ability.
An Analysis Of Students Speaking Anxiety In Academic Speaking ClassAngie Miller
This document summarizes a study that analyzed speaking anxiety among 52 students in an Academic Speaking class at a private university in Central Java, Indonesia. The study found that students' speaking anxiety was mainly caused by three factors: communication apprehension, test anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation. Additionally, lack of vocabulary, underestimating abilities, lack of preparation, fear of mistakes, and worry about embarrassment in front of peers also contributed to students' anxiety. The findings suggest that teachers play an important role in creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome speaking anxiety.
SOURCE-BASED NEWS WRITING AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: students' interest in writing must be increased, especially writing based on sources. Therefore,
this study would like to find students' perspectives and perceived challenges in writing based on sources. This
research was based on a case study. The research involved 68 students from one of the Universityy of PGRI
Semarang, and it analyzed 20 selected news writing papers written by students. The instruments for data
collection included questionnaire and observation. The results of this study found that 59% of students
perceived that writing news writing papers is very difficult. The students found it difficult to find suitable
sources for writing material and develop their ideas. They tended to use articles as the sources from the internet
whose originality is unclear. One reason this happens was because 80% of students did not know where to find
or get indexed journals to use as references for their writing. In addition, many students also preferred not to use
journals that were majorly English-based because of their limitation of English skills. The implication is that
students should be given further understanding of how to access journals and use reference sources in writing. It
is expected that every lecturer will give more source-based news writing assignments so that the ability of
students to write and develop ideas based on existing sources can be further improved.
KEYWORDS: source-based news writing, teaching writing, writing
A Comparative Investigation of Peer Revision versus Teacher Revision on the P...Valerie Felton
This document summarizes a study that compared the effects of teacher revision versus peer revision on Iranian EFL students' comprehension and production of relative clauses in writing. The study involved 109 students who were divided into three groups - one receiving teacher revision, one receiving peer revision, and a control group. Both teacher and peer revision groups underwent eight treatment sessions focusing on their respective revision methods. Results from pre- and post-tests indicated that both teacher and peer revision improved students' relative clause skills, but peer revision led to greater gains in comprehension and production. The findings suggest peer revision may be a beneficial supplement to teacher revision for language learners.
Recent researchers continuously stress on the importance of writing instruction in language learning. Therefore, there is an immense need to have an appropriate instrument to measure the writing instruction and the instrument has to be fully tested for validity. Therefore, we developed and validated an instrument using Rasch Measurement Model to assess two prominent approaches (product approach versus process approach) used in writing instruction contemporarily. We tested the instrument by computing its infit, outfit, item reliability, item separation, item difficulty and item discrimination. The results demonstrated that the instrument showed adequate estimates of reliability in assessing both the approaches used by teachers in ESL classrooms. The raw variance result showed that the accuracy of the items of product approach (85.7%) and process approach (63.7%) were excellent and good. The values of item reliability and item separation for product approach were 0.98 and 6.33, while process approach showed the item reliability and separation values of 0.65 and 1.37 respectively. The results showed that product approach is being dominantly practised that did not enhance students’ writing skills in the long run. To address this issue, we propose a new framework for writing instruction as a guide to ESL teachers.
A Case Study Of Grammatical Errors Made By Malaysian StudentsAudrey Britton
This document summarizes a study that analyzed grammatical errors in writing samples from 60 Malaysian university students. The study found a total of 797 errors across six categories: singular/plural nouns, articles, prepositions, adjectives/nouns/adverbs, subject-verb agreement, and verb tenses. The highest number of errors were in singular/plural nouns. The document suggests these errors largely stem from negative transfer from the students' first language of Malay, which differs from English in terms of plurality, articles, prepositions, word order, and verb agreement. Recommendations are made to help students improve their writing skills and reduce these grammatical errors.
Analysis of the effectiveness of Teaching Strategies of Functional Writing on...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Functional writing has been given prominence in the Secondary school Kiswahili syllabus in
Kenya. This paper reports on study that was undertaken in 2020 that investigated the influence of functional
writing skills on students‟ performance of Kiswahili in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The need for this study was
based on the fact that functional writing is an area faced with challenges. The main objective of the study was to
examine the influence of functional writing skills on students‟ performance in Kiswahili. Theoretical framework
was based on Jane Emig‟s Process Theory of Composition writing (1971). The study employed descriptive
research design and data was collected using the questionnaire, observation schedule and document analysis.
