This document summarizes an analysis of 40 abstracts from medical and economics journals. The analysis examines the microstructure of the abstracts to determine common elements and structures. The goal is to provide guidelines for designing abstract writing exercises for language courses in specific fields like medicine and economics. The analysis found that abstracts generally include elements like background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions. However, researchers disagree on some aspects of abstract structure and function. The document concludes that abstract writing is an important skill that deserves more focus in language courses, given the importance of publishing research and skills needed in various professions.
Approaching Literature Review For Academic Purposes The Literature Review Ch...Sandra Valenzuela
This document discusses the importance of conducting a thorough literature review for academic theses and dissertations. It defines what a literature review is and its purposes, which include identifying what is already known about the research topic, highlighting gaps, and placing the student's own research in the context of prior work. The document outlines five steps for developing a literature review: 1) defining the topic, 2) searching the literature, 3) analyzing results, 4) writing the review, and 5) reflecting on what was written. It also proposes a 12-item checklist to help students assess their progress in developing a high-quality literature review. Developing these skills is important for strengthening critical academic writing.
This document outlines different types of reports and their purposes. It discusses technical, business, field, and scientific reports. Technical and business reports simulate real-world report writing in industries. Field reports require analyzing observations in light of course theories. Scientific reports use a standard format to communicate meaningful scientific findings. The document also provides guidance on writing different sections of a research report, including the introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis, conclusion, and recommendations.
Literature Review as a Reserch MethodologySneha Agravat
The document discusses the importance of literature reviews as a research methodology. It defines a literature review as a method of collecting and summarizing previous research in a systematic way. Literature reviews establish a foundation for research by relating new studies to existing knowledge. They help researchers identify gaps, stay aware of the current state of knowledge, and develop theories. The document also provides guidance on how to effectively conduct a literature review, including choosing a topic, searching literature databases, analyzing and synthesizing sources, and structuring the written review.
The document discusses conducting literature reviews, including:
- The purpose is to critically analyze and synthesize previous research on a topic, identifying what has been done and what still needs to be done.
- Various sources can be reviewed, including academic journals, books, conference papers, reports, and online resources.
- It is important to evaluate sources rigorously and identify how the current research relates to and builds upon previous work.
Most physicians have had little or no exposure to systematic teaching or training during the medical school and residency with respect to writing and publishing an original research article. The framework of every article should include the study objective(s), study design, results, and conclusion(s). The current "Clinical Opinion" article proposes a set of guidelines, based on the authors’ experience, which can be useful to junior physicians who plan to publish their work. These guidelines should assist not only in the writing process of the initial manuscript but also in responding to reviews and in modifying the original manuscript.
A model for handling overloading of literature review process for social scienceSalam Shah
Literature review is an excruciating part in the process of research. It requires an analysis of
published material on the topic on interest. Moreover, for a new researcher, it is challenging
extract a great number of required objectives, including the problem identification,
no more great deal in this era of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), instead
overloading of the literature is a major problem and the great change to be handle. Often
postgraduate research students raise three questions to their peers and supervisors. First, how
many articles are sufficed for a good literature review? Second, how many past years
literature will be enough to meet the required level for a good literature review? And third,
this research paper a novel hypothetical model is proposed to answer first two questions; the
number of articles required for a good and reasonable literature review and number of years
backward the analysis of articles required for the same. Our results indicate that analysis of
data partially support our hypothetical model and its assumptions.
Keywords: literature review; hypothetical model; load reduction; proposal writing;
information systems.
The Importance of Literature Review in Scientific Research Writing.pdfPubrica
Literature reviews are an important part of the scientific research process and communication. While systematic reviews have become the global standard for evidence synthesis, many literature reviews fall short of these expectations and may present biased or incorrect conclusions. In this post, we discussed common issues with Literature search services methods, provided examples for each, and offered practical solutions for mitigating them.
Visit Here - https://pubrica.com/academy/research/the-importance-of-literature-review-in-scientific-research-writing/
Approaching Literature Review For Academic Purposes The Literature Review Ch...Sandra Valenzuela
This document discusses the importance of conducting a thorough literature review for academic theses and dissertations. It defines what a literature review is and its purposes, which include identifying what is already known about the research topic, highlighting gaps, and placing the student's own research in the context of prior work. The document outlines five steps for developing a literature review: 1) defining the topic, 2) searching the literature, 3) analyzing results, 4) writing the review, and 5) reflecting on what was written. It also proposes a 12-item checklist to help students assess their progress in developing a high-quality literature review. Developing these skills is important for strengthening critical academic writing.
This document outlines different types of reports and their purposes. It discusses technical, business, field, and scientific reports. Technical and business reports simulate real-world report writing in industries. Field reports require analyzing observations in light of course theories. Scientific reports use a standard format to communicate meaningful scientific findings. The document also provides guidance on writing different sections of a research report, including the introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis, conclusion, and recommendations.
Literature Review as a Reserch MethodologySneha Agravat
The document discusses the importance of literature reviews as a research methodology. It defines a literature review as a method of collecting and summarizing previous research in a systematic way. Literature reviews establish a foundation for research by relating new studies to existing knowledge. They help researchers identify gaps, stay aware of the current state of knowledge, and develop theories. The document also provides guidance on how to effectively conduct a literature review, including choosing a topic, searching literature databases, analyzing and synthesizing sources, and structuring the written review.
The document discusses conducting literature reviews, including:
- The purpose is to critically analyze and synthesize previous research on a topic, identifying what has been done and what still needs to be done.
- Various sources can be reviewed, including academic journals, books, conference papers, reports, and online resources.
- It is important to evaluate sources rigorously and identify how the current research relates to and builds upon previous work.
Most physicians have had little or no exposure to systematic teaching or training during the medical school and residency with respect to writing and publishing an original research article. The framework of every article should include the study objective(s), study design, results, and conclusion(s). The current "Clinical Opinion" article proposes a set of guidelines, based on the authors’ experience, which can be useful to junior physicians who plan to publish their work. These guidelines should assist not only in the writing process of the initial manuscript but also in responding to reviews and in modifying the original manuscript.
A model for handling overloading of literature review process for social scienceSalam Shah
Literature review is an excruciating part in the process of research. It requires an analysis of
published material on the topic on interest. Moreover, for a new researcher, it is challenging
extract a great number of required objectives, including the problem identification,
no more great deal in this era of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), instead
overloading of the literature is a major problem and the great change to be handle. Often
postgraduate research students raise three questions to their peers and supervisors. First, how
many articles are sufficed for a good literature review? Second, how many past years
literature will be enough to meet the required level for a good literature review? And third,
this research paper a novel hypothetical model is proposed to answer first two questions; the
number of articles required for a good and reasonable literature review and number of years
backward the analysis of articles required for the same. Our results indicate that analysis of
data partially support our hypothetical model and its assumptions.
Keywords: literature review; hypothetical model; load reduction; proposal writing;
information systems.
The Importance of Literature Review in Scientific Research Writing.pdfPubrica
Literature reviews are an important part of the scientific research process and communication. While systematic reviews have become the global standard for evidence synthesis, many literature reviews fall short of these expectations and may present biased or incorrect conclusions. In this post, we discussed common issues with Literature search services methods, provided examples for each, and offered practical solutions for mitigating them.
Visit Here - https://pubrica.com/academy/research/the-importance-of-literature-review-in-scientific-research-writing/
In this paper, there are three articles that concentrate on the analysis of genres should be reviewed.
Particularly so, these three articles shed light on the contribution of the corpus linguistics methodology to the
analysis and application of academic genres. For easy reference, I have to label Article 1 on From Text To Corpus-
A Genre-based Approach to Academic Literacy Instruction by C Tribble and U. Wingate, Article 2 on Using Corpusbased
research and Online Academic Corpora to Inform Writing of the Discussion Section of a Thesis, by L. Flower
dew and Article 3 on An Integration of Corpus-Based and Genre-Based Approaches to Text Analysis in EAP/ESP:
Countering Criticisms Against Corpus-Based Methodologies, also by L. Flower dew.
- The document discusses using Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy to review literature and write literature reviews.
- It explains the six categories in Bloom's taxonomy (remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating) and how each step can be applied to reviewing academic works in a research area.
- By systematically applying these cognitive processes, a literature review determines the current state of research on a topic and allows the researcher to identify gaps and situate their own study within the existing literature.
A Comparative Study Of Headings In Theses And Research Articles In Applied Li...Luisa Polanco
This study examined headings in 110 theses and 500 research articles in applied linguistics to compare functional and conventional heading styles between the two genres. Headings were analyzed based on frequency, length, syntactic structure, and textual features. The study found a higher frequency of functional headings in both genres, particularly in research articles. Virtually all functional and conventional syntactic options used in headings were significantly different between the genres. The higher use of functional headings in research articles may enhance their chances of publication in prestigious journals. The study aims to assist style guide writers and help novice writers gain recognition in academia.
