- The document discusses using Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy to review literature and write literature reviews.
- It explains the six categories in Bloom's taxonomy (remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating) and how each step can be applied to reviewing academic works in a research area.
- By systematically applying these cognitive processes, a literature review determines the current state of research on a topic and allows the researcher to identify gaps and situate their own study within the existing literature.
This document provides guidance on conducting research and writing a thesis or dissertation. It defines research as a scientific and systematic approach to finding answers to problems. Some key reasons for conducting research include obtaining degrees or awards, gaining recognition, contributing to society through inventions, and earning money or fame. The document outlines various formats for organizing a thesis or dissertation and includes sections on selecting a research topic, reviewing relevant literature, organizing the literature review, and assessing the quality of a literature review.
The necessity of related literature search and review exercises in dissertati...inventionjournals
The systematic and scientific study of the related literature is the life cycle of every dissertation/thesis research proposal and research writing process. It is a form of secondary data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The content we are dealing with here is textual, and the form of secondary data analysis is a form of phenomenologically qualitatively data analysis.
This document discusses the importance of thorough, sophisticated literature reviews in education research. It argues that doctoral dissertations in education often have poor quality literature reviews that fail to demonstrate a strong understanding of the research in the field. A good literature review is crucial for conducting substantive research and advancing collective understanding. It should critically examine prior research methods and distinguish what is known from what still needs to be learned. Improving the quality of dissertation literature reviews is key to improving education research overall. Doctoral programs need to place more emphasis on preparing students to analyze and synthesize research through literature reviews.
Literature review and referencing
The selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated.
This literature review discusses the importance and process of conducting a literature review for research. It begins by defining research and explaining that a literature review uses previously published work rather than reporting new primary research. The main steps of the literature review process are identified as selecting a topic, searching for and choosing relevant literature, writing the review, and analyzing and interpreting the literature. Key elements of an effective literature review are outlined as well, such as locating major works, identifying gaps, and establishing relationships between studies. While time-consuming, conducting a thorough literature review is crucial to provide context for the research and establish what is already known about the topic.
Research Methodology: Syllabus Design and IntroductionDilip Barad
Research Methodology in Humanities, especially, in English literary studies is important to the aspirants of M.Phil, Ph.D. or to the research scholars/teachers who wish to apply for minor or major research projects to UGC or similar funding agencies. This presentation gives an outline of model syllabus for such courses. It also presents some views of Richard Altick and John Fenstermaker from 'The Art of Literary Research'.
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
Literature is a term used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer the works of the creative imagination, including works poetry,drama,fiction,and nonfiction.
This document provides guidance on conducting research and writing a thesis or dissertation. It defines research as a scientific and systematic approach to finding answers to problems. Some key reasons for conducting research include obtaining degrees or awards, gaining recognition, contributing to society through inventions, and earning money or fame. The document outlines various formats for organizing a thesis or dissertation and includes sections on selecting a research topic, reviewing relevant literature, organizing the literature review, and assessing the quality of a literature review.
The necessity of related literature search and review exercises in dissertati...inventionjournals
The systematic and scientific study of the related literature is the life cycle of every dissertation/thesis research proposal and research writing process. It is a form of secondary data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The content we are dealing with here is textual, and the form of secondary data analysis is a form of phenomenologically qualitatively data analysis.
This document discusses the importance of thorough, sophisticated literature reviews in education research. It argues that doctoral dissertations in education often have poor quality literature reviews that fail to demonstrate a strong understanding of the research in the field. A good literature review is crucial for conducting substantive research and advancing collective understanding. It should critically examine prior research methods and distinguish what is known from what still needs to be learned. Improving the quality of dissertation literature reviews is key to improving education research overall. Doctoral programs need to place more emphasis on preparing students to analyze and synthesize research through literature reviews.
Literature review and referencing
The selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated.
This literature review discusses the importance and process of conducting a literature review for research. It begins by defining research and explaining that a literature review uses previously published work rather than reporting new primary research. The main steps of the literature review process are identified as selecting a topic, searching for and choosing relevant literature, writing the review, and analyzing and interpreting the literature. Key elements of an effective literature review are outlined as well, such as locating major works, identifying gaps, and establishing relationships between studies. While time-consuming, conducting a thorough literature review is crucial to provide context for the research and establish what is already known about the topic.
Research Methodology: Syllabus Design and IntroductionDilip Barad
Research Methodology in Humanities, especially, in English literary studies is important to the aspirants of M.Phil, Ph.D. or to the research scholars/teachers who wish to apply for minor or major research projects to UGC or similar funding agencies. This presentation gives an outline of model syllabus for such courses. It also presents some views of Richard Altick and John Fenstermaker from 'The Art of Literary Research'.
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
Literature is a term used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer the works of the creative imagination, including works poetry,drama,fiction,and nonfiction.
Annual Report: Developing Research Capacity at UWS, Report on Structured Writ...rowenamurray
One way of effectively increasing research capacity, activity and outputs as aimed for in the University’s Strategic Plan 2008-2015 and Research Strategy 2011-2015 is by means of Structured Writing Retreats (SWR). SWR provide time away from other academic duties and allow staff and post graduate students to focus on progression in a range of academic writing projects and the production of a range of written outputs, such as PhD chapters; books; conference abstracts; journal articles and research proposals.
A total of 9 retreats took place in 2013 with an average of 12 participants per retreat. Thirty- seven academics and students from UWS attended of whom 10 attended more than one retreat. In addition 30 academics and students from other Universities and institutions took part.
The majority of participants worked towards completion of their thesis, while many participants worked on journal publications. Furthermore participants reported the acquisition of skills regarding the process and structuring of writing which were viewed as enhancing research thinking and were seen as transferable skills to their work environment. They also reported the advantage of disconnecting from social media and the demands of home and work life during the retreats. Finally, participants described the formation of peer support networks which have led to the development of writing groups and a more positive research culture on campus. Those who attended more than one retreat described how these benefits were enhanced by repeated attendance at the writing retreats.
The findings of this evaluation support Structured Writing Retreats as an effective way of achieving the University’s Strategic Plan and Research Strategy, while enhancing the post graduate student experience. For these reasons, these retreats should be embedded in our research strategy. This would not only send a signal internally that research activity is valued and supported, but also externally that UWS is committed to both research capacity development and growing research identity.