The area of study was Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The target population included form four students and teachers
of Kiswahili in 37 out of the 122 secondary schools. From this population, stratified, purposive and simple
random sampling was used to get a sample. There were 9852 Form Four students in secondary schools in
Elgeyo –Marakwet County as at October, 2020. During the entire study 579 students in Form Four class and 35
teachers of Kiswahili participated. The study used both primary and secondary data. Lecturers in School of
Education at the University of Eldoret determined the validity of the research thesis instruments. Reliability was
tested using test-retest method in four secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. Questionnaire was the main
source of primary data. Data from the questionnaire was presented in frequency tables and percentages using
descriptive statistics, narrative and verbatim. The research established that inappropriate style and structure,
incorrect use of language, negative attitude of learners as well as poor teaching strategies of functional writing
skills have a major impact on students‟ performance of Kiswahili in secondary schools. The findings will be
used for reference by other researchers and it will also give guidance on how to improve in the writing of
functional essays. The study recommended that teachers should emphasize on the style and structure,
appropriate choice of vocabulary when teaching and evaluating learners on functional writing.
Assessing The Common Errors On Essay Writing Level In Case Of Second Year En...Valerie Felton
The document summarizes a research study that assessed common errors in essay writing among second-year English literature students. The study found that students lacked interest in writing essays and were weak in practicing to improve. It analyzed essays and identified errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, grammar, paragraph structure, subject-verb agreement, and developing thesis statements and introductory paragraphs. Most students responded that they did not have interest in writing essays and had not properly attended basic writing skills courses.
An Analysis Of Difficulties In Writing Essay At Second Grade Of Education Col...Cheryl Brown
This document summarizes key aspects of writing instruction for ESL students. It discusses the shift from a product-focused approach to a process-focused one. A process approach focuses on the stages of writing like prewriting, drafting, and revising rather than just the final product. It also emphasizes giving students time to write and rewrite. Additionally, the document outlines different writing genres and discusses the writing process as iterative involving planning, drafting, reviewing, and editing in various orders. Finally, it notes the importance of building a writing habit in students.
An Investigation Into The Grammatical Errors Of Students WritingNicole Adams
This study analyzed grammatical errors in writing by high school students learning English as a foreign language in Indonesia. Four student essays were reviewed for errors based on a framework of 9 grammatical error categories. A total of 73 errors were found across prepositions, articles, verb tenses, and other parts of speech. The most common errors were in prepositions, articles, and verb tenses. This suggests students need more practice with grammatical rules to improve their writing skills. Teachers should provide targeted feedback to help students identify and correct errors in their writing.
The document discusses a study on students' ability to write descriptive texts based on their generic structure. The researchers analyzed samples of descriptive writing from 33 tenth-grade vocational students. They found that 45% of students wrote descriptive texts, while 55% wrote report texts, showing confusion between the genres. Of the descriptive texts, 30% were well-organized following the generic structure of identification and description, while 15% were not well structured. Most students' writing ability could be improved, as many struggled with properly applying the generic structure of descriptive texts.
Error Analysis of College Students' Sentences (SLA Final Exam)Diyana Sulistyani
This document summarizes four studies that analyzed errors in written English by non-native speakers. The studies examined errors in essays written by students in the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, India and Iran. They identified common error types such as verb tense, punctuation, word choice, capitalization and subject-verb agreement. The most frequent errors across the studies were punctuation, articles, verbs and sentence structure issues. The document provides details on the methodology, participants, error categories and frequency of errors in each study.
Analyzing Verbs In The Discussion Section Of Master S Theses Written By Irani...Jim Jimenez
This study analyzes the verbs used in the discussion section of 60 master's theses written by Iranian students studying English as a foreign language. The theses were categorized based on their research approach as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. The verbs were analyzed based on their reporting or nonreporting status, as well as their tense, aspect, and voice. The findings showed there were no differences in verb use across the different research approaches, except for a higher use of progressive aspect for reporting verbs in qualitative theses and passive voice for nonreporting verbs in mixed methods theses. The study aims to contribute to understanding of verb use in academic writing by non-native English speakers.