This document provides guidance on how to write an effective critical literature review. It discusses the key aspects of undertaking a literature review, including defining what a literature review is, the purposes of doing one, and when they are required. It outlines the process from conducting searches to analyzing and sorting the literature found. Some key tips include developing an analytical framework to compare sources, focusing the review around key themes or issues, and presenting the review in a structured narrative format with an introduction, body, and conclusion. The goal is to produce an original, analytical review that critically analyzes and synthesizes the existing literature rather than just describing or listing previous works.
The document discusses different types of literature reviews in information systems (IS) research. It describes the need for systematic literature reviews (SLRs) in IS research to bring structure to literature reviews. SLRs follow a rigorous methodology to comprehensively identify, evaluate, and synthesize previous research on a topic. The document then differentiates between theoretical background reviews in research articles, literature reviews in graduate theses, and stand-alone SLRs as a complete research work. It argues SLRs are needed to establish a solid foundation of knowledge for IS researchers.
This document provides an overview of reviewing literature for nursing research. It discusses that a review of literature is a key step that involves systematically examining relevant publications. The purposes of a literature review are to determine what is already known about the topic, help build on previous knowledge, identify gaps, and help plan the methodology. Literature can be categorized as primary sources from original research or secondary sources reporting on original research. A thorough review requires searching various sources like books, journals, reports, and databases. The stages of a literature review involve tracking materials, reading critically and taking notes, planning and drafting, and editing. Finally, the review should be organized, written in an objective style, and of appropriate length to summarize current knowledge on the topic.
The Importance of Literature Review in Scientific Research Writing.pptxPubrica
Literature reviews are an important part of the scientific research process and communication. While systematic reviews have become the global standard for evidence synthesis, many literature reviews fall short of these expectations and may present biased or incorrect conclusions. In this post, we discussed common issues with Literature search services methods, provided examples for each, and offered practical solutions for mitigating them.
Visit Here - https://pubrica.com/academy/research/the-importance-of-literature-review-in-scientific-research-writing/
This document provides details about a study analyzing the genre characteristics of English research article introductions and methods sections. It begins with background on the increasing importance of research articles written in English and the challenges faced by non-native English speakers. The study then analyzes 60 research articles from top biomedical engineering journals to identify the schematic structures and linguistic features of introductions and methods sections. Key moves and steps are identified for each section based on genre analysis. Linguistic features associated with each move and step are also described. The findings provide insights on the organizational patterns and language used in these sections to help non-native English speakers better understand and write research articles.
JAAFARI STRUCTURING THESIS CHAPTERS FOR PUBLICATION.pdfMohamedJaafari2
This research paper examines gender representation in Moroccan EFL textbooks through a critical discourse analysis approach. It aims to determine if the textbooks align with Morocco's national policy of promoting gender equity in education.
The paper proposes structuring a PhD thesis into publishable chapters. It outlines the thesis structure with independent chapters that can each form the basis of a journal article. The sample thesis is divided into two parts: the first establishes the theoretical framework and methodology, while the second applies the analysis to a case study of gender in Moroccan EFL textbooks.
Key methods discussed are critical discourse analysis, systemic functional linguistics examining modality and transitivity, and conversation analysis. The paper argues this structure will allow research
This document summarizes the results of a content analysis of 322 dissertations submitted to the Department of Library and Information Science at S.G.B. Amravati University between 1993-2009. The analysis found that bibliometric studies were the most popular research area among students, accounting for 11.18% of dissertations. Evaluation studies and studies on library growth and development were also popular subjects. Professors R.B. Jatkar and M.R. Kherde guided the highest number of dissertations at 18.01% and 16.15%, respectively. Overall, the content analysis provided insights into trends in dissertation topics and advisors over the 16-year study period.
Addressing Five Common Weaknesses In Qualitative Research Sticking Feathers ...Jose Katab
This document discusses common weaknesses in qualitative social science research. It identifies five main weaknesses: 1) conceptual frameworks that do not implications for how the data will be analyzed or interpreted, 2) conceptual frameworks that dominate the findings and do not allow the data to be critically evaluated, 3) methods sections that use generic jargon rather than a transparent account of how the research was conducted, 4) superficial or anecdotal results sections that lack focus, and 5) overuse of social science jargon that does not meaningfully contribute to the analysis. The document argues that qualitative research is most valid when there is coherence between the conceptual framework, methods, and findings sections.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed patterns in scientific abstracts. The paper built a corpus of 917 abstracts with 146,489 words from journals and conference proceedings in various fields including artificial intelligence, computer science, biology, linguistics, chemistry and anthropology. It explored characteristics of scientific abstracts at the lexical, syntactic and discourse levels to identify patterns that could be used to improve automatic summarization of scientific texts and help students write better abstracts. The identified patterns are useful not only for computational linguistics but also for teaching students how to effectively write abstracts in their field.
Analysing The Macroorganisational Structure Of The Review Article Genre In Ap...Brittany Allen
This document analyzes the macro-organizational structure of review articles in applied linguistics. It examines 32 review articles to identify their schematic structure and analytical sections, following Swales' genre analysis approach. The findings reveal that review articles often follow the CARS model but differ significantly from research articles in their structure, strategies, and functions. The document also reviews prior literature on review article genres and functions to provide context. The macro-organizational structure identified aims to guide EFL graduates and junior researchers in critically reviewing developments in their fields.
This document outlines the structure and components of a research proposal for a master's or PhD degree. It recommends including a title, introduction, statement of the problem, significance of the study, research objectives/questions, literature review, theoretical framework, methods and procedures, proposed chapter outline, bibliography, and appendix. It also provides a sample research schedule to identify major tasks, timelines, and order of completion. The proposal should be 5,000 words or less and follow the IIUM Thesis/Dissertation Manual for technical requirements.
This document outlines the structure and components that should be included in a research proposal for a master's or PhD degree. It discusses that a proposal should include an introduction on the background and purpose of the study, a clear statement of the research problem or question, the significance of studying the problem, research objectives or hypotheses, a literature review, a theoretical framework, description of the research methodology and procedures, a proposed chapter outline, bibliography, and appendices. It also provides a research schedule template to plan out the timeline for completing the various stages of the research.
How to write a manuscript components and structure of manuscript writing – p...Pubrica
This document provides guidance on writing a manuscript. It discusses the key components and structure, including an introduction, methodology, results, discussion, acknowledgments and references. The methodology section should provide enough detail that other researchers could reproduce the study. Results should describe findings from data, tables and figures. The discussion section should interpret the findings, compare to prior literature, and discuss implications. References should be in the style specified by the target journal. Overall, the manuscript should tell a clear and cohesive story to communicate the science to readers.
This study analyzed the macro and micro structures of thesis and dissertation abstracts across disciplines and cultures. The researchers examined 552 abstracts written by native English speakers, native Persian speakers, and other language speakers. They found that introduction and statement of aims were obligatory elements, while structures like IMRD were optionally used. Cultural and disciplinary differences also influenced structure selection. The researchers then explicitly taught abstract structure models to 35 Iranian researchers. After instruction, the Iranian researchers' abstracts more closely followed the target structures, showing the benefits of explicit genre instruction for non-native speakers.
This document provides a step-by-step guide to writing a literature review research paper. It defines what a literature review is, discusses the differences between a general literature review and a systematic literature review, and outlines the typical steps in the literature review process. A literature review surveys and summarizes previous scholarly work on a topic, critically analyzes the sources, and evaluates the state of research on an issue. It establishes the basis for further research by identifying gaps or inconsistencies in the existing body of literature. The key steps include choosing a topic, searching relevant literature, evaluating and analyzing sources, and writing the review.
Do Yourself a Favor…
Learn HOW to Publish A Research
Paper
(50% off Coupon)
https://www.udemy.com/scientific-research-paper/?couponCode=UNCEDU
Take an opportunity to “Learn to Publish A Research
Paper”. Add value to research skills and knowledge today!
I’m excited to help you add value to your capabilities by
adding skills and knowledge our course provides in your as
you move up your ladder. Upon successful completion of
our course, more and more people realize just how capable
they really are. This course is meant for beginners that are
not familiar with Research Journals and/or students
looking for a quick refresher on how to publish a research
paper. No prior knowledge is needed.
At the end of this course, students will be able to:
1. outline a complete research paper
2. choose an appropriate journal to which you'll submit
the finished paper for publication
3. prepare a checklist that will allow you to
independently judge whether your paper is ready to
submit.
If an audio or video stops, simply restart your browser.
This rarely occurs, but restarted often works.
Title.JPG (502607) Essay Cover Page, Essay Title PagAlicia Buske
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism. The service utilizes a bidding system and promises original, high-quality content.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It is a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
More Related Content
Similar to An Analysis Of Abstracts In Medical And Economics Journals Microstructure And Practical Applications
In this paper, there are three articles that concentrate on the analysis of genres should be reviewed.