This document summarizes a presentation on reviewing literature and thesis writing that was part of a 5-day training program. The presentation covered various topics related to conducting research and writing a thesis including defining research, selecting a research topic through literature review, the purpose and need for literature reviews, locating relevant literature, and organizing and writing the literature review section. It also provided an overview of the typical structure of a thesis, including chapters and sections.
The document provides information on conducting a literature review for research. It defines a literature review as a summary and synthesis of previous research on a topic. The main purposes are to identify what is already known on a topic, determine gaps in knowledge, and establish a theoretical framework for a research study. A literature review uses primary sources like research reports but is not primary research itself. It describes, analyzes, and evaluates existing scholarship. The document outlines the key components and steps to developing an effective literature review, including selecting a topic, searching sources, critiquing literature, and constructing the review. It emphasizes being specific, selective, focusing on current topics, ensuring claims are evidence-based, and considering the reliability of source information.
Overview of Presentation:
-Introduction – What is a literature Review?
-Why is it necessary?
-Types of literature review
-The Steps and literature review cycle
-Purpose of the Literature Review
-Four main reasons for reviewing the literature
-Organizing Your Literature Review
-Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews
..........................................
قدم هذا العرض يوم الخميس,25 ربيع الثاني/ 4 فبراير
أنشــأ بواسطة ياسر الشريف و اياد كمال
جامعة ام القرى
Purposes of the related literature and studiesjennyl salgados
This document discusses the purposes and importance of reviewing related literature in research. It outlines that reviewing literature 1) provides theoretical background, 2) gives rationale for the study's framework, and 3) helps guide the researcher's own work. The document also categorizes types of related studies and literature, such as local vs. foreign, and different forms of literature reviews. Overall, reviewing related literature is essential as it provides context and direction for new research.
This document defines and explains the meaning and sources of literature review. It discusses that literature review refers to the knowledge of a particular area that is obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials that other research is based on, like journal articles and documents. Secondary sources are interpretations of primary sources, such as commentaries, histories and textbooks. The document also provides examples of different types of primary and secondary sources. It further explains key terms like journal, chemical abstracts, impact factor and how impact factor of a journal is calculated.
The document provides information on conducting a literature review for research. It discusses that a literature review aims to summarize and evaluate previous research on a topic. There are different types of literature reviews that can be used depending on the purpose of the research. The process of conducting a literature review involves identifying the topic, locating relevant sources, reading the literature, analyzing and synthesizing the information, organizing it using maps, and writing the review. It also discusses the different purposes of a literature review and how it helps establish the context and rationale for research.
This document outlines the basic steps for research. It begins by defining research as a systematic, critical investigation aimed at discovering new facts and revising accepted theories in light of new evidence. Research is not merely gathering facts but applying new understandings. The research process involves asking six key questions: what, why, who, where, when, and how. It provides examples for each question, such as exploring an unexamined area of study, bringing recognition to one's institution, or fulfilling academic requirements. The document also distinguishes between research methods, methodologies, and skills and lists examples of different research methods used in English studies. It concludes by defining common research terms.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to literature reviews including definitions, processes, elements, and citation styles. It defines a literature review as a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of previous scholarly works on a topic used to provide context and identify gaps. The document outlines the main components of conducting a literature review such as searching literature databases, analyzing sources, and identifying themes. It also summarizes several common citation styles used in academic writing including APA, MLA, IEEE, and Chicago/Turabian styles.
This document outlines the steps for conducting a literature review on the topic of learning objectives for a nursing student's research project. It begins by defining a literature review as a body of text that aims to review critical knowledge on a research topic based on prior published work. The importance and purpose of literature reviews are described as focusing previous research, identifying gaps to be addressed, and establishing the necessity and boundaries of the study. The document then discusses primary and secondary sources of literature, as well as common types of literature reviews. Finally, it provides the steps for conducting a literature review, including creating an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, integrating written sections, and relating all parts to the overall theme.
This document provides an overview of literature reviews, including their definition, importance, purpose, types, sources, and steps. A literature review aims to critically evaluate previous research on a topic. It is important as it helps identify gaps and orient the reader. The main purposes are to focus on past research, show how a new study fills gaps, and set boundaries. Types include traditional narratives, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses. Sources are primary, secondary, and tertiary. The steps are to identify key terms, locate literature, evaluate and select sources, organize findings, and write the review. Elements to address in the review are an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Review of literature & its impotance in research methodology.TanyaJain131
This document discusses the importance of literature reviews in research methodology. It defines a literature review as a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic that surveys scholarly sources to describe, summarize, evaluate and clarify this previous work. The summary identifies several key points:
1) Literature reviews provide a foundation of knowledge on a topic and help prevent duplicating other research.
2) They identify gaps, inconsistencies and open questions in prior studies to help determine the need for additional research.
3) Conducting a thorough literature review is important to contextualizing research findings and ensuring the novelty of one's own work.
The document summarizes the key aspects of conducting a literature review for a research project. It defines a literature review as a critical evaluation and synthesis of previous research on a topic that establishes the theoretical framework for a research study. The summary outlines the steps for writing a literature review, including planning the focus and scope, reading sources critically, analyzing patterns in the body of research, and revising to develop a clear argument. The purpose of a literature review is to provide context for the research, identify gaps, and ensure the research adds new knowledge to the field.
The document discusses the process of conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review and its importance, including providing background for research and keeping professionals informed of the current state of the field. Next, it outlines the purposes of literature review, such as conveying previous knowledge and identifying gaps. It then discusses the functions, sources, and steps involved in conducting an effective literature review.
presentation of Literature review. It helps the student to make their class presentation regarding Literature Review. Espacially Media studies Students.
Related studies review existing research on a topic, either conducted locally within one's own country or abroad, to justify the novelty of a research work and allow readers to see if the study's findings confirm or contradict previous work. A sample undergraduate thesis presented findings from a related study that analyzed fish inventory, length-weight relationships, condition factor and gonad histology of indicator fish species in river systems and coastal waters of Claver, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. Related studies are important as they offer a way to check the originality of a research work and allow comparisons to previous findings.
This document discusses two citation styles - MLA and APA. MLA style is commonly used in the liberal arts and humanities for formatting manuscripts and citing sources within essays and works cited pages. APA style refers to rules established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in research papers. APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list, with a full citation for every in-text citation and vice versa. The document provides examples of citing sources from books and websites using both MLA and APA styles.