An Analysis Of The Cohesion And Coherence Of The Students Narrative Writings...Anita Miller
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the cohesion and coherence of narrative writing by ninth grade students in SMP Negeri 2 Banjar, Indonesia. The study found that: (1) Students used five types of cohesive devices, with references making up 70.77% and conjunctions 28.51%; (2) Students developed themes and structure to create coherence in their narratives; (3) Some problems with coherence included issues with references, conjunctions, and limited vocabulary. The study aimed to describe students' use of cohesion and coherence and identify problems in their English narrative writing.
1. The document analyzes common errors made by Bangladeshi SSC students in writing English, collecting 513 student samples.
2. It finds that students most often make mistakes with tense, prepositions, articles, and verbs. Bangla medium students struggle more with these areas compared to English medium students.
3. The document recommends students focus on grammar rules, vocabulary, and communicative language teaching to improve their English writing abilities and reduce errors.
An Error Analysis Of Using Simple Present Tense In Writing Descriptive Text W...Raquel Pellicier
This document summarizes a research study on error analysis of using simple present tense in descriptive text writing by tenth grade students. The study identified four main types of errors: omission, addition, misinformation, and misordering. Omission was the most dominant error type found, comprising 42 errors or 42.42% of the total errors. Misinformation was the second most common error with 32 errors or 32.32%. The study analyzed examples of errors from student writing samples to identify types of errors made. The overall purpose of the study was to analyze students' mastery and use of simple present tense in order to help improve their English writing skills.
An Experimental Study On The Use Of Picture Series In Teaching WritingCourtney Esco
This document summarizes a thesis that studied using picture series to improve 10th grade students' ability to write narrative texts in Indonesian. The study found that using picture series was an effective technique as it improved students' motivation and helped them generate and organize their ideas. A control class that did not use picture series performed worse on writing tests than the experimental class that was taught with picture series. The thesis concluded that picture series is a useful technique for teaching writing and improving students' writing skills, especially for narrative texts.
The document discusses the implementation of teaching recount writing in an eighth grade class at SMPN 8 Bandung. It begins with an introduction that establishes the importance of writing skills and defines recount text. It then describes the research methodology, which uses qualitative descriptive analysis involving documentation, observation, and interviews. The results of the study showed that teachers implemented recount writing instruction using methods like Audio Lingual, Direct Method, and Community Language Learning. Techniques included lesson planning, determining methods and materials, providing examples and exercises, and assessing student work. Students responded positively and found the lessons engaging and helpful for developing ideas and individual/group recount texts.
4. vol 11 no 1 amirah husnun_photovoice_46.60 - copyFaisal Pak
REGISTER JOURNAL has the perspectives of languages and language teachings. This journal aims at presenting and discussing some outstanding issues dealing with language and language teachings
This journal encompasses original research articles, and short communications, including:
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Discourse Analysis
Linguistics in Education
Linguistics in Literature
Language Acquisitions
English Language Teaching (ELT)
English as Second Language (ESL)
English as Foreign Language (EFL)
English for Specific Purpose (ESP)
An Investigation Of The Effects Of Citation Instruction To Avoid Plagiarism I...Tye Rausch
This document summarizes research on plagiarism in academic writing by English language learners. It discusses factors that may contribute to plagiarism among developing writers, such as differences in cultural understandings of text ownership, language proficiency, and lack of instruction in skills like summarization and paraphrasing sources. The document reviews studies investigating students' and instructors' perceptions of plagiarism. It also examines citation instruction as an approach for addressing plagiarism, noting that citing sources properly requires understanding their various functions in an argument. The study described in this document aims to measure the effects of citation skills instruction on postgraduate and graduate students' use of sources in academic writing assignments.
The document discusses a thesis proposal that aims to identify writing voice in ESL students' creative writing. It reviews research showing that assigning creative writing in ESL classrooms can increase students' English proficiency compared to only assigning academic writing. The proposal will analyze writing samples from a Basic English course to look for patterns in grammar, word usage, and style in students' academic and creative pieces in order to define their emerging writing persona. The goal is to help English professors develop students' confidence and individuality as writers by incorporating more creative writing activities.