Particularly so, these three articles shed light on the contribution of the corpus linguistics methodology to the
analysis and application of academic genres. For easy reference, I have to label Article 1 on From Text To Corpus-
A Genre-based Approach to Academic Literacy Instruction by C Tribble and U. Wingate, Article 2 on Using Corpusbased
research and Online Academic Corpora to Inform Writing of the Discussion Section of a Thesis, by L. Flower
dew and Article 3 on An Integration of Corpus-Based and Genre-Based Approaches to Text Analysis in EAP/ESP:
Countering Criticisms Against Corpus-Based Methodologies, also by L. Flower dew.
- The document discusses using Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy to review literature and write literature reviews.
- It explains the six categories in Bloom's taxonomy (remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating) and how each step can be applied to reviewing academic works in a research area.
- By systematically applying these cognitive processes, a literature review determines the current state of research on a topic and allows the researcher to identify gaps and situate their own study within the existing literature.
A Comparative Study Of Headings In Theses And Research Articles In Applied Li...Luisa Polanco
This study examined headings in 110 theses and 500 research articles in applied linguistics to compare functional and conventional heading styles between the two genres. Headings were analyzed based on frequency, length, syntactic structure, and textual features. The study found a higher frequency of functional headings in both genres, particularly in research articles. Virtually all functional and conventional syntactic options used in headings were significantly different between the genres. The higher use of functional headings in research articles may enhance their chances of publication in prestigious journals. The study aims to assist style guide writers and help novice writers gain recognition in academia.
This document provides guidance on how to write an effective critical literature review. It discusses the key aspects of undertaking a literature review, including defining what a literature review is, the purposes of doing one, and when they are required. It outlines the process from conducting searches to analyzing and sorting the literature found. Some key tips include developing an analytical framework to compare sources, focusing the review around key themes or issues, and presenting the review in a structured narrative format with an introduction, body, and conclusion. The goal is to produce an original, analytical review that critically analyzes and synthesizes the existing literature rather than just describing or listing previous works.
The document discusses different types of literature reviews in information systems (IS) research. It describes the need for systematic literature reviews (SLRs) in IS research to bring structure to literature reviews. SLRs follow a rigorous methodology to comprehensively identify, evaluate, and synthesize previous research on a topic. The document then differentiates between theoretical background reviews in research articles, literature reviews in graduate theses, and stand-alone SLRs as a complete research work. It argues SLRs are needed to establish a solid foundation of knowledge for IS researchers.
This document provides an overview of reviewing literature for nursing research. It discusses that a review of literature is a key step that involves systematically examining relevant publications. The purposes of a literature review are to determine what is already known about the topic, help build on previous knowledge, identify gaps, and help plan the methodology. Literature can be categorized as primary sources from original research or secondary sources reporting on original research. A thorough review requires searching various sources like books, journals, reports, and databases. The stages of a literature review involve tracking materials, reading critically and taking notes, planning and drafting, and editing. Finally, the review should be organized, written in an objective style, and of appropriate length to summarize current knowledge on the topic.
The Importance of Literature Review in Scientific Research Writing.pptxPubrica
Literature reviews are an important part of the scientific research process and communication. While systematic reviews have become the global standard for evidence synthesis, many literature reviews fall short of these expectations and may present biased or incorrect conclusions. In this post, we discussed common issues with Literature search services methods, provided examples for each, and offered practical solutions for mitigating them.
Visit Here - https://pubrica.com/academy/research/the-importance-of-literature-review-in-scientific-research-writing/
This document provides details about a study analyzing the genre characteristics of English research article introductions and methods sections. It begins with background on the increasing importance of research articles written in English and the challenges faced by non-native English speakers. The study then analyzes 60 research articles from top biomedical engineering journals to identify the schematic structures and linguistic features of introductions and methods sections. Key moves and steps are identified for each section based on genre analysis. Linguistic features associated with each move and step are also described. The findings provide insights on the organizational patterns and language used in these sections to help non-native English speakers better understand and write research articles.
JAAFARI STRUCTURING THESIS CHAPTERS FOR PUBLICATION.pdfMohamedJaafari2
This research paper examines gender representation in Moroccan EFL textbooks through a critical discourse analysis approach. It aims to determine if the textbooks align with Morocco's national policy of promoting gender equity in education.
The paper proposes structuring a PhD thesis into publishable chapters. It outlines the thesis structure with independent chapters that can each form the basis of a journal article. The sample thesis is divided into two parts: the first establishes the theoretical framework and methodology, while the second applies the analysis to a case study of gender in Moroccan EFL textbooks.
Key methods discussed are critical discourse analysis, systemic functional linguistics examining modality and transitivity, and conversation analysis. The paper argues this structure will allow research
This document summarizes the results of a content analysis of 322 dissertations submitted to the Department of Library and Information Science at S.G.B. Amravati University between 1993-2009. The analysis found that bibliometric studies were the most popular research area among students, accounting for 11.18% of dissertations. Evaluation studies and studies on library growth and development were also popular subjects. Professors R.B. Jatkar and M.R. Kherde guided the highest number of dissertations at 18.01% and 16.15%, respectively. Overall, the content analysis provided insights into trends in dissertation topics and advisors over the 16-year study period.
Addressing Five Common Weaknesses In Qualitative Research Sticking Feathers ...Jose Katab
This document discusses common weaknesses in qualitative social science research. It identifies five main weaknesses: 1) conceptual frameworks that do not implications for how the data will be analyzed or interpreted, 2) conceptual frameworks that dominate the findings and do not allow the data to be critically evaluated, 3) methods sections that use generic jargon rather than a transparent account of how the research was conducted, 4) superficial or anecdotal results sections that lack focus, and 5) overuse of social science jargon that does not meaningfully contribute to the analysis. The document argues that qualitative research is most valid when there is coherence between the conceptual framework, methods, and findings sections.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed patterns in scientific abstracts. The paper built a corpus of 917 abstracts with 146,489 words from journals and conference proceedings in various fields including artificial intelligence, computer science, biology, linguistics, chemistry and anthropology. It explored characteristics of scientific abstracts at the lexical, syntactic and discourse levels to identify patterns that could be used to improve automatic summarization of scientific texts and help students write better abstracts. The identified patterns are useful not only for computational linguistics but also for teaching students how to effectively write abstracts in their field.
Analysing The Macroorganisational Structure Of The Review Article Genre In Ap...Brittany Allen
This document analyzes the macro-organizational structure of review articles in applied linguistics. It examines 32 review articles to identify their schematic structure and analytical sections, following Swales' genre analysis approach. The findings reveal that review articles often follow the CARS model but differ significantly from research articles in their structure, strategies, and functions. The document also reviews prior literature on review article genres and functions to provide context. The macro-organizational structure identified aims to guide EFL graduates and junior researchers in critically reviewing developments in their fields.
This document outlines the structure and components of a research proposal for a master's or PhD degree. It recommends including a title, introduction, statement of the problem, significance of the study, research objectives/questions, literature review, theoretical framework, methods and procedures, proposed chapter outline, bibliography, and appendix. It also provides a sample research schedule to identify major tasks, timelines, and order of completion. The proposal should be 5,000 words or less and follow the IIUM Thesis/Dissertation Manual for technical requirements.
This document outlines the structure and components that should be included in a research proposal for a master's or PhD degree. It discusses that a proposal should include an introduction on the background and purpose of the study, a clear statement of the research problem or question, the significance of studying the problem, research objectives or hypotheses, a literature review, a theoretical framework, description of the research methodology and procedures, a proposed chapter outline, bibliography, and appendices. It also provides a research schedule template to plan out the timeline for completing the various stages of the research.
How to write a manuscript components and structure of manuscript writing – p...Pubrica
This document provides guidance on writing a manuscript. It discusses the key components and structure, including an introduction, methodology, results, discussion, acknowledgments and references. The methodology section should provide enough detail that other researchers could reproduce the study. Results should describe findings from data, tables and figures. The discussion section should interpret the findings, compare to prior literature, and discuss implications. References should be in the style specified by the target journal. Overall, the manuscript should tell a clear and cohesive story to communicate the science to readers.
This study analyzed the macro and micro structures of thesis and dissertation abstracts across disciplines and cultures. The researchers examined 552 abstracts written by native English speakers, native Persian speakers, and other language speakers. They found that introduction and statement of aims were obligatory elements, while structures like IMRD were optionally used. Cultural and disciplinary differences also influenced structure selection. The researchers then explicitly taught abstract structure models to 35 Iranian researchers. After instruction, the Iranian researchers' abstracts more closely followed the target structures, showing the benefits of explicit genre instruction for non-native speakers.