The document discusses the purpose and process of conducting a literature review. It outlines that a literature review compares previous studies on a topic, provides background, and establishes importance and familiarity with prior work. A literature review develops a theoretical and conceptual framework. Key steps include researching and selecting relevant literature, reviewing sources, summarizing findings, synthesizing information, and critiquing past studies. The document also discusses evaluating literature reviews based on adequacy, clarity, impartialness, recency, and relevance.
By Racheal Stimpson and Nancy WalkerScholarly Reading and TawnaDelatorrejs
By Racheal Stimpson and Nancy Walker
Scholarly Reading and Writing
Essential Questions
1. What is information literacy?
2. How does a researcher determine if an article is credible?
3. How does a learner review the literature in the �eld to �nd themes and topics that relate to their
interest/topic/research question?
4. How does a learner search for articles, dissertations, and information in databases?
5. How does a leaner collect information in the literature to �nd a problem space?
6. What is research bias?
7. How does scholarly writing differ from other forms of writing?
Introduction
The literature review should be thought of as a process as well as a �nished product that appears in a
dissertation. When conducting a literature review, the researcher grounds the study in the existing body of
knowledge. The process can be thought of as conversing with other experts in the �eld regarding the subject
matter. The area in the dissertation known as the literature review is an organized treatment of information
and studies related to the topic that includes the researcher's discussion of how the proposed topic is situated
within the knowledge base and makes the case for why a problem space exists in the literature.
This chapter will focus �rst on information literacy and provide information on how to �nd and evaluate
sources. Being able to differentiate the various forms of literature is a vital skill for doctoral learners to develop
so that they can create a literature review for their dissertation that is based on high-quality research.
Successful completion of a doctoral dissertation requires a signi�cant amount of independent, critical reading
on the research topic. This allows the doctoral researcher to become familiar with the scope of the topic and to
identify problem spaces within the existing literature that become the source of the dissertation research.
Doctoral researchers must also develop scholarly writing skills to communicate what was read and how it
supports conducting research on a topic.
Using the Literature Review to Set the Context for the
Dissertation Study
The literature review is an academic arrangement of peer-reviewed literary articles and research studies on
speci�c topics and themes related to the doctoral learner's dissertation study. The review summarizes,
evaluates, and synthesizes the studies and articles related to the dissertation topic. Doctoral learners at Grand
Canyon University (GCU) begin the process of reading scholarly publications early in their program of study
and build dissertation artifacts based on this information.
Literature Review = Research
Foundation.
The GCU doctoral learner uses the literature review as a means of introducing a topic for investigation and
justifying the need for the study. In the early parts of the
literature review process, learners explore the related peer-
reviewed subject areas, topics, and themes in relation to their
topic of interest ...
This document provides guidance on how to write a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, explains why it is important, and outlines the key steps to writing an effective literature review, including selecting a topic, searching relevant literature, analyzing and critically evaluating the literature, managing references, and structuring the review. The document emphasizes that a literature review surveys and synthesizes previous scholarly work on a topic in order to demonstrate familiarity with the research and convince the reader that the topic warrants further examination.
Annual Report: Developing Research Capacity at UWS, Report on Structured Writ...rowenamurray
One way of effectively increasing research capacity, activity and outputs as aimed for in the University’s Strategic Plan 2008-2015 and Research Strategy 2011-2015 is by means of Structured Writing Retreats (SWR). SWR provide time away from other academic duties and allow staff and post graduate students to focus on progression in a range of academic writing projects and the production of a range of written outputs, such as PhD chapters; books; conference abstracts; journal articles and research proposals.
A total of 9 retreats took place in 2013 with an average of 12 participants per retreat. Thirty- seven academics and students from UWS attended of whom 10 attended more than one retreat. In addition 30 academics and students from other Universities and institutions took part.
The majority of participants worked towards completion of their thesis, while many participants worked on journal publications. Furthermore participants reported the acquisition of skills regarding the process and structuring of writing which were viewed as enhancing research thinking and were seen as transferable skills to their work environment. They also reported the advantage of disconnecting from social media and the demands of home and work life during the retreats. Finally, participants described the formation of peer support networks which have led to the development of writing groups and a more positive research culture on campus. Those who attended more than one retreat described how these benefits were enhanced by repeated attendance at the writing retreats.
The findings of this evaluation support Structured Writing Retreats as an effective way of achieving the University’s Strategic Plan and Research Strategy, while enhancing the post graduate student experience. For these reasons, these retreats should be embedded in our research strategy. This would not only send a signal internally that research activity is valued and supported, but also externally that UWS is committed to both research capacity development and growing research identity.
This document summarizes a presentation on reviewing literature and thesis writing that was part of a 5-day training program. The presentation covered various topics related to conducting research and writing a thesis including defining research, selecting a research topic through literature review, the purpose and need for literature reviews, locating relevant literature, and organizing and writing the literature review section. It also provided an overview of the typical structure of a thesis, including chapters and sections.
The document provides information on conducting a literature review for research. It defines a literature review as a summary and synthesis of previous research on a topic. The main purposes are to identify what is already known on a topic, determine gaps in knowledge, and establish a theoretical framework for a research study. A literature review uses primary sources like research reports but is not primary research itself. It describes, analyzes, and evaluates existing scholarship. The document outlines the key components and steps to developing an effective literature review, including selecting a topic, searching sources, critiquing literature, and constructing the review. It emphasizes being specific, selective, focusing on current topics, ensuring claims are evidence-based, and considering the reliability of source information.
Overview of Presentation:
-Introduction – What is a literature Review?
-Why is it necessary?
-Types of literature review
-The Steps and literature review cycle
-Purpose of the Literature Review
-Four main reasons for reviewing the literature
-Organizing Your Literature Review
-Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews
..........................................
قدم هذا العرض يوم الخميس,25 ربيع الثاني/ 4 فبراير
أنشــأ بواسطة ياسر الشريف و اياد كمال
جامعة ام القرى
Purposes of the related literature and studiesjennyl salgados
This document discusses the purposes and importance of reviewing related literature in research. It outlines that reviewing literature 1) provides theoretical background, 2) gives rationale for the study's framework, and 3) helps guide the researcher's own work. The document also categorizes types of related studies and literature, such as local vs. foreign, and different forms of literature reviews. Overall, reviewing related literature is essential as it provides context and direction for new research.