Throughout the workplace, good communication skills and grammar are highly important. Good grammar prevents writing from being dull or disorganized and shows one is prepared to achieve goals. Having good grammar skills will help avoid mistakes and give a good impression to bosses. While some see grammar as less important for communication, others argue it is a necessary framework for organizing language and conveying intended meanings clearly. The importance of formal grammar instruction in school is debated, as some argue it is needed while others say alternative methods may be better.
The effect of Style and Structure of Functional Writing on Students’ Performa...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Functional writing has been given prominence in the Secondary school Kiswahili syllabus in
Kenya. This paper reports on study that was undertaken in 2020 that investigated the influence of functional
writing skills on students‟ performance of Kiswahili in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The need for this study was
based on the fact that functional writing is an area faced with challenges. The main objective of the study was to
examine the influence of functional writing skills on students‟ performance in Kiswahili. Theoretical framework
was based on Jane Emig‟s Process Theory of Composition writing (1971). The study employed descriptive
research design and data was collected using the questionnaire, observation and document analysis. The area of
study was Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The target population included form four students and teachers of
Kiswahili in 37 out of the 122 secondary schools. From this population, stratified, purposive and simple random
sampling was used to get a sample. There were 9852 Form Four students in secondary schools in Elgeyo –
Marakwet County as at October, 2020. During the entire study 579 students in Form Four class and 35 teachers
of Kiswahili participated. The study used both primary and secondary data. Lecturers in School of Education at
the University of Eldoret determined the validity of the research thesis instruments. Reliability was tested using
test-retest method in four secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. Questionnaire was the main source of
primary data. Data from the questionnaire was presented in frequency tables and percentages using descriptive
statistics, narrative and verbatim. The research established that inappropriate style and structure, incorrect use of
language, negative attitude of learners as well as poor teaching strategies of functional writing skills have a
major impact on students‟ performance of Kiswahili in secondary schools. The findings will be used for
reference by other researchers and it will also give guidance on how to improve in the writing of functional
essays. The study recommended that teachers should emphasize on the style and structure, appropriate choice of
vocabulary when teaching and evaluating learners on functional writing.
City Life Essay. 23 essay on city life vs village life the college studySabrina Ball
Essay on Life in a Big City | Life in a Big City Essay for Students and .... Essay on City Life | The Life in a Big City Essay For Students. Life In a Big City Essay. Essay on life in a big city - Class Of Achievers. 23 essay on city life vs village life the college study. Short and simple essay on City Life Or Life In A City ~ Essay and .... 16+ City Life Essay Quotes | Essay about life, City life, Life quotes. The Village Life and The City Life - Free comparison essay example .... City Life Essay: For All Class Students | Ontaheen. Essay : City Life vs. Village Life - ESL worksheet by adhithyap.
Essay Air Pollution. 003 Essay Example Airpollutiononlineassignment Air That...Sabrina Ball
Essay on Air Pollution Facts-Major causes of pollution with examples. Air Pollution Essay | Air Pollution | Atmosphere Of Earth. Essay on Air Pollution For Students | Types, Causes & Impacts. essay on air pollution - Brainly.in. Essay On Air pollution With [PDF]. Air Pollution Essay - Air Pollution Essay Air Pollution Earth is the .... Air Pollution Essay. Calaméo - Essay on Air Pollution: Useful and Effective Tips for Students. ≫ Issue of Air Pollution Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com.
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Analysis of the effectiveness of Teaching Strategies of Functional Writing on...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Functional writing has been given prominence in the Secondary school Kiswahili syllabus in
Kenya. This paper reports on study that was undertaken in 2020 that investigated the influence of functional
writing skills on students‟ performance of Kiswahili in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The need for this study was
based on the fact that functional writing is an area faced with challenges. The main objective of the study was to
examine the influence of functional writing skills on students‟ performance in Kiswahili. Theoretical framework
was based on Jane Emig‟s Process Theory of Composition writing (1971). The study employed descriptive
research design and data was collected using the questionnaire, observation schedule and document analysis.