This document provides a step-by-step guide to writing a literature review research paper. It defines what a literature review is, discusses the differences between a general literature review and a systematic literature review, and outlines the typical steps in the literature review process. A literature review surveys and summarizes previous scholarly work on a topic, critically analyzes the sources, and evaluates the state of research on an issue. It establishes the basis for further research by identifying gaps or inconsistencies in the existing body of literature. The key steps include choosing a topic, searching relevant literature, evaluating and analyzing sources, and writing the review.
Do Yourself a Favor…
Learn HOW to Publish A Research
Paper
(50% off Coupon)
https://www.udemy.com/scientific-research-paper/?couponCode=UNCEDU
Take an opportunity to “Learn to Publish A Research
Paper”. Add value to research skills and knowledge today!
I’m excited to help you add value to your capabilities by
adding skills and knowledge our course provides in your as
you move up your ladder. Upon successful completion of
our course, more and more people realize just how capable
they really are. This course is meant for beginners that are
not familiar with Research Journals and/or students
looking for a quick refresher on how to publish a research
paper. No prior knowledge is needed.
At the end of this course, students will be able to:
1. outline a complete research paper
2. choose an appropriate journal to which you'll submit
the finished paper for publication
3. prepare a checklist that will allow you to
independently judge whether your paper is ready to
submit.
If an audio or video stops, simply restart your browser.
This rarely occurs, but restarted often works.
Similar to An Analysis Of Abstracts In Medical And Economics Journals Microstructure And Practical Applications (20)
Title.JPG (502607) Essay Cover Page, Essay Title PagAlicia Buske
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism. The service utilizes a bidding system and promises original, high-quality content.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It is a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
The document discusses the steps involved in requesting and receiving a custom paper writing service from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Expert Help With A Reaction Paper For YouAlicia Buske
The document discusses online sports gambling and daily fantasy sports sites like DraftKings and FanDuel. It notes that the New York attorney general issued a cease and desist order against the two companies, arguing their activities constitute illegal gambling under state law. The order aims to stop the companies from accepting bets the attorney general views as illegal. This action has made the attorney general unpopular with the multibillion dollar daily fantasy sports industry.
GRE Sample Essays To Nail The GRE Analytical Writing SectionAlicia Buske
Here are a few key reasons why people use natural gas:
- Cost. Natural gas is generally cheaper than other energy sources like electricity or gasoline, making it an affordable option for heating homes and powering appliances. As an abundant domestic resource, it helps control energy costs.
- Convenience. Natural gas infrastructure is widely available through pipelines, allowing homes and businesses direct access to receive reliable deliveries. It's a convenient fuel that doesn't require on-site storage tanks.
- Clean burning. When combusted, natural gas emits less carbon dioxide than coal or petroleum, producing fewer emissions. It burns very cleanly and is a lower-carbon energy source.
- Versatility. Natural gas is used for multiple
The document provides instructions for using a writing service called HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Papers can receive multiple revisions to ensure satisfaction. The service promises original, high-quality work with refunds for plagiarism.
How To Read A Scientific Paper Research4LifeAlicia Buske
The document discusses how to live a happy and simple life. It argues that true happiness does not require wealth, as one can be poor yet happy. Living simply requires patience and dedicating to reducing desires to only what is needed. While some claim money buys happiness, those who are happy with little disprove that claim. Social media can also impact happiness negatively if it increases depression from online bullying or knowing too much about events with no personal effect. Overall, reducing desires and focusing on inner contentment rather than material goods allows for a happy and simple life.
TRUESTORE A4 Designer Project Sheet Art And CrafAlicia Buske
The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 1840s, aimed to end class struggle brought about by the Industrial Revolution. As industries grew, more workers became proletariats who had to leave their previous occupations to work in factories under unhealthy conditions. Their communities were disrupted as they moved to cities near industries or even other countries. Marx and Engels sought to address the plight of the working classes through their influential document.
How To Write An Effective Research Paper Abstract FAlicia Buske
The document discusses the steps to request and receive writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net service, including registering an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, and reviewing writer bids before authorizing payment upon receiving a satisfactory completed paper. The process involves writers bidding on requests and customers choosing a writer based on qualifications before a deposit starts the writing. Customers can also request revisions to ensure satisfaction.
FREE 22 Sample Essay Templates In MS Word GAlicia Buske
This document provides instructions for students to get writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It involves a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The site promises original, high-quality content or a full refund.
The document discusses developing effective marketing strategies for entering the Japanese market. It notes that Japan has the world's third largest economy, making it attractive to international exporters and investors. The paper will review literature on crafting marketing strategies for success in Japan.
Teaching Writing At KS1 Teaching ResourcesAlicia Buske
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The service aims to fully meet customer needs through an original, high-quality paper.
People In Prison Explain What Music Means To Them And HAlicia Buske
The document summarizes Barbara Ehrenreich's book "Bait and Switch" which examines the state of white-collar jobs in America. It discusses how Ehrenreich went undercover to experience the job search process firsthand. The document notes that according to Ehrenreich's research, job stability is declining as the average person born during the baby boom held around 10.5 jobs between 18-40, more than previous generations. Ehrenreich also found that the first job obtained after graduation is unlikely to be one's last job.
Want To Improve Your Writing Take These FREAlicia Buske
1. The document provides instructions for getting writing help from HelpWriting.net in 5 steps - registering an account, completing an order form, reviewing writer bids and choosing one, reviewing and authorizing payment for completed work, and requesting revisions if needed.
2. Writers on the platform use a bidding system, and customers can choose a writer based on qualifications, order history, and feedback to work on their assignment.
3. Customers can request revisions to ensure satisfaction with their completed assignment, and HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality work or a full refund if plagiarized.
Reflective Essay On Personal Development PlaAlicia Buske
The document discusses the effects of new technologies that emerged during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, including the telescope and printed book. The telescope was invented by Galileo, who published his findings about other planets and galaxies in his influential book "The Starry Messenger". However, Galileo's findings contradicted the Catholic Church's beliefs and his book was banned. Overall, new technologies began changing religious and scientific understanding during this transitional period.
Conclusion Paragraph How To Write A Conclusion Paragraph WitAlicia Buske
This document discusses different types of followers and leadership styles. It describes four groups of ineffective followers: sheep who lack initiative, yes people who refuse disagreement, alienated followers who think independently but resent leadership, and survivors who prioritize self-preservation over all else. These types of followers can hinder good leadership. The document also discusses transformational, pseudotransformational, and transactional leadership styles and analyzes Jim Jones' leadership as an example of pseudotransformational leadership, which appears transformational but is actually self-serving and exploitative.
The document outlines the steps a customer would take to use an admission essay writing service, including creating an account, submitting a request form with instructions and sources, and choosing a writer to complete the assignment who would then submit a draft for the customer's review and approval before finalizing payment. The process aims to match customers with qualified writers based on bids to complete admission essay writing requests while allowing revisions to ensure customer satisfaction.
The document provides instructions for seeking analytical essay help from HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied.
5. Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarism.
African Cloth, Export Production, and Secondhand Clothing in Kenya.pdfAlicia Buske
This document summarizes and analyzes three intersecting clothing systems in Kenya: 1) African print cloth traditionally produced for domestic consumption but now in decline; 2) more recently established export-oriented mass-produced clothing primarily for Western markets; and 3) the importation and sale of secondhand clothing from Western markets. It discusses how trade agreements like AGOA have supported growth in Kenya's export apparel sector but reliance on Asian textile imports and competition from secondhand clothing contributed to the collapse of domestic cloth production. The interrelationships between these three clothing systems are reshaping textile production, trade, and consumption in Kenya.
A Paradigm Analysis of Arts-Based Research and Implications for Education.pdfAlicia Buske
This article analyzes arts-based research as a paradigm and discusses its implications for education. It explores how arts-based research uses artistic methods and expressions to understand phenomena in ways that may complement more traditional research approaches. The article suggests arts-based research could provide new insights for educational research by accessing forms of understanding not attainable through conventional methods alone.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
An Analysis Of Abstracts In Medical And Economics Journals Microstructure And Practical Applications
1. GLOTTODIDACTICA XLVI/1 (2019)
ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY PRESS POZNAŃ
DOI: 10.14746/gl.2019.46.1.07
OANA MUREŞAN
Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie “Iuliu Haţieganu” Cluj-Napoca, România
oana.muresan@umfcluj.ro
ORCID: 0000-0002-5827-9089
JOANNA KIC-DRGAS
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
j.drgas@amu.edu.pl
ORCID: 0000-0002-8133-9190
An analysis of abstracts
in medical and economics journals:
Microstructure and practical applications
ABSTRACT. Writing abstracts, both in a professional and academic environment, is a crucial
skill, reflecting the ability to think synthetically and express thoughts in a concise way. Due to
the rising popularity of indexing scientific papers in different databases, abstracts can deter-
mine the readability of a paper and its future quotation rate. This paper presents the results of
an analysis of the microstructure of 40 abstracts from prestigious impact factor medical and
economics journals, offering guidelines for designing abstract writing exercises in foreign
language courses for specific purposes.