This document defines and explains the meaning and sources of literature review. It discusses that literature review refers to the knowledge of a particular area that is obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials that other research is based on, like journal articles and documents. Secondary sources are interpretations of primary sources, such as commentaries, histories and textbooks. The document also provides examples of different types of primary and secondary sources. It further explains key terms like journal, chemical abstracts, impact factor and how impact factor of a journal is calculated.
The document provides information on conducting a literature review for research. It discusses that a literature review aims to summarize and evaluate previous research on a topic. There are different types of literature reviews that can be used depending on the purpose of the research. The process of conducting a literature review involves identifying the topic, locating relevant sources, reading the literature, analyzing and synthesizing the information, organizing it using maps, and writing the review. It also discusses the different purposes of a literature review and how it helps establish the context and rationale for research.
This document outlines the basic steps for research. It begins by defining research as a systematic, critical investigation aimed at discovering new facts and revising accepted theories in light of new evidence. Research is not merely gathering facts but applying new understandings. The research process involves asking six key questions: what, why, who, where, when, and how. It provides examples for each question, such as exploring an unexamined area of study, bringing recognition to one's institution, or fulfilling academic requirements. The document also distinguishes between research methods, methodologies, and skills and lists examples of different research methods used in English studies. It concludes by defining common research terms.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to literature reviews including definitions, processes, elements, and citation styles. It defines a literature review as a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of previous scholarly works on a topic used to provide context and identify gaps. The document outlines the main components of conducting a literature review such as searching literature databases, analyzing sources, and identifying themes. It also summarizes several common citation styles used in academic writing including APA, MLA, IEEE, and Chicago/Turabian styles.
This document outlines the steps for conducting a literature review on the topic of learning objectives for a nursing student's research project. It begins by defining a literature review as a body of text that aims to review critical knowledge on a research topic based on prior published work. The importance and purpose of literature reviews are described as focusing previous research, identifying gaps to be addressed, and establishing the necessity and boundaries of the study. The document then discusses primary and secondary sources of literature, as well as common types of literature reviews. Finally, it provides the steps for conducting a literature review, including creating an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, integrating written sections, and relating all parts to the overall theme.
This document provides an overview of literature reviews, including their definition, importance, purpose, types, sources, and steps. A literature review aims to critically evaluate previous research on a topic. It is important as it helps identify gaps and orient the reader. The main purposes are to focus on past research, show how a new study fills gaps, and set boundaries. Types include traditional narratives, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses. Sources are primary, secondary, and tertiary. The steps are to identify key terms, locate literature, evaluate and select sources, organize findings, and write the review. Elements to address in the review are an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Review of literature & its impotance in research methodology.TanyaJain131
This document discusses the importance of literature reviews in research methodology. It defines a literature review as a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic that surveys scholarly sources to describe, summarize, evaluate and clarify this previous work. The summary identifies several key points:
1) Literature reviews provide a foundation of knowledge on a topic and help prevent duplicating other research.
2) They identify gaps, inconsistencies and open questions in prior studies to help determine the need for additional research.
3) Conducting a thorough literature review is important to contextualizing research findings and ensuring the novelty of one's own work.
The document summarizes the key aspects of conducting a literature review for a research project. It defines a literature review as a critical evaluation and synthesis of previous research on a topic that establishes the theoretical framework for a research study. The summary outlines the steps for writing a literature review, including planning the focus and scope, reading sources critically, analyzing patterns in the body of research, and revising to develop a clear argument. The purpose of a literature review is to provide context for the research, identify gaps, and ensure the research adds new knowledge to the field.
The document discusses the process of conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review and its importance, including providing background for research and keeping professionals informed of the current state of the field. Next, it outlines the purposes of literature review, such as conveying previous knowledge and identifying gaps. It then discusses the functions, sources, and steps involved in conducting an effective literature review.
presentation of Literature review. It helps the student to make their class presentation regarding Literature Review. Espacially Media studies Students.
Related studies review existing research on a topic, either conducted locally within one's own country or abroad, to justify the novelty of a research work and allow readers to see if the study's findings confirm or contradict previous work. A sample undergraduate thesis presented findings from a related study that analyzed fish inventory, length-weight relationships, condition factor and gonad histology of indicator fish species in river systems and coastal waters of Claver, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. Related studies are important as they offer a way to check the originality of a research work and allow comparisons to previous findings.
This document discusses two citation styles - MLA and APA. MLA style is commonly used in the liberal arts and humanities for formatting manuscripts and citing sources within essays and works cited pages. APA style refers to rules established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in research papers. APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list, with a full citation for every in-text citation and vice versa. The document provides examples of citing sources from books and websites using both MLA and APA styles.
The document discusses the purpose and process of conducting a literature review. It outlines that a literature review compares previous studies on a topic, provides background, and establishes importance and familiarity with prior work. A literature review develops a theoretical and conceptual framework. Key steps include researching and selecting relevant literature, reviewing sources, summarizing findings, synthesizing information, and critiquing past studies. The document also discusses evaluating literature reviews based on adequacy, clarity, impartialness, recency, and relevance.
By Racheal Stimpson and Nancy WalkerScholarly Reading and TawnaDelatorrejs
By Racheal Stimpson and Nancy Walker
Scholarly Reading and Writing
Essential Questions
1. What is information literacy?
2. How does a researcher determine if an article is credible?
3. How does a learner review the literature in the �eld to �nd themes and topics that relate to their
interest/topic/research question?
4. How does a learner search for articles, dissertations, and information in databases?
5. How does a leaner collect information in the literature to �nd a problem space?
6. What is research bias?
7. How does scholarly writing differ from other forms of writing?
Introduction
The literature review should be thought of as a process as well as a �nished product that appears in a
dissertation. When conducting a literature review, the researcher grounds the study in the existing body of
knowledge. The process can be thought of as conversing with other experts in the �eld regarding the subject
matter. The area in the dissertation known as the literature review is an organized treatment of information
and studies related to the topic that includes the researcher's discussion of how the proposed topic is situated
within the knowledge base and makes the case for why a problem space exists in the literature.
This chapter will focus �rst on information literacy and provide information on how to �nd and evaluate
sources. Being able to differentiate the various forms of literature is a vital skill for doctoral learners to develop
so that they can create a literature review for their dissertation that is based on high-quality research.