The area of study was Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The target population included form four students and teachers
of Kiswahili in 37 out of the 122 secondary schools. From this population, stratified, purposive and simple
random sampling was used to get a sample. There were 9852 Form Four students in secondary schools in
Elgeyo –Marakwet County as at October, 2020. During the entire study 579 students in Form Four class and 35
teachers of Kiswahili participated. The study used both primary and secondary data. Lecturers in School of
Education at the University of Eldoret determined the validity of the research thesis instruments. Reliability was
tested using test-retest method in four secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. Questionnaire was the main
source of primary data. Data from the questionnaire was presented in frequency tables and percentages using
descriptive statistics, narrative and verbatim. The research established that inappropriate style and structure,
incorrect use of language, negative attitude of learners as well as poor teaching strategies of functional writing
skills have a major impact on students‟ performance of Kiswahili in secondary schools. The findings will be
used for reference by other researchers and it will also give guidance on how to improve in the writing of
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1. The document analyzes common errors made by Bangladeshi SSC students in writing English, collecting 513 student samples.
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essays. The study recommended that teachers should emphasize on the style and structure, appropriate choice of
vocabulary when teaching and evaluating learners on functional writing.
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An Error Analysis On Using Personal Pronouns In Writing Descriptive Text
1. p–ISSN 2614-6320
Volume 2, No. 5, September 2019 e–ISSN 2614-6258
An Error Analysis On Using Personal Pronouns In Writing Descriptive Text|608
AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS
IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Rahayu Pratiwi 1, Rahma Putri Aulia 2, Lilis Suryani 3
1
IKIP Siliwangi
2
IKIP Siliwangi
3
IKIP Siliwangi
1
rahayup955@gmail.com, 2
rahmaputriaulia0@gmail.com, 3
suryani.lies3@gmail.com
Abstract
The objective of this research was to know the most types of error and the most error of personal
pronouns in descriptive text due to the eleventh-grade students in their descriptive paragraph writing.
This research conducted qualitative research. This research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Cimahi in
Academic Year 2018/2019. To get the data, the researchers gave an instruction for the students to make
a descriptive text about person, conduct the students' writing result, read the students’ writing result,
identified the type of students’ writing error from their text, classified the type of personal pronouns
error from students’ writing, and identified the high students, middle students and lower students. The
sample of this research is nine students of eleventh grade from PFPT A Class (Broadcast). The result
showed that there are four types of errors, they are: omission, addition, misordering, and disordering. In
students’ writing had been found many errors that focused on personal pronoun is 8 or 32% of omission
error, 0 or 0% of addition error, 17 or 68% of mis-formation error, and 0 or 0% of disordering error. So,
the highest percentage of types of error is a mis-formation error that is 17 or 68%. The most error of
personal pronouns in descriptive text due by the students is when they used a subject pronoun.
Keywords: Error Analysis, Personal Pronoun, Descriptive Text
INTRODUCTION
English is an International language and the most important language today. In Indonesia,
English is a foreign language which studied by students as a subject in their schools. English is
designed to develop knowledge and ability through four basic skills namely are listening,
speaking, reading and writing. This research focuses on writing. According to Carter, et al
(2002: 269) in Apsari (2017), writing is important for career and personal life because others
will judge our thinking ability according to what we write and how we write it. A well-written
job application letter, for example can make someone get a job or be turned away.
Blanchard and Root (1998: 1) as cited in Mundriyah and Parmawati (2016) state that learning
to write in a new language is not always easy. According to Caroline (2003, p. 4) in Argawati
& Suryani (2017), writing is producing something in written form so that people can read,
perform and use it. While, Meyers (2005: 2) cited in Karolina (2006) states that writing is a
way to produce language you do naturally when you speak. So, writing is a form of
communication that allows students to put their feelings and ideas on paper, to organize their
knowledge and beliefs into convincing arguments, and to convey meaning through well-
constructed text. When we write, we have to notice on some components, such as vocabulary,
spelling, pronunciation, and grammar.