KEYWORDS: abstract, LSP, ESP, microstructure, economics, medicine, journal.
1. INTRODUCTION
Academic language teachers often note that their students’ writing skills
are not adequate to meet the needs of the professional market. The problem
seems to be a lack of practical writing experience within the LSP (language
for specific purposes) course. This is usually a result of time limitations and
a general reluctance on the part of students to complete written exercises
2. 110 Oana Mureşcan, Joanna Kic-Drgas
during class due to vague rules of assessment and poor knowledge of writ-
ing rules, even in the learners’ native language. Simultaneously, the ability
to clearly formulate thoughts is one of the crucial elements determining not
only the ability to practice communication in the workplace, but also one’s
potential professional career path.
The above-mentioned motives lay the foundation for reorganizing the
curricula and implementing more writing exercises to give students the op-
portunity to develop professional writing-oriented skills and to understand
the specificity of particular genres. The research described in the following
paper is an attempt to fill in the missing gap concerning one of the most
widespread academic and scientific genres – the abstract – and to provide
authentic material excerpted from medical and economics journals as a basis
for designing original, target-oriented exercises for the LSP class.
This paper consists of three parts. The first part provides an overview of
current research concerning abstracts. The second part discusses an analysis
of a sample of 40 abstracts from the micro perspective1; in this part, sample
abstracts from medical and economics journals are analyzed in order to
gather information about their microstructures. The information resulting
from the analysis is used to suggest guidelines for developing abstract writ-
ing exercises that can be used in the LSP classroom.
1.1. Definition of the abstract
Current research defines the abstract in various ways: a summary of the
main points discussed in a paper (Swales 1990: 15), a representation of the
paper (Bhatia 1993: 82), or the reader’s first encounter with the text (Martín-
Martín 2005: 5). Borko and Chatman (1963: 150) state that it is “generally
agreed that abstracts should include the four main topics (purpose, methods,
results, and conclusions)”. However, Weissberg and Buker (1990: 186) dis-
tinguished the following order of elements in an abstract:
B – some background information
P – the principal activity (or purpose) of the study and its scope
M – some information about the methodology used in the study
R – the most important results of the study
C – a statement of conclusion or recommendation
_________________
1 The present paper is a continuation of the research that we presented in the paper “On
the macrostructure of abstracts in medical and economics journals and its LSP implications”
published in JoLIE 11 (1) / 2018 (Mureșan & Kic-Drgas 2018).
3. An analysis of abstracts in medical and economics journals 111
According to the international standard ISO 214: 19762, the abstract is
a shortened but precise representation of a document’s content. Its meaning
is expressed through the following functions:
• providing information about the content of a document,
• facilitating the finding of a given document,
• providing information about features that distinguish a given docu-
ment from others in the same field.
Interestingly, scientists disagree about whether a research paper abstract
“functions as a condensed reproduction of the text or rather as an expansion of
the title, as well as the question of whether it is an indicator of the RA’s con-
tent or rather an informative summary” (Gillaerts & Van de Velde 2010: 128).
We view the abstract as an indicator of the article’s content. This corre-
sponds with the function of attracting a potential audience to read the paper
as well as distinguishing it from other papers. An abstract, as such, can be
considered a paper in miniature and a genre that uses the strategies of co-
herence and cohesiveness to express the author’s ideas. Analyzing an ab-
stract is an essential indicator for determining the quality of a research pa-
per, and its function extends beyond being simply informative, to provide
insight into a scientific problem. Additionally, an abstract offers an example
of the author’s writing style, thus affecting the reader’s decision about read-
ing the paper.
1.2. Scientific problem
The meaning and importance of the abstract cannot be overestimated
since abstracts are so widely available online, in contrast to full papers
which are usually only available for a fee. Despite their utility, the writing of
abstracts is a topic that does not attract enough attention as a subject of LSP
courses. Hernon and Schwartz (2010) note that LSP courses do not teach the
writing of abstracts as a necessary tool for publishing papers in highly
ranked journals. Similarly, Frydrychova-Klimova (2012) points out that
teachers pay the least amount of attention to the development of writing skills.
At the same time, the need for students to develop skills in scientific
writing is growing. This is a result of universities introducing databases to
store bachelor’s and master’s theses, requiring students to write abstracts.
Moreover, writing scientific papers is a large part of the professional work of
physicians and economists, regardless of whether or not they choose to pur-
sue a scientific career. While there are efforts to promote writing skills across
_________________
2 https://www.iso.org/standard/4084.html (accessed 5.11.2018).
4. 112 Oana Mureşcan, Joanna Kic-Drgas
the LSP curriculum (e.g. Russell 2007), the specific approach of using ab-
stracts as a methodology to teach informative and concise writing skills is
practically non-existent.
In conducting this study, we were inspired by the research carried out by
Cross and Oppenheim (2006: 429), who analyzed “the semantic organization
and thematic structure of 12 abstracts from the field of protozoology in an
effort to discover whether these abstracts followed generally agreed ab-
stracting guidelines.” Based on this research, we analyzed the microstruc-
ture of a chosen sample of 40 abstracts in order to collect information about
their structure and compare these results with previous research on the topic.
Additionally, we designed exercises supporting the development of abstract
writing skills within the LSP course.
1.3. Literature review
In Poland, abstracts were thematized above all by the following authors:
Grabowska (1979), Trzęsicki (1986), Bartmiński (1992), Pytlik (2005), Ufnal-
ska (2008), Pulikowski (2011) and Szyszkowska (2016). In other countries,
abstract-oriented studies were conducted by Busch-Lauer (1995), Busa
(2005), Cheng (2008), Kim and McDonough (2008), Pho (2008; 2009), Piqué-
-Noguera (2012), Cao and Xiao (2013) and Can, Karabacak and Qin (2016).
A thorough review of the literature offers the following areas of interest:
• analysis of abstracts delivering the background for formulating conclu-
sions concerning the structure of a given text from a linguistic point of
view (e.g. Trzęsicki 1986; Salager-Meyer 1991; Bartminski 1992; Nwogu
1997; Dahl 2004)3,
• analysis of an abstract as a source of knowledge transfer (e.g. Grabow-
ska 1979; Koltay 2010; Pulikowski 2011; Szyszkowska 2016),
• comparative analysis of abstracts written by natives and non-natives
(e.g. Cao & Xiao 2013),
• analysis of abstracts as a background for didactic implications (e.g.
Pytlik 2005; Frydrychova-Klimova 2015).
There is very little research on the use of abstracts as a didactic method for
language instruction. This may be the result of either the relatively small
interest in writing abstracts within LSP classes or undervaluing the im-
portance that abstract writing has for professionals during their careers. Re-
_________________
3 An interesting point concerning the structure of the short scientific texts is made by
Mikołajczyk (2007), who compares scientific texts in German and Polish and concludes that the
authors have a radically different approach to the text.
5. An analysis of abstracts in medical and economics journals 113
ferring to Swales (1990: 181), who claimed that abstracts “continue to remain
a neglected field among discourse analysts”, the present paper aims to com-
bine both linguistic (micro)analysis of the genre and didactic implications.
The disciplinary specificity is reflected in the professionals’ sensitiveness
to the conventions that other members of their community find familiar and
convincing (Hyland 2009: 5–6). In the fields of medicine and economy, the
process of writing is centered around the wish to fill in a gap in knowledge,
or to report experimental findings, and so forth, which creates the identity of
the genre (Hyland 2009: 9). Since abstract writing has become an essential
skill for professionals, teaching it should be an integral part of the educa-
tional process of preparing students for a professional career. Hartley (2003:
366–37) emphasizes the importance of abstract analysis in achieving higher
clarity when writing journal abstracts.
1.4. Microanalysis
Analysis of the microstructure of a written text can include the following
elements: word, sentence, or discourse levels. Microstructure analysis can
examine a writer’s conveyance of meaning (e.g. number of words, or ideas),
grammatical complexity (e.g. clause density) and lexical diversity (e.g. num-
ber of different words) (Nelson & van Meter 2004; Puranik, Lombardino &
Altmann 2007; 2008). In the next part of the paper, we will examine gram-
matical complexity and lexical diversity in more detail.
Halliday (1996: 350) notes that “[t]he value of having some explicit
knowledge of the grammar of written language is that you can use this
knowledge, not only to analyze the texts, but as a critical resource for asking
questions about them.” In her analysis of 90 abstracts in health science, social
science, education, and the humanities, Graetz (mentioned in Swales 1990)
concludes that abstracts are characterized by:
• use of past tense,
• passive voice,
• non-use of negatives.