Successful completion of a doctoral dissertation requires a signi�cant amount of independent, critical reading
on the research topic. This allows the doctoral researcher to become familiar with the scope of the topic and to
identify problem spaces within the existing literature that become the source of the dissertation research.
Doctoral researchers must also develop scholarly writing skills to communicate what was read and how it
supports conducting research on a topic.
Using the Literature Review to Set the Context for the
Dissertation Study
The literature review is an academic arrangement of peer-reviewed literary articles and research studies on
speci�c topics and themes related to the doctoral learner's dissertation study. The review summarizes,
evaluates, and synthesizes the studies and articles related to the dissertation topic. Doctoral learners at Grand
Canyon University (GCU) begin the process of reading scholarly publications early in their program of study
and build dissertation artifacts based on this information.
Literature Review = Research
Foundation.
The GCU doctoral learner uses the literature review as a means of introducing a topic for investigation and
justifying the need for the study. In the early parts of the
literature review process, learners explore the related peer-
reviewed subject areas, topics, and themes in relation to their
topic of interest ...
This document provides guidance on how to write a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, explains why it is important, and outlines the key steps to writing an effective literature review, including selecting a topic, searching relevant literature, analyzing and critically evaluating the literature, managing references, and structuring the review. The document emphasizes that a literature review surveys and synthesizes previous scholarly work on a topic in order to demonstrate familiarity with the research and convince the reader that the topic warrants further examination.
This document provides guidance on how to write a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, explains why it is important, and outlines the key steps to writing an effective literature review, including selecting a topic, searching relevant literature, analyzing and critically evaluating the literature, and managing references. The document emphasizes that a literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic to demonstrate that the writer understands relevant research and to argue that the topic merits further examination.
This document provides guidance on how to write a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, explains why it is important, and outlines the key steps to writing an effective literature review, including selecting a topic, searching relevant literature, analyzing and critically evaluating the literature, and managing references. The document emphasizes that a literature review surveys scholarly sources on a topic to demonstrate that the writer understands relevant research and to argue that the topic merits further examination.
A review of doctoral dissertations in architecture in Turkey.pdfSophia Diaz
This document summarizes a study that analyzed 1,170 doctoral dissertations in architecture from Turkish universities between 1990-2018. The study examined characteristics of the dissertations such as year of completion, language, university, author gender, and advisor title. Most dissertations were in architectural design, written in Turkish, from Istanbul Technical University, by female authors advised mostly by professor supervisors. The results can help guide research activities and training in architecture to support universities' research goals in line with Turkey's higher education policies.
An Analysis Of Abstracts In Medical And Economics Journals Microstructure An...Alicia Buske
This document summarizes an analysis of 40 abstracts from medical and economics journals. The analysis examines the microstructure of the abstracts to determine common elements and structures. The goal is to provide guidelines for designing abstract writing exercises for language courses in specific fields like medicine and economics. The analysis found that abstracts generally include elements like background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions. However, researchers disagree on some aspects of abstract structure and function. The document concludes that abstract writing is an important skill that deserves more focus in language courses, given the importance of publishing research and skills needed in various professions.
Academic Journal Writing and Types of Journals.pdfssuser793b4e
Academic journal writing serves as the lifeblood of scholarly communication, fostering the
dissemination of knowledge and innovation within various academic disciplines. This
seminar paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the significance of academic journal
writing and an in-depth analysis of the diverse types of scholarly journals available. The
paper delves into the fundamental structure and components of academic journal articles,
emphasizing their pivotal role in presenting original research, conducting literature reviews,
and fostering academic discourse. Additionally, it outlines the distinct characteristics of
various types of journals, including research journals, review journals, scholarly versus trade
journals, open access journals, and interdisciplinary journals. Furthermore, the seminar
paper offers crucial insights into the selection criteria for appropriate journals, highlighting
considerations such as scope, audience, impact factor, and adherence to submission
guidelines. Understanding these factors aids researchers, scholars, and academics in
effectively navigating the complex landscape of academic publishing, ensuring the
successful dissemination of their work within their respective fields. This seminar paper
serves as a valuable guide for individuals involved in academic research, offering a
comprehensive understanding of academic journal writing and equipping them with the
knowledge necessary to navigate the scholarly publishing landscape effectively. This
abstract encapsulates the key points and objectives covered in the seminar paper on
academic journal writing and types of journals, providing a concise overview of its contents
and significance within the academic community
A Guide To Literature Review In The Social SciencesTracy Morgan
This document provides a guide to conducting literature reviews in the social sciences. It discusses the key steps in the literature review process, including selecting a topic, searching the literature, developing an argument, surveying the literature, critiquing sources, and writing the review. The document emphasizes that literature reviews are important for establishing the theoretical foundations of research and identifying gaps. It also notes that graduate students often receive little training in conducting literature reviews despite their importance for research preparation.
By Patricia DUrsoSynthesisEssential Questions1. WTawnaDelatorrejs
By Patricia D'Urso
Synthesis
Essential Questions
1. What is synthesis?
2. What is the difference between explanatory synthesis and argumentative synthesis?
3. How does synthesis differ from other processes or terms used in developing the literature review?
4. What is the difference between summary and synthesis?
5. What are some strategies one can use to synthesize research studies and literary articles?
6. How does synthesis �t into the literature review?
Introduction
A primary aspect of writing the literature review is to focus and contextualize the study, which requires the
writer to generate information to substantiate the topic and problem as demonstrated in the publication of
prior knowledge in scholarly literature (Mertens & McLaughlin, 1995). In writing the literature review for a
dissertation study, the researcher needs to place the topic or problem in the broader scholarly literature as well
as in an appropriate historical context of the �eld. Additionally, the doctoral learner should distinguish what
research has been done in the �eld of study as well as what needs to be done. Articulation of important
variables and phenomena relevant to the topic should be included and synthesized to demonstrate a new
perspective on the literature and prior research on the topic. There will be inconsistencies and tension in the
literature, which should be clari�ed and discussed. The doctoral researcher must illuminate the scope and
discuss limitations of the existing literature. Achieving these goals requires a variety of writing and research
skills, one of which is synthesis. This chapter of the textbook presents information related to the skill of
synthesis and how it is a critical component of the literature review process.