According to Gebhard (1996) cited in Apsari (2018), writing involves several components
which have to be considered including word choice, use of appropriate grammar, syntax,
2. Volume 2, No. 5, September 2019 pp 608-615
An Error Analysis On Using Personal Pronouns In Writing Descriptive Text |609
mechanics, and organization of ideas into coherent and cohesive form. This means that there
are several aspects that need to be considered in writing. This might causes difficulties for the
students. In fact, there are so many students who still lack in writing, especially in using
grammar because grammar is the most difficult thing that has many rules. Zamel in Nunan
(1991: 88) as cited in Parmawati (2013) states that writing skill can develop rapidly when
students’ concerns and interests are acknowledged, when they are given numerous
opportunities to write. Harris, Ansyar, and Radjab (2012) say that it was found that students did
many mistakes in using simple past tense, action verb, linking verb, and pronoun. One of
aspects of English grammar that still confused by students is "personal pronoun". The personal
pronoun is kind of noun determiner which is used when it is not necessary to use or repeat more
exact noun phrase Swan (1995: 423) cited in Yuli (2017). While, Frank (1972: 29) in Nurjanah
(2012) told, "The personal pronouns change their form for the person (First, second and third),
for case (subject, object, possessive), number (singular, plural) and gender (masculine,
feminine, neuter). Then, Wishon (1980: 33) in Nurjanah (2012) made a summary of the case of
personal pronouns, it can be seen in the following table:
Table 1. Case of Personal Pronoun
NOMINATIVE OBJECTIVE POSESSIVE POSSESSIVE
Subject Object Adjective Pronoun
Singular
I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its -
Plural
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
They Them Their Theirs
From the table above, there are many types of personal pronouns, they are : Subject pronoun
(a pronoun that functions as a subject), Object pronoun (An object pronoun is a pronoun that
goes in the object position in a sentence), Possessive adjective (Possessive adjectives are
followed immediately by a noun, they do not stand alone, but refer to the possessor and not to
the thing possessed), and Possessive pronouns (Possessive pronouns are not followed
immediately by a noun, they stand-alone. They also show possession as in possessive
adjectives). In English, the usage of personal pronouns is very different from Indonesia, so it
make students confused about it.
The errors in usage of personal pronoun which are made by students’ especially senior high
school students are able to influence the process of writing itself, so the process of writing
cannot run well and the content of the text will be conveyed is not conveyed properly. Dulay
et. al. (1982: 154) cited in Yuli (2017) classifies the types of errors into four types, they are
omission, addition, misformation and misordering. While, Norrish (1987) in Hasyim (2002)
states “…error is a systematic deviation when a learner has not to learn something and
consistently gets it wrong”. However, errors that are mostly made by the students should be
identified, classified or described which called error analysis. Brown (2004: 218) in Yuli (2017)
3. Volume 2, No. 5, September 2019 pp 608-615
610 | An Error Analysis On Using Personal Pronouns In Writing Descriptive Text
defines “error analysis is the study of students’ error which can be observed, analyzed, and
classified to reveal something of the system operating within the learners”. So, the researchers
interest to conduct this research based on the research problem: what are the most dominant
errors of personal pronouns that make by students, and what are the most dominant cause of the
error that make by students. It is aimed to know the most types of error and the most error of
personal pronouns in descriptive text due by students and give feedback about it in order the
students and teacher will get the betterment in English teaching and learning process.
In this research, the researchers would like focused on analysis personal pronouns used by
students in writing descriptive text. According Corbett (1983) in Shanti, Syahrial, and Koto
(2016), descriptive text is one of the expository writing. The description draws a picture, tries
to convey the sound, taste, and smell of things or objects. Because in the descriptive text there
is a paragraph which tells and describe person, animal, or things. It means in the descriptive
text there are many use personal pronouns and change the noun or noun phrase that seems
unnecessary to be used repeatedly. So, the researchers would like to analyze the use of personal
pronouns by students in descriptive text.
METHOD
To complete this research, the researchers used qualitative research. Qualitative research is
described as an unfolding model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to
develop a level of detail from high involvement in the actual experiences (Creswell, 1994) in
Williams (2007). The technique that the researchers used is descriptive analysis technique
(percentage), it will be described in the following formula:
n1
P = x 100%
∑n
P = Percentage of each error
n1 = Total of the given errors
∑N = Total of whole errors
By calculating the frequency of each error, the researchers can identify the most frequent error
and the least frequent error made by the students.
The data of the study were taken from the eleventh grade of students’ PFPT A (Broadcast) in
SMK Negeri 1 Cimahi. The participants who became the sample of this research consist of nine
students that are from three high students, three middle students and three lower students from
36 students of PFPT A (Broadcast), that are 11 of male students and 25 of female students.
