The document discusses research in nursing. It defines research and describes the roles of nurses in research from producer to consumer. The importance of research to the nursing profession is outlined as building nursing knowledge, validating improvements, and making healthcare more efficient. The sources and types of knowledge and reasoning in research are examined, including basic and applied research. The history of nursing research from Florence Nightingale to modern evidence-based practice is summarized.

2.  Research is the process of looking for a specific
answer to a specific question in an organized
objective reliable way
 Systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to
solve problems or answer questions
 Research is an organized and systematic way of
finding Answers to questions

3.  Systematic inquiry to develop knowledge about
issues of importance to the nursing profession
 A scientific process that validates and refines
existing knowledge and generates new knowledge
that directly and indirectly influences nursing
practice.

4. Roles of Nurses in Research
• Continuum of participation
– from producer of research
– to intelligent consumer of research findings
• Evidence-based practice (EBP)—the use of the
best clinical evidence in making patient care
decisions
Importance of research to the nursing profession
– to build a body of nursing knowledge
– to validate improvements in nursing practice
– to make healthcare efficient and cost effective

5.  Sources of knowledge
 Research reasoning
 basic and applied research

6. • Tradition - the way we have always done it
• Authority - the way we were taught to do it
• Borrowing - the way some other discipline does it
• Trial and error - if at first you don't succeed...
• Personal Experience - from Novice to Expert
• Role Modeling - Learning by watching someone who
knows more than you
• Intuition - Use of "deep knowledge" that we can't quite
bring into consciousness
• Logical Reasoning – the mental processing of ideas to
solve problems
• The scientific method

7. • Inductive reasoning
– The process of developing general conclusions from specific
observations
– The reasoning process used in Theory Development
– Start with specific observations, then develop a theory from
these observations
– Example types of research which also use inductive reasoning
– Qualitative Study
• Deductive reasoning
– The process of generating specific conclusions from general
observations
– The reasoning process used in Theory Testing
– Start with theory or hypothesis, then look for specific data to
support or refute the theory or hypotheses
– Example types of Research
– Model Testing
– Correlational Studies
– Experimental hypothesis testing

8. • Basic Vs Applied Research
• Basic research is undertaken to accumulate
information, extending the base of
knowledge or to formulate or refine a theory.
– Test or develop theory
• Applied research focuses on finding an
immediate solution to an existing problem.
– Research theory applied to practice
– Clinical Research is a type of applied research
that is conducted in a clinical setting and the
results have direct clinical application

9. • 1850 - Florence Nightingale First nurse researcher.
• Used epidemiologic data to influence the political process in
order to improve environmental conditions in military
hospitals, which subsequently greatly reduced mortality
from wounds obtained during war.
• 1920-1940's : Focus of nursing research was on nursing
education
• 1950: was on nursing roles in the health care system
• 1952 : start of the First nursing research journal, Nursing
Research
• 1953: New York, First Nursing Doctorate research program
• 1960's/70's : Focus on Theory and Conceptual Framework
development.
• 1980's : Clinical research become the focus.
• 1990's : Outcomes research

10.  Focus on evidence-based practice
 Increased use of multiple confirmatory strategies
and replication
 Greater stress on integrative reviews
 Increased multidisciplinary collaboration
 Expanded dissemination of research findings

11. • Discuss about the history of nursing research in
Ethiopia
• Compare your findings with that of the global
history of nursing research
• Identify the gap
• Propose possible solutions for the identified
problem
• What do you think the future direction of nursing
research be in Ethiopia

12.  Group Assignment
 Define paradigm, epistemology, ontology, axiology,
methodology
 Discuss the paradigms of nursing research in terms of
epistemology, ontology, axiology, methodology
 Submit on October 5, 2010

13. • Paradigm—a world view; a general
perspective on the complexities of the real
world, with certain assumptions about reality
• Key paradigms for nursing research:
– Positivist paradigm
– Naturalistic paradigm
• Research Methods
– Quantitative research—most often allied with
the positivist tradition
– Qualitative research—most often allied with the
naturalist tradition
•