What Is Synthesis?
Synthesis includes acts of constructing or bringing together the different elements or strands of information
that contribute to a body of knowledge on a topic. Synthesis in the literature review is the way the researcher
integrates the analysis and evaluation of the many research studies and literary works of authors who have
published on the topic. Researchers will approach synthesis in a variety of ways, sometimes in�uenced by
their own schemas.
Synthesis should include a critical analysis of the literature wherein the doctoral researcher identi�es the
most important ideas read, discusses the importance of those ideas within the context of his/her own study,
and integrates all or most of those ideas, whether they are similar or dissimilar (Paul & Elder, 2006). By doing
so, the literature review can provide the opportunity to look across many disciplines that include the same
concept or construct for a comparative or contrasting analysis.
The writer should corroborate,
compare, and contrast �ndings
among the many sources.
When synthesizing, the writer should go beyond describing philosophy or �ndings, using critical analysis to
compare and contrast works. Some strate ...
Literature Review as a Reserch MethodologySneha Agravat
The document discusses the importance of literature reviews as a research methodology. It defines a literature review as a method of collecting and summarizing previous research in a systematic way. Literature reviews establish a foundation for research by relating new studies to existing knowledge. They help researchers identify gaps, stay aware of the current state of knowledge, and develop theories. The document also provides guidance on how to effectively conduct a literature review, including choosing a topic, searching literature databases, analyzing and synthesizing sources, and structuring the written review.
This presentation provides an overview of literature reviews and their importance in research. It begins with definitions of key terms like literature and literature review. It then discusses the various purposes and approaches to reviewing literature, including the positivist, post-positivist, and critical theory models. The presentation outlines a seven step model for conducting literature reviews and provides guidelines. It also covers trends like theoretical literature reviews, empirical literature reviews, conceptual frameworks, and critical/analytical frameworks. In conclusion, it emphasizes that literature reviews establish the background and theoretical foundation for research.
The document provides an overview of how to conduct a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review as an interpretation and synthesis of published work on a topic. It then outlines the main reasons for conducting a literature review, including finding a research problem worth studying and contextualizing one's own research. The document discusses when a literature review should be conducted, primarily early on to establish context and confirm the research focus. It provides details on how to conduct a literature review through identifying topics, locating sources, reading, analyzing, and organizing the literature. The document also offers tips on how to present a literature review and concludes by listing additional resources for conducting literature reviews.
This document summarizes various intellectual tools that can be used at different stages of literary research to help ensure impartiality. It discusses tools for data collection like interviews, biography studies, textual analysis, and surveys. It outlines tools for analysis like comparison, intertextuality analysis, discourse analysis, and computational methods. It also addresses knowledge production and verification tools like drafting, rewriting, and using precise language. The document aims to provide an overview of the physical, virtual, and intellectual resources that can be employed in literary research to help maintain objectivity.
In this paper, there are three articles that concentrate on the analysis of genres should be reviewed.
Particularly so, these three articles shed light on the contribution of the corpus linguistics methodology to the
analysis and application of academic genres. For easy reference, I have to label Article 1 on From Text To Corpus-
A Genre-based Approach to Academic Literacy Instruction by C Tribble and U. Wingate, Article 2 on Using Corpusbased
research and Online Academic Corpora to Inform Writing of the Discussion Section of a Thesis, by L. Flower
dew and Article 3 on An Integration of Corpus-Based and Genre-Based Approaches to Text Analysis in EAP/ESP:
Countering Criticisms Against Corpus-Based Methodologies, also by L. Flower dew.
An Overview Of Research On Turkish Language Education A Bibliometry StudyEmily Smith
This document summarizes a bibliometric study that analyzed 128 published studies on Turkish language education indexed in the Web of Science database. The study examined topics, countries/institutions, authors, languages, and keywords of the publications. Key findings were that studies on Turkish language education have increased in the last 10 years but are still insufficient. Previous bibliometric studies on teaching Turkish as a foreign language were also summarized, which cataloged resources by historical works, books, articles, theses, and proceedings.
The document discusses different types of literature reviews in information systems (IS) research. It describes the need for systematic literature reviews (SLRs) in IS research to bring structure to literature reviews. SLRs follow a rigorous methodology to comprehensively identify, evaluate, and synthesize previous research on a topic. The document then differentiates between theoretical background reviews in research articles, literature reviews in graduate theses, and stand-alone SLRs as a complete research work. It argues SLRs are needed to establish a solid foundation of knowledge for IS researchers.
A Discussion on Research Methodology - Pros and Cons.pdfNancy Rinehart
This document discusses and compares two important research methods: literature review and sampling. It provides an overview of each method, outlines their strengths and weaknesses, discusses their suitability and generalizability, and notes potential implementation issues. For literature reviews, it emphasizes their role in establishing conceptual frameworks and enhancing analytical skills, but also flags issues like bias and lack of resource access. For sampling, it highlights how the method can be time-saving and cost-effective, but risks inaccurate results from biased or unrepresentative samples. Overall, the document evaluates both methods as crucial but nuanced research tools, advising researchers to apply them properly based on their individual studies.
A Hermeneutic Approach For Conducting Literature Reviews And Literature SearchesScott Faria
This document proposes a hermeneutic framework for conducting literature reviews and searches. It describes the literature review process as fundamentally iterative, involving searching for literature, classifying and mapping literature, critically assessing literature, and developing arguments. The framework emphasizes continuous engagement with literature to develop understanding through interpretation. It aims to provide a more comprehensive conceptualization of the literature review process and role of searches within this process, addressing limitations of other approaches.
Review of literature final research methodologyMittalGandhi
The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as an analysis and description of previous work done on a particular topic. The purpose is to convey existing knowledge and ideas and avoid duplicating past research. Different types of literature reviews are described, including narrative, critical, scoping, and systematic reviews. Guidelines are provided for writing a literature review, such as being comprehensive, unbiased, and including accurate citations and references.
The document discusses conducting literature reviews, including:
- The purpose is to critically analyze and synthesize previous research on a topic, identifying what has been done and what still needs to be done.
- Various sources can be reviewed, including academic journals, books, conference papers, reports, and online resources.