In the analyzing the data, the researchers used some steps: 1) The researchers gave an
instruction for the students, that is the students should make a descriptive text about person 2)
The researchers conduct the students' writing result 3) The researchers read the students’ writing
result 4) The researchers identified the type of students’ writing error from their text 5)
Classified the type of personal pronouns error from students’ writing 6) The researchers
identified the high students, middle students and lower students.
4. Volume 2, No. 5, September 2019 pp 608-615
An Error Analysis On Using Personal Pronouns In Writing Descriptive Text |611
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
There are four kinds of error, such as addition errors, omission errors, disordering errors and
mis-formation errors. The researchers conducted the result from the students’ writing of
descriptive text which only focused on analyzed personal pronouns. The errors found in the
students’ writing is explained in the following table and description:
1. Omission errors
There are omission error that were found in the text, it is 8 or 32%. The table below showed
the results of student errors in the text.
Table 2. The Result of Omission Errors
Sample Error It should be Types of Personal
pronoun
Sample 1 - -
Sample 2 - -
Sample 3 - -
Sample 4 - -
Sample 5 Has meritorious to my life She has meritorious to my
life.
Subject Pronoun
Sample 6 - -
Sample 7 a. If I cry, my father
always give
motivation.
b. And the motivation
him always
remembered in my
heart until now.
a. If I cry, my father always
give me motivation.
b. And his motivation
always remember in my
heart until now.
a. Object Pronoun
b. Possessive
Adjective
Pronoun
Sample 8 a. She taught my class
with round glasses,
b. With affection.
a. She teaches my class
with her round
eyeglasses,
b. With her affection.
a. Possessive
adjective
pronoun
b. Possessive
adjective
pronoun
Sample 9 a. He is student
vocational one
Cimahi, class twelve,
Department Teknik
Otomasi Industri.
b. He is very fun, he have
a body not realy fate,
have a little sharp
nose,
c. Face a little round and
children annoying.
a. He is students of
Vocational one Cimahi,
He is twelfth grade,
Department of
Industrial Automation
Engineering.
b. He is very funny, he has
a body not realy fate, he
has a little sharp nose,
c. His face a little round
and annoying children.
a. Subject
pronoun
b. Subject
pronoun
c. Possessive
adjective
pronoun
5. Volume 2, No. 5, September 2019 pp 608-615
612 | An Error Analysis On Using Personal Pronouns In Writing Descriptive Text
2. Addition error
The table below showed the results of student errors in the text 0 or 0% of addition error.
Table 3. The Result of Addition Error
Sample Error It should be Types of Personal
Pronoun
Sample 1 - -
Sample 2 - -
Sample 3 - -
Sample 4 - -
Sample 5 - -
Sample 6 - -
Sample 7 - -
Sample 8 - -
Sample 9 - -
3. Mis-formation
There are omission error that were found in the text, it is 17 or 68%. The table below showed
the results of student errors in the text.
Table 4. The Result of Mis-Formation
Sample Error It should be Types of Personal
Pronoun
Sample 1 He’s name is Andi, we
have same age.
His name is Andi, we have
same age.
Possessive
adjective pronoun
Sample 2 I wondered, my father
and my family feel so
lucky to have you.
I wondered, my father and
my family feel so lucky to
have her.
Possessive
adjective pronoun
Sample 3 He has big boddy like
doraemon because he eat
a lot and rarely playing
with him friends.
He has bid body like
doraemon because he eat
so much and rarely play
with his friends.
Possessive
adjective pronoun
Sample 4 a. Her was 21st
years
old.
b. Good dracule suitable
for her nickname
because her praise was
good, but her have a
bad emotional.
c. One day, in Sunday
morning, her wake up
early morning than
me,
d. sudenly her angry
while patting my back
and said “Bangun
a. She is 21st
years old.
b. Good dracule suitable
for her nickname
because her praise is
good, but she has a bad
emotional.
c. One day, in Sunday
morning, she wake up
early morning than me,
d. suddenly she angry
while patting my back
and said “Bangun atuh!