In contrast, the study conducted by Salager-Meyer (1992) on the basis of 84
medical abstracts suggests that verb tenses have different functions. Salager-
Meyer concluded that the past tense is mostly used for describing purposes,
methods and results; the present tense, however, is commonly used in con-
clusions and recommendations; and the present perfect tense is used for
statements of the problem to show the author’s disagreement with previous
research. Also, the use of modals seems to be more frequent in medical texts
and more research-oriented texts.
6. 114 Oana Mureşcan, Joanna Kic-Drgas
In addition to grammar, lexical complexity is a crucial element for
abstract composition that is strongly underscored by Cohen-Vida (2012:
4985):
Students must know that abstracts in which they simply replace words by their
synonyms and copy structures from the source text resemble a word for word
translation and are not considered good abstracts, the same way as word for
word translations are not recommended in most situations. The phrases of the
source text must be forgotten.
Frydrychova-Klimkova (2015: 910) shares the following observations
concerning the lexical dimension of the text:
• preference for short words of Anglo-Saxon origin rather than long
words of Latin origin (e.g. to use, not utilize),
• use of correct collocations, (such as low speed, high speed),
• avoidance of colloquial words (so, stuff …),
• reduced use of the abbreviation etc. as it is not academic,
• the need to explain an acronym when using it for the first time.
2. PURPOSE AND METHOD
Building on a previous study of the macrostructure of abstracts in medi-
cal and economics journals published in 2018 (Mureşan & Kic-Drgas 2018),
we analyzed the same 40 abstracts of articles from a selection of journals that
have an impact factor of above two, in the period February to March 2017.
Thus, we analyzed 20 abstracts of original articles from different medical
journals included in PubMed (the most commonly used search engine for
biomedical research), and 20 abstracts of articles from journals of economics
included in the Philadelphia List (in some countries known as the ISI Master
Journal List).
The medical abstracts were selected randomly from the following jour-
nals (in the order of the research analysis): 1. BMJ (“The British Medical
Journal”), 2. “The Lancet”, 3. NEJM (“The New England Journal of Medi-
cine”), 4. JAMA (“The Journal of the American Medical Association”),
5. “Annals of Internal Medicine”, 6. “Nature”, 7. “Pediatrics”, 8. “Circulation”,
9. “The Journal of Infectious Diseases”, 10. “Brain: A Journal of Neurology”,
11. “Clinical Infectious Diseases”, 12. JACC (“Journal of the American Col-
lege of Cardiology”), 13. “Science”, 14. “Diabetes”, 15. “Blood”, 16. CMAJ
(Canadian Medical Association Journal), 17. “American Journal of Preven-
tive Medicine”, 18. “Mayo Clinic Proceedings”, 19. “Bulletin of the World
Health Organization”, 20. “The Journal of Clinical Investigation”.
7. An analysis of abstracts in medical and economics journals 115
The economics journals the analyzed abstracts were chosen from were as
follows: 1. “Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society”, 2. “Cam-
bridge Journal of Economics”, 3. “Defense and Peace Economics”, 4. “Econo-
metrics Journal”, 5. “European Economic Review”, 6. “German Economic
Review”, 7. “International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics”,
8. “Journal of Agricultural Economics”, 9. “Journal of Comparative Economics”,
10. “Journal of Home Economics Research”, 11. “Journal of Economic Growth”,
12. “Journal of Financial Economics”, 13. “Journal of Monetary Economics”,
14. “Journal of Socio-Economics”, 15. “Marine Resource Economics”,
16. “Maritime Economics & Logistics”, 17. “Portuguese Economic Journal”,
18. “Quantitative Economics”, 19. “Socio-Economic Review”, 20. “Economet-
ric Reviews”.
In the present study, we analyzed elements that pertain to the micro-
structure of the abstract, using the following ten research questions:
1. Which tenses are used in each part of the abstract (introduction,
methods, results, conclusion)?
2. Which voice is used more frequently in the abstract – the active or the
passive voice?
3. What linkers (if any) are used in the abstract?
4. What phrase connectors (conjunctions) (if any) are used in the ab-
stract?
5. What verbs or phrases are used to present the objective of the study?
6. What verbs or phrases are used to present the results of the study?
7. What verbs or phrases are used to present the conclusions of the
study?
8. Are modal verbs used in the abstract? Which ones and in which sec-
tion of the abstract?
9. What verbs are used if the conclusions of the study are less certain?
10. Are numbers and percentages included in the abstract? If so, in which
part(s)?
We then compared the data obtained to find out whether the results
were similar or different – and to what extent – in medical and economics
journals, in order to design LSP activities based on the results of our study.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of the tenses used in each part of the abstracts (Research
Question 1) showed notable differences between economics and medical
abstracts. Thus, the present simple appears to be the preferred tense in eco-
nomics abstracts (EA) in all parts of the abstract, as only in 4 instances (20%)
8. 116 Oana Mureşcan, Joanna Kic-Drgas
other tenses (past tense or present perfect) were used in the analyzed ab-
stracts. In contrast, the past tense was used consistently to describe the pur-
pose, methods and results of the medical research studies investigated. The
present simple was used only twice (10%) to present the purpose of the
study in medical abstracts (MA), whereas in the structured abstract the to-
infinitive fulfilled this function. Modal verbs were also used in 5 MA (25%)
in the Background section and in 6 abstracts (30%) in the Conclusion. At
times, several tenses/verb forms were used for the Background and / or
Conclusion in the same abstract (Present Simple, Present Perfect, Past Tense,
modal verbs). The Present Perfect was used in the Background of MA
(4 times), in the Purpose and the Conclusion sections of one EA respectively,
and in the Conclusion of a MA.
Table 1. Tenses used in the parts of the abstracts
Abstract no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Background –
EA
PS PS
PS
PT
– PS – – – PS PS – PS – PS – PS – PS PS PS
Background –
MA
–
PS PT
PS
PS M
M
PS
PP PS
PP
PS
M
PP
PS
PS M PS
PP
M
PS PS
PS
M
– – PS
Purpose – EA PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PP – – PS – PS PS – PS PS
Purpose – MA I PT – I I PS PS PT – PT PT PT PT PT PT PT PT I I –
Methods – EA – – – PS PS – PS PS – PS – PS PS PS – PS PS PS – PS
Methods – MA
PT
PT
PS
PS PT PT
PT
PS
PS
PT
PT PT
PS
M
PT PT PT PT PT PT
PT
PS
PT PT PT
Results – EA – PS PS PS PS PS – PS – PS PS – PS – PS PS PS SP – PS
Results – MA PT PT PS PT PT
PT
PS
PT PT PT
PS
M
PT PT PT PT PT PT PT PT PT PT
Conclusion –
EA
PP – PS – PS – PS PS PS – PP PS PT PS – PS PS – PS PS
Conclusion –
MA
PT
PT
PS
PT
PS
PT
M
PT
PS
PS
M
PS
PT
PP
M
PS PT
PS
M
PS PT PS
PS
M
PS
PT
PS
M
PT
PT
PS
PT PS
PS = Present Simple, PP = Present Perfect, PT = Past Tense, I = infinitive, M = modal verb (present),
EA = economics abstracts, MA = medical abstracts
Regarding the use of the Active Voice (AV) and/or the Passive Voice
(PV) in abstracts (Questions 2), as expected, we found that AV had signifi-
cantly higher prevalence in EA, and that PV use in EA accounted only for
9. An analysis of abstracts in medical and economics journals 117
40% of the abstracts. In MA, on the other hand, PV was used in the majority
of abstracts (85%) and, surprisingly, had the same or higher prevalence in
3 abstracts (15%). PV was used mostly to describe the methods and results of
the study in MA.
Table 2. Active / passive voice used in the abstracts
Abstract no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Active voice
(EA)
5 5 7 4 6 5 4 6 4 6 4 7 4 7 4 6 4 6 6 11
Passive voice
(EA)
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2
Active voice
(MA)
9 12 15 5 8 16 13 14 8 13 8 8 9 14 11 16 6 4 1 12
Passive voice
(MA)
4 4 5 5 6 2 2 3 6 0 5 7 1 1 4 0 11 8 8 0
Table 3. Linkers used in the abstracts
Linkers EA MA
Contrast
In spite of Although
Nevertheless
Whereas
Despite
Although
Reason and cause
Because
As
–
Purpose In order to –
Consequence
Consequently
As a consequence
As a result
Therefore
Thus
Addition
Moreover
Furthermore
In addition
As well as
In addition to
In addition
Exemplification For example –
Succession
Firstly
Second
Finally, To sum up
In conclusion
Emphasis –
Importantly
Of note
Comparison – Compared with
10. 118 Oana Mureşcan, Joanna Kic-Drgas
When searching for the linkers used in the studied abstracts (Question 3),
we found that transition words were often used in EA ( in 85% of the EA)
and significantly more rarely used in MA (in 50% of the MA). (Table 3) This
is partly due to the fact that most MA (75%) were structured – and in struc-
tured abstracts (containing headings) linkers are rarely needed – and almost
all (95%) EA were unstructured, which required the use of linkers for text
cohesion.