- It is important to evaluate sources rigorously and identify how the current research relates to and builds upon previous work.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
392 1155-1-pb
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Literature Review and Use of Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy1
Matthew O. Iwuchukwu
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Abstract
This paper explores the use Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy in the process of reviewing the related
literature and writing a literature review. Specifically, the discussion focuses on four
fundamental issues raised in the study as follows: purpose and focus of literature review, literature
review in the research proposal, literature review and use of Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy, and writing
a literature review. Six categories in Bloom’s taxonomy (ways of thinking) are elucidated as follows:
remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating and creating. Through the use of these
tasks and ways of thinking in the literature review process, the study shows that the review of the
related scholarship is one of the most important processes of research methods in the sense that it
enables the researcher to determine the state of research in his or her area of investigation. The
background knowledge acquired in the course of the research enables him or her to make useful
connections between literature review and other parts of the research project, ensuring that the
lacunae in the previously concluded research are addressed and that any possible gap is filled by the
present study. Hence, it also shows that doing a review of the related literature is a serious business
aimed at enhancing the quality and relevance of the research focus, theoretical framework,
methodology and findings, thereby helping to promote originality and excellence in research in the
scholar’s area of investigation or specialization.
Keywords: Research originality, literature review, Benjamin Bloom, taxonomy, remembering,
understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating.
1
Paper presented at a capacity building workshop organized by the Faculty of Arts, University of Nigeria, Nsukka on
November 27, 2014.
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Introduction
In this paper, literature review or review of the relevant literature cannot be discussed without
reference to research in tertiary institutions such as the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN). Like
their counterparts in other universities across the world, UNN lecturers and postgraduate students carry
out research on a regular basis in various faculties such as arts, agriculture, business administration,
education, engineering, law, medicine, pharmacy, social sciences, etc.
Research is defined as a “methodical investigation into a subject in order to discover facts, to
establish or revise a theory, or to develop a plan of action based on the facts discovered” (Encarta
Dictionary 2009). Essentially, the purpose of research is to study a subject or product carefully with a
view to discovering new facts about it. Hence, the close correlation between research and development
in various fields of human endeavour. In French, la recherche savante in the university system refers to
scholarly research in various disciplines in the arts, social sciences, pure and applied sciences. On this
note, the National Universities Commission (NUC) organizes periodically Nigerian Universities
Research and Development Fair (NURESDEF). In 2010, the University of Nigeria (UNN) hosted the
4th
Edition of NURESDEF Exhibition with the theme “Research and the Realization of Vision 20-
2020” and the Faculty of Arts and others participated in the research exhibition (See Uguru and
Ezeonu, 2010). In the university system, therefore, a good research project should have a clear and well
focused literature review, aims and objectives, theoretical framework and methodology that are geared
towards national and international development in line with the vision and mission of the institution.
What is literature review? What role does it play in the research process? What is the role
Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy in the process of reviewing the related literature and writing a literature
review? This paper will try to proffer answers to these questions through our discussion on the use of
Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy in the literature review process.
Purpose and Focus of the Literature Review
What is the purpose of literature review or review of the related literature? Its purpose is to
examine all previously published material in the researcher’s area of investigation, that is, the
contributions of other researchers in the area, thereby making it possible for the researcher to
“introduce the reader to the subject [and] cite gaps that the present study would fill” (Adogbo and Ojo
2002: 35). In other words, according to Nwabueze (2009: 44), “the main aim is to the reader with the
present state of scholarship in the area of investigation and assess their contribution to the advancement
of knowledge in the area generally and on the topic particularly”. With a focus on research previously
concluded on a particular subject by different researchers, which include university lecturers and
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postgraduate students in different parts of the world, the review of related literature enables the
researcher to avoid des sentiers battus or “beaten tracks” in the proposed area of investigation:
La recherche est une construction à long terme, tel un édifice auquel participe plusieurs
architectes. C’est pourquoi il convient, avant d’ajouter sa propre pierre à l’édifice,
d’examiner ce qui a été réalisé jusque-là […] étape préalable à toute nouvelle
construction, afin que l’étudiant chercheur ne se trouve dans la situation inconfortable
de celui qui refait à l’identique une étude déjà menée, parfois par des chercheurs bien
plus chevronnés (Guidère 2004 : 27).
Research is a long-term construction project like a mighty building under construction
by several architects. For this reason, before getting involved in the construction work,
the researcher needs to know what has been done in the area of investigation […]. It is
the first step in every new construction project, and this ensures that the student
researcher does not repeat any previously concluded study such as a research project
already completed by more experienced scholars in the area. [A translated version of the
above text in French by the author of this paper].
Research is comparable to a long-term building project involving the activities of several
participants as a team. In their Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks
and Project Management, Shields and Rangarajan (2013) use “football as a metaphor to examine
aspects of empirical research often overlooked in typical research methods texts” (electronic version).
To participate effectively in the teamwork, the researcher has to demonstrate that he or she has
adequate background knowledge in the area of investigation, that is, sufficient knowledge of the
literature surrounding the topic. Dawson (2007: 59) clearly states as follows: “If there is other work
which has covered this area, you need to show how your work will build on and add to the existing
knowledge. Basically, you have to convince people that you know what you’re talking about and that
the research is important”. On the other hand, if there is no previously published material in the area,
you also have to say so, explaining how your proposed research will fill this gap.
In other words, through a comprehensive analytical review of the related literature, the researcher
elucidates the state of research in his or her area of investigation. The relevance of research is
determined by the focus and quality of the literature review, among other important factors, given that
“literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including
substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.
Literature reviews use secondary sources, and do not report new or original experimental work”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_review).
On the issue of research focus in literary criticism, for instance, a topic like “Organization of
Space in African Literature” appears to be too vast. This broad literary corpus (novels, short stories,
poetry and drama written in various languages from different parts of Africa, from the colonial era to
present) is rather inadequate and it would be quite difficult, if not impossible, to tackle the challenges
of doing a good literature review in the proposed subject of investigation. Hence, it will be necessary to
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adjust the topic and focus, situating them within the framework of literary production in a particular
African sub-region, specific period and literary genre, for example: “Organization of Space and
Political Discourse in Francophone West-African Novel: 1980-2010”. We can see clearly that this topic
delimits the scope of the previous one, and that it will go a long way in sharpening the focus and
objectives of the research project.