Tidur wae” (with angry
intonation)
a. Subject pronoun
b. Subject pronoun
c. Subject pronoun
d. Subject pronoun
e. Subject pronoun
f. Subject pronoun
g. Subject pronoun
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atuh! Tidur wae”
(with angry intonasi).
e. But her choose for go
while angry.
f. During Sunday her
was angry no reason.
g. Her patting my back
again and said for
accompany her to
toilet.
e. But, she choose to go
while angry.
f. During Sunday she was
angry no reason.
g. She patting my back
again and said for
accompany her to go to
toilet.
Sample 5 Because, she is my
mother. She name’s
Sumaroh “Angel in my
life”.
Because, she is my
mother. Her name is
Sumaroh, “Angel in my
life”
Possessive
adjective pronoun
Sample 6 Now, she is work in a
hospital. I’m very love
him because she is the
only one of my sister.
Now, she is work in a
hospital. I’m very love her
because she is the only one
of my sister.
Object pronoun
Sample 7 a. My father always said,
“If I grow up,
b. I should be able to be
the presence of very
waiting by the family,
the child who is very
useful.
c. My education to
higher him”
a. My father always said,
“If you grow up,
b. you should be able to
be the presence which
very waited by the
family, the child who is
very useful.
c. Your education should
be higher than me”.
a. Subject pronoun
b. Subject pronoun
c. Possessive
adjective
pronoun
Sample 8 a. I wish she achieved
his dream in the health
sector.
b. And if we meet one
day after the same
success, he still
remembers me.
a. I wish she achieved her
dream in the health
sector.
b. And if we meet one day
after the same success,
she still remember of
me.
c.
a. Possessive
adjective
pronoun
b. Subject pronoun
Sample 9 - -
4. Disordering error
The table below showed the results of student errors in the text 0 or 0% of addition error.
Table 5. The Result of Disordering Error
Sample Error It should be Type of Personal
pronoun
Sample 1 - -
Sample 2 - -
Sample 3 - -
Sample 4 - -
Sample 5 - -
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614 | An Error Analysis On Using Personal Pronouns In Writing Descriptive Text
Sample 6 - -
Sample 7 - -
Sample 8 - -
Sample 9 - -
Discussion
From the result above, the researchers can conclude :
Table 6. The Data Tabulation
Category Frequency Percentage
Omission Error of Personal
Pronoun
8 32%
Addition Error of Personal
Pronoun
0 0%
Mis-formation Error of
Personal Pronoun
17 68%
Disordering Error of
Personal Pronoun
0 0%
From the data tabulation above, the researchers concluded that the errors made by eleventh-
grade students at SMKN 1 Cimahi, the errors are classified into four types of error based on
surface strategy. The first is omission error the errors made by the students is 8 errors or 32%,
the second is mis-formation error which made by the students is 17 errors or 68%. It is supported
by Wijayanto (2013), “the types of error which made by the students were mostly misformation
error, and the cause of error which most occurred was incomplete application of rule”. But in
this research, for addition error and disordering error, the students did not make an error.
From the data of the research above, it can be concluded that the most of errors that made by
eleventh-grade students of SMK Negeri 1 Cimahi is Mis-formation which is the errors 17 of
errors or 68% from total errors made.
CONCLUSION
There are two types of errors made by eleventh-grade students of SMK Negeri 1 Cimahi
academic year 2018/2019 on using a personal pronoun in writing descriptive text, those errors
are Omission of subject (she, he), omission of object (me), omission of possessive adjective
(his, her). Mis-formation of subject (She, you), mis-formation of Possessive adjective (his, her,
your), mis-formation of object (her). So, from result above the writer can conclude that the most
types of personal pronoun error is when they are using subject pronoun, the highest percentage
of the frequent error types that made by eleventh-grade students found that mis-formation errors
were up to 68%.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Alhamdulillah all gratitude to Allah S.W.T who gave His blessing to researchers, so researchers
can finish this article with a good health condition. Researchers would like to say the biggest
thank you for researchers’ article supervisors who always gave researchers support when
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An Error Analysis On Using Personal Pronouns In Writing Descriptive Text |615
conducting this research. Also, researchers would like to say thank you to IKIP Siliwangi
Bandung which gave us the opportunity to publish this article. Also for a blind reviewer who
reviewed this article as well as to the editorial team so this article can be published perfectly.
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