The fourth research question, concerning the phrase connectors used in
the abstracts, proved not to be particularly relevant to our study, as common
conjunctions were identified in almost all abstracts. For example: but, despite,
though (to express contrast) and because, to (to introduce the reason).
As regards the verbs and phrases employed to present the objective of
the study (Question 5), we observed certain similarities between EA and MA.
The verbs examine, analyze, show and investigate were used in both EA and
Table 4. Verbs and phrases presenting the objective of the study
Abstract
no
Verbs/phrases describing
the objective (EA)
Verbs/phrases describing the objective
(MA)
1 The study presents, investigates To compare the effectiveness…
2 explore We aimed to analyze…
3 contradict the traditional view… –
4 show To estimate associations of …with …
5 analyzes the impact of…
To assess the association between … and … and to
estimate …
6 This article revisits … Here we show that …
7 This paper offers a simple model of ... examine
8 examine We assessed the effect of … on …
9 presents there is no research evaluating whether …
10 aims to analyze Here we studied …
11 explore … were evaluated
12 – This study analyzes the association of … with …
13 This paper proposes … Analyze
14 present We used … to test whether …
15 – Hypothesize
16 Depict We tested the association of … with …
17 confirm prediction This study aimed to assess …
18 – To examine …
19 analyze To investigate …the association between … and…
20 articulate, depict, present, discuss …remains unknown.
11. An analysis of abstracts in medical and economics journals 119
MA for this purpose. In EA, the verbs present (4 times) and analyze
(3 times) were the most prevalent, whereas in MA assess and analyze were
most frequently used (3 times each), followed by examine, evaluate, test (twice
each). A particularity would be that in structured medical abstracts, the ob-
jective is usually stated in an incomplete sentence (subject and verb elliptical
clause), which starts with a to-infinitive: e.g. to compare, to estimate.
The analysis of the verbs and phrases that were used to present the re-
sults of the studies (Question 6) showed that a larger variety of verbs were
used to describe results in medical abstracts. This can be explained by the
fact that in MA the Results section is commonly the longest and presents the
most important findings precisely, and that MA are, in general, significantly
longer than EA. (Mureşan & Kic-Drgas 2018). The verbs find, result, and sug-
gest were used in both EA and MA.
Table 5. Verbs and phrases describing the results of the study
Abstract
no.
Verbs / phrases describing results
(EA)
Verbs / phrases describing results
(MA)
1 – find, achieve, report (PV)
2 results are consistent with …, indicate record (PV)
3
The pattern of results … is most con-
sistent with …
identify (PV), show
4 result occur, associate (with) (PV), relate (PV), decrease
5 find, (results) suggest associate (with) (PV), increase, find, account (for)
6 obtain (estimates)
reduce, expect (reduced … as expected), indicate (PP),
exhibit, decrease, increase
7 –
peak, remain, correlate (was less prevalent and highly
correlated with) indicate (were more likely to indicate)
8 find out increase, reduce, attenuate (PV), associate (with) (PV)
9 – associate (with) (PV)
10 observe, note (recordings) show, indicate (PP), find
11 analyze fail (to), progress (to), observe (PV), correlate (with)
12 – associate (with) (PV)
13 focus, result display, differ, indicate (PP)
14 report increase, correlate (with), display
15 – associate (with) (PV), induce
16 state include, account (for)
17 assert observe (PV), associate (with) (PV), exhibit
18
discuss, argument, (results) under-
score (the importance of …)
associate (with) (PV)
19 – estimate (PV), detect (PV), associate (with) (PV)
20 result
reveal, highlight (PP), diminish, facilitate, reduce,
suggest (PP)
PV = Passive Voice, PP = Present Participle
12. 120 Oana Mureşcan, Joanna Kic-Drgas
Our analysis showed significant differences between the verbs and
phrases used to draw the conclusions in economics and medical abstracts
(Question 7), the verb conclude being the only common element in the ana-
lyzed abstracts. (Table 6) Therefore, we may infer that, when teaching stu-
dents about abstract writing, we need to have in mind that each field of ESP
(English for Specific Purposes)/LSP might have its particularities in terms of
language use and thus choose the class materials accordingly.
Table 6. Verbs and phrases describing the conclusions of the study
Abstract
no.
Verbs/phrases describing
conclusions (EA)
Verbs/phrases describing conclusions
(MA)
1 To conclude was associated with
2 – resulted in; should focus on
3 identify, sum up Simple past (were); present simple (are)
4 –
were estimated to be …
These results should help identify …
5 We find support for the view that …
was not associated with …
It is likely that … represents…
6 –
Our findings elucidate …
may be …
7
It also explains why …
which explains …
… should be taken into consideration … to
improve …
8 … appear as … Our findings provide … to explain
9
offers final reflections on ...
the results suggest …
… was associated with …
10 –
The present study demonstrates that… provid-
ing strong evidence that… Our findings
support the idea that….
11 It is concluded that … Present Simple (is/are)
12
This increase largely occurs through
…, with a much smaller effect on …
… was associated with …
13 had no significant effect on …
Our findings explain how…
We propose that…
This work contributes novel insight into…
14 We show that ...
We conclude that…
… indicating that…
15 – Our data indicate novel insights into…
16 obtain the result that … The results suggest that…
17 recapitulate … was associated with …
18 – These findings underscore the importance of…
19 reflect on … was observed …, highlighting the need for …
20 conclude illustrate
13. An analysis of abstracts in medical and economics journals 121
Modal verbs (Question 8) are sometimes used in the last part of ab-
stracts, the Conclusion, to express possibility or to give suggestions. Our
analysis showed that 35% of the medical abstracts and only 10% of the
economics ones contained such modal verbs, of which should had a higher
prevalence (50%) (see Table 7). They can also be present in the Background
section to suggest lack of certainty of the accuracy of current knowledge in
the field.
Table 7. Modal verbs used in abstracts
Abstract
no.
Modal verbs in context
(EA)
Modal verbs in context
(MA)
2 – Health maintenance should focus on…
4 –
These results should help identify
priorities …
6 – …cells may be a marker of…
7
Gender differences in task allocations may
sustain vertical gender segregation …
… should be taken into consideration
10 –
…cortical neurons can become… these
neurons... could contribute to…
14 –
may promote a sustained inflammatory
state …
16 Should the tax rate differences […] vary … prevention strategies should target…
The answers to Question 9 confirm what the literature states in this re-
spect, namely that tentative verbs such as suggest, indicate, appear, estimate
(Table 6) are sometimes used to express a degree of uncertainty. Modal
verbs like can, could, may, should (Table 7) or expressions such as it is likely
that (A5M-medical) are sometimes used to fulfill the same purpose.
Our analysis also revealed (Question 10) that numbers and/or percent-
ages were used in 8 abstracts (40%) in economics journals and in 17 abstracts
(85%) in medical journals, mostly in the Results, but also in the Methods
sections of the abstracts, or even in the Conclusion. Almost all structured
medical abstracts (95%) contained numbers and percentages. These findings
point to the high relevance and importance of precise presentation of the
study results in medical articles, whereas abstracts in economics journals
appear to be, in general, more descriptive.
14. 122 Oana Mureşcan, Joanna Kic-Drgas
4. APPLICATIONS
The conclusions resulting from this study provide an overview of the
microstructure of abstracts which can be used to develop teaching materials
for the LSP classroom. These materials are designed to help learners master
the art of writing professional abstracts that make use of lexical and gram-
matical structures present in peer-reviewed scientific journals.
4.1. Preparatory exercises
Reading comprehension is the first step in working with abstracts, which
are, for many learners, a new and unknown form used in professional and
scientific work. An introductory exercise for working with abstracts can in-
volve questions referring to the content of abstracts, as they can be compli-
cated to understand despite taking a shorter form.
The next step toward getting used to the concise language of the abstract is
purely mechanical: looking for and excerpting structures expressing, for ex-
ample, the results, aims or conclusions of an abstract. This is the basis for
shortlisting useful expressions and analyzing their usage in an authentic
context, such as the ones presented in this paper in Tables 3–7. Also, completing
the gaps made in genuine abstracts with linking words would encourage learn-
ers to focus on the structure and connections between the parts of abstracts.
After discussing the structure of the abstract based on the given materi-
als, instructors can present learners with a range of abstracts and ask them to
identify potential errors. An online resource that presents common difficulties
of writing abstracts can be useful for this exercise4.
4.2. Writing exercises
Before learners write their own full abstracts, it is advisable to conduct
exercises with shorter forms of writing, like translating sentences using the
excerpted expression structures or writing short paragraphs referring, for ex-
ample, only to the results or aims of an abstract. A useful exercise could be
paraphrasing the chosen phrases from the analyzed abstracts into less scien-
tific discourse. Another useful exercise which would help learners to devel-
op their writing skills is writing an abstract of a genuine paper and compar-
ing it with the original abstract.