Literature Review in the Research Proposal
Apparently, review of the related literature is one of the most important processes of the research
methods. Hence, the researcher has to present a summary of the literature review in a dissertation or
thesis proposal before proceeding to discuss it in a chapter of the research project. Nwabueze (2009:
40) rightly points out as follows: “There is need to provide a brief summary of major research
previously concluded in the area of investigation. This will pave the way for a more comprehensive
review of scholarship which will ultimately occupy a chapter in the proposed study. This brief review
of related literature [in the proposal] stands as an assurance that the researcher is familiar with the state
of research in the area of investigation”.
Literature Review and Use of Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy
Shields and Rangarajan (2013) and Granello (2001) make useful connections between the
activities involved in the literature review process and “Benjamin Bloom's revised taxonomy of the
cognitive domain”. The latter comprises six interrelated ways of thinking applicable to the process of
doing a literature review as follows: “Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating
and Creating” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_review). At this point, let us to discuss each of
them in turn.
Remembering
Remembering is the first category. It is the beginning of the literature review process which
involves recognition, retrieval and collation of various sources of information on the subject of
investigation such as books, journals, conference proceedings, dissertations and theses, bibliographic
databases, the internet, etc. The expert researcher does not rely solely on the internet because a high
proportion of the relevant material is not there, especially most journal articles, books, book chapters,
monographs, conference proceedings, etc. On this note, Rugg and Petre (2007) state that “browsing
alone runs the risk of missing key literature, but it does give you a chance to find something useful by
serendipity” (50). Moreover, it is advisable to use the web carefully and sensibly for research purposes
because anybody can publish information about a topic over the internet, and some of this information
may be misleading or incorrect. Hence, the use of websites run by reputable and trustworthy
organizations is strongly encouraged.
Examining the above delimited topic “Organization of Space and Political Discourse in
Francophone West-African Novel: 1980-2010”, for example, a number of previous scholarly
publications on the subject of investigation are available on the internet and library shelves as follows:
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L’Espace dans le roman africain francophone des origines à 1987 : visions du monde et idéologies by
Iwuchukwu (1989/1991), a pioneer study on space in Francophone African literature or novel,
followed by L'Espace discursif du roman africain francophone post-colonial by Paré (1996), L'Espace
dans le roman africain francophone contemporain: 1970-1990 by Paravy (1999), L’Espace dans le
roman africain francophone: valeurs, visions et ideologies (2002), “Espace romanesque et discours
politique dans Une aube si fragile d’Ibrahima Signaté” (2008) and “Functional Organization of Space
and Discourse on Governance in Signaté’s Une aube si fragile and ousmane’s 15 ans, ça suffit!”
(2009) by Iwuchukwu, etc. Literature review in the proposed area of investigation should therefore
explore all published books, chapters in books, conference proceedings and journal articles with a focus
on space in literature, especially space in African literature, space in Francophone African literature,
space in Francophone Caribbean literature, etc. with emphasis on the novel.
Understanding
A list of previously published books, journal articles and conference proceedings, etc. like
those cited above are read and understood from the point of view of aims and objectives, theoretical
framework, methodology, data analysis, research findings, lacunae and contribution to knowledge in
the area of specialization or investigation. This second step is crucial in the literature review process in
the sense that the understanding of the new terminology in these aspects of previously concluded work
enables the researcher to equip himself or herself with the much needed background knowledge of the
subject in the research project.
Applying
In Bloom’s third category applying, the researcher makes connections between the previously
published material and his or her larger research project. This exercise is facilitated by the
understanding of the texts read, especially in the case of empirical research where the literature review
will constitute a chapter. Equipped with the background knowledge of the subject of investigation at
this stage, the researcher begins sharpening the theoretical and methodological orientations of the
proposed study in line with its focus.
Analyzing
At this point, the scholar has to identify, organize and analyze different parts of the scholarly
material under review in a coherent order. A critical analysis of the related literature enhances the
relevance and quality of citation, acknowledgement of sources, logical presentation of ideas, thoughts
and arguments in the chapter dealing with literature review and subsequent chapters of the research
project. In other words, the fourth category, analyzing, enables the scholar to present a feasible research
outline and to develop frameworks for a comprehensive analysis in the proposed study.
Evaluating
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The fifth step in Bloom’s taxonomy, evaluating, enables the researcher to make a comprehensive
and systematic critical appraisal of the relevant scholarly material analyzed with a view to pointing out
the strengths and weaknesses or lacunae in the theoretical framework, methodology, findings,
presentation of ideas, thoughts and arguments, as well as in the structure, written expression,
documentation methods or styles, etc.
Creating
Creating is the last category but not the least in Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy. Apparently, this
final step is one of the most important in the literature review process because, as the term creating
suggests, the special skills developed in the above tasks and ways of thinking inject a measure of
creativity and originality into the process of doing a literature review. The importance of creativity in
empirical research is highlighted in A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual
Frameworks and Project Management (Shields and Rangarajan 2013: Ch.8).
The creativity of the researcher at this stage will determine somewhat the quality and relevance of
the proposed study. The researcher is capable of injecting metacognition into the literature review
process. This will enable him or her to identify any possible gap, find and formulate a fresh and
original research question, and make connections between the literature review and other parts of the
research project.
Writing a Literature Review
Following the last category in Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy, the researcher proceeds to write a
comprehensive and systematic literature review as an integral part of the proposed study, adopting an
appropriate method of organizing the scholarly material collected as well as the points noted for the
review. Nwabueze (2009: 44-46 ) stresses the need to make a logical presentation of the material by
taking into consideration four organizational methods, discussing each of them in turn: “chronological
arrangement, thematic arrangement, methodological arrangement and categorical arrangement”.
Conclusion
In this paper, we discussed the process of doing a literature review through the use of Benjamin
Bloom’s taxonomy (ways of thinking) as follows: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing,
evaluating and creating. The study explored the use of the six categories in Bloom’s taxonomy,
showing that literature review is one of the most important processes of the research methods in the
sense that it enables the researcher to determine the state of research in his or her area of investigation.
The background knowledge acquired in the course of the research enables him or her to make
connections between literature review and other parts of the proposed research, ensuring that the
lacunae in the previously concluded research are addressed and that any possible gap is filled by the
present study.
Hence, the study has shown that doing a review of the related literature is a serious business
aimed at enhancing the quality and relevance of the research focus, theoretical framework,
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methodology and findings, thereby helping to promote originality and excellence in research in the
scholar’s area of investigation or specialization.
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