_________________
4 Writing an abstract – common mistakes, uploaded by Zhenya Bakin, for example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynUiPhi8qEc (access: 21.12.2018).
15. An analysis of abstracts in medical and economics journals 123
5. CONCLUSION
The results of our study are consistent with the literature, and offer more
evidence regarding the use of language in abstract writing. Our analysis
provides examples of useful verbs and phrases that are often used in ab-
stracts to convey different purposes. Moreover, we added some practical
applications of the research results by suggesting a few guidelines for de-
signing learning activities to be used in the ESP/LSP classroom. Although
our results cannot be generalized, as the research corpus included only
40 abstracts of scientific articles, they can be considered reliable as they offer
useful insights into the way abstracts of original research published in pres-
tigious journals are actually written.
Other possible directions of scientific research on the topic can vary from
making a comparative analysis of corpora in different languages, excerpting
commonly used structures, or checking the frequency of specific terminolo-
gy. An interesting possibility for further research on abstract writing would
be to analyze the particularities of the specific terminology (higher speciali-
zation) used in abstracts, conduct multilateral and interdisciplinary analysis
of abstracts to observe the cultural and discipline-specific influences on the
text, and finally use the collected material to design a course on developing
writing skills.
REFERENCES
Bakin, Z. (2018). Writing an abstract – common mistakes, https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ynUiPhi8qEc (access: 10.04.2019).
Bartmiński, J. (1992). Streszczenie w aspekcie typologii tekstów. In: T. Dobrzyńska (ed.), Typy
tekstów (pp. 7–14). Warszawa: PAN IBL.
Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analyzing genre: Language use in professional settings. New York: Longman
Publishing.
Busa, M. G. (2005). The use of metadiscourse in abstracts: A comparison between economics
and psychological abstracts. Dialogue Within Discourse Communities, 31–47.
Busch-Lauer, I.-A. (1995). Abstracts in German medical journals: A linguistic analysis. Infor-
mation Processing and Management, 769−776.
Borko, H. / Chatman, S. (1963). Criteria for acceptable abstracts: A survey of abstracters’ in-
structions. American Documentation, 14, 149−160.
Can, S. / Karabacak, E. / Qin, J. (2016). Structure of moves in research article abstracts in ap-
plied linguistics. Publications Open Access Publications, 4 (3), 23, DOI:10.3390/publications
4030023.
Cao, Y. / Xiao, R. (2013). Native and non-native English abstracts in contrast. A multidimen-
sional move analysis. Belgian Journal of Linguistics, 27, 1, 111−134, DOI:10.1075/bjl.27.06xia.
Cross, C. / Oppenheim, Ch. (2006). A genre analysis of scientific abstracts. Journal of Documen-
tation, 62, 428–446, DOI: 10.1108/00220410610700953.
16. 124 Oana Mureşcan, Joanna Kic-Drgas
Cheng, A. (2008). Analyzing genre exemplars in preparation for writing: The case of an L2
graduate student in the ESP genre‐based instructional framework of academic literacy.
Applied Linguistics, 29, 50−72.
Cohen-Vida, M. / Cohen-Vida, I. (2012). How to teach writing abstracts in a foreign language?
Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 4981–4985.
Dahl, T. (2004). Some characteristics of argumentative abstracts. I: Akademisk Prosa. Bergen: Ro-
mansk institutt, Universitetet Bergen.
Frydrychova-Klimova, B. (2012). Teaching formal written English. Hradec Kralove: Gaudeamus.
Frydrychova-Klimova, B. (2015). Teaching English abstract writing effectively. Procedia – Social
and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 908–912.
Gillaerts, P. / Van de Velde, F. (2010). Interactional metadiscourse in research article abstracts.
Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9, 128−139.
Grabowska, M. (1979). Streszczenia dokumentacyjne (Wybrane problemy). Warszawa: Centrum
Informacji Naukowej, Technicznej i Ekonomicznej.
Graetz, N. (1985). Teaching EFL students to extract structural information from abstracts, reading for
professional purposes. Leuven: ACCO.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1996). Literacy and linguistics: A functional perspective. In: R. Hasan / G. Wil-
liams (ed.), Literacy in society (pp. 339–376). London: Longman.
Hernon, P. / Schwartz, C. (2010). Writing an abstract. Library & Information Science Research, 32,
173−187.
Hyland, K. (2009). Writing in the disciplines: Research evidence for specificity. Taiwan Interna-
tional ESP Journal, 1, 5−22.
ISO 214:1976. Documentation – Abstracts for publications and documentation, https://www.
iso.org/standard/4084.html (access: 20.03.2019).
Kim, Y. / McDonough, K. (2008). Learners’ production of passives during syntactic priming
activities. Applied Linguistics, 29, 149−155.
Koltay, T. (2010). Abstracts and abstracting: A genre and set of skills for the twenty-first century.
Oxford: Chandos Publishing.
Martín-Martín, P. (2005). The rhetoric of the abstract in English and Spanish scientific discourse:
A cross-cultural genre-analytic approach. Bern: Peter Lang.
Mikołajczyk, B. (2007): Ausgewahlte Aspekte der Textsorte autographes Vorwort einer wissen-
schaftlichen Abhandlung im Deutschen und Polnischen – Versuch einer Konfrontation.
Glottodidactica, XXXIII, 29−46.
Mureșan, O. / Kic-Drgas, J. (2018). On the macrostructure of abstracts in medical and econom-
ics journals and its LSP implications. Journal of Linguistic and Intercultural Education – JoLIE,
11 (1), 137−152, DOI:10.29302/jolie.2018.11.1.10.
Nelson, N. W. / Van Meter, A. M. (2007). Measuring written language ability in narrative
samples. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 23 (3), 287−309.
Nwogu, K.N. (1997). The medical research paper: Structure and functions. English for Specific
Purposes, 16 (2), 119–38.
Pho, P. D. (2009). An evaluation of three different approaches to the analysis of research article
abstracts. Monash University Linguistics Papers, 6 (2), 11−16.
Piqué-Noguera, C. (2012). Writing business research article abstracts: A genre approach. Ibéri-
ca, 24, 211−232.
Pho, P. D. (2008). Research article abstracts in applied linguistics and educational technology:
A study of linguistic realizations of rhetorical structure and authorial stance. Discourse
Studies, 10 (2), 231−250.
17. An analysis of abstracts in medical and economics journals 125
Pulikowski, A. (2011). Abstrakt ustrukturalizowany jako sposób na uporządkowanie informa-
cji o treści publikacji i rozszerzenie możliwości wyszukiwawczych. Prezentacja na konfe-
rencję „XI Krajowe Forum Informacji Naukowej i Technicznej”, Zakopane 20−23.09.2011,
http://eprints.rclis.org/18628/1/pol.pdf (access: 10.03.2019).
Puranik, C. / Lombardino, L. J., / Altmann, L. J. (2007). Writing through retellings: An explora-
tory study of language-impaired and dyslexic populations. Reading & Writing, 20, 251−272.
Puranik, C. / Lombardino, L. J. / Altmann, L. J. (2008). Assessing the microstructure of written
language using a retelling paradigm. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 17,
107−120.
Pytlik, R. (2005). Abstrakt w dobie dzisiejszych publikacji naukowych na przykładzie niemiec-
kich i polskich prac językoznawczych, Języki Obce w Szkole, 1, 24−27.
Russell, D. R. (2007). Rethinking the articulation between business and technical communica-
tion and writing in the disciplines. Useful avenues for teaching and research. Journal of
Business and Technical Communication, 21, 249−277.
Salager-Meyer, F. (1991). Medical English abstracts: How well structured are they? JASIS
(Journal of the American Society for Information Science), 42 (7), 528−531.
Salager-Meyer, F. (1992). A text-type and move analysis study of verb tense and modality
distribution in medical English abstracts. English for Specific Purposes, 11 (2), 93–113. DOI:
10.1016/S0889-4906(05)80002-X.
Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre analysis. English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press.
Szyszkowska, K. (2016). Abstrakt jako narzędzie organizacji i zarządzania informacją i wiedzą.
Debiuty Bibliologiczno-Informatologiczne, 4, 40−49.
Trzęsicki, K. (1986). Streszczanie jako operacja nad tematyczno-rematyczną strukturą tekstu.
In: T. Dobrzyńska, (ed.), Teoria tekstu (pp. 41−53). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Os-
solińskich.
Ufnalska, S. (2008). Abstracts of research articles: Readers’ expectations and guidelines for
authors. European Science Editing, 34 (3), 63−65.
Weissberg, R. / Buker, S. (1990). Writing up research: Experimental research report writing for
students of English. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.
Received: 20.01.2019; revised: 20.03.2019