14. Philosophical question Quantitative paradigm Qualitative paradigm
Ontological
what is the nature of reality
Reality exist; there is a real world driven by real natural
causes
Reality is multiple and subjective mentally constructed by
individuals
Epistemology
how is the inquirer related to those being
researched
Inquirer is independent from those being researched, the
findings are not influenced by the researcher
The inquirer interacts with those being researched ,
findings are the creation of the interactive process
Axiologic
the role of values in the inquirer
Values and biases are to be held in check, objectivity is
sought
Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable
Methodologic
how is knowledge obtained
- Deductive processes
- emphasis on discrete, specific
concepts
- Verification of researcher’s
hunches
- Fixed design
-Tight controls over context quantitative information;
statistical analysis
- Seeks generalizations
Inductive processes
- Emphasis on entirety of some
phenomenon; holistic
Emerging interpretations grounded
in participants experiences
- Flexible design
- Context-bounded
- Emphasis on narrative information,
qualities analysis
- Seeks patterns

15.  Title
 Background and statement of the problem
 Literature review
 Objectives
 Methods and materials
 Study area, study design, sampling and sampling technique,
methods of data collection, Variables, Operational definition,
methods of analysis, Quality of data, Ethical consideration
 Work plan
 Budget
 Reference
 Annex

16.  Title
 Background and statement of the problem
 Literature review
 Objectives
 Methods and materials
 Study area, study design, sampling and sampling technique,
methods of data collection, Variables, Operational definition,
methods of analysis, Quality of data, Ethical consideration
 Results
 Discussion, conclusion and recommendations
 Reference
 Annex

17. Experience and clinical field
work
Nursing literature
Social issues
Theory
Ideas from external sources

18.  Criteria for Selecting Research Problem
INTERNAL
 Researcher’s interest
 Researcher’s competence
 Researcher’s own resources, i.e., finance, time,
etc.

19. External
1. Relevance: The topic you choose should be a priority
problem.
2. Avoidance of duplication:
3.Urgency (timeliness) of data needed: Are data
urgently needed for decision-making or developing
interventions
4.Political acceptability of study: Is the topic
acceptable to high level policymakers?
5.Feasibility of study: Consider the resources you
need
6.Applicability of results: Is it likely that the
recommendations from the study will be applied?
7.Ethical acceptability:

20. Title of the research
A good title
e reader.
·
Short,
accurate,
and
concise
Make the
central
objectives of the
study clear to
the reader
Important to specify
what population will be
investigated, and where
it will be conducted.

21. • Group work
– What is a problem statement
– What are the major elements to be written in the
background and statement of the problem
– What is research question and research purpose?
– What do the significance of the study tell to the reader?
– Please support your presentations by giving example
from nursing published articles
• one quantitative and
• one qualitative study
– email the soft copy of your presentations
(amsalec2002@yahoo.com)

22.  It should contain some relevant
background data related to the problem
 Then the statement of the problem should
follow.
 It should contain a paragraph on what you
hoped to achieve with the results of the
study.

23. • general situation in need of a solution or
improvement
• Should be broad enough to include central
concerns but narrow enough in scope to serve as a
guide to study design
• The problem the researcher wants to answer
– Is an expression of the dilemma or disturbing situation
that needs investigation
– Identifies the nature of the problem that is being
addressed in the study and includes the context and
significance

24. • It should show
– The nature of the problem; the discrepancy between
‘what is’ and what it should be.
– The distribution of the problem - who is affected,
when, and where
– The size and intensity of the problem - is it
widespread, how severe is it, what are its consequences
?
• Review of available literature and reports should
further illustrate why the problem is important, not
only in your own working area but probably also
beyond.

25. This section should show:
• Magnitude, frequency, and distribution: Affected geographical areas and
population groups affected by the problem.
• Probable causes of the problem:
– What is the current knowledge of the problem and its causes?
– Is there agreement?
– Is there controversy?
• Possible solutions:
– In what ways have solutions to the problem been attempted?
– What has been proposed?
– What are the results?
• Unanswered questions:
– What remains to be answered?
– What areas have not been possible to understand, determine, verify, or test?

26.  Problem should always be grammatically correct and as
completely as possible.
 bear in mind the wording (expressions) you use..
 Demarcating the research field into manageable parts by
 dividing the main problem into sub problems is of the utmost
importance

27.  Concise statement of the specific aim of this
particular study
 Should be located in the introduction section,
before the review of literature
 Should Contain Variables, Type Relationship
Between Variables, and Population

28.  A problem is significant for nursing when it has the
potential to generate or refine relevant knowledge for
practice.
 A significant problem should do at least one of the
following:
 Impact nursing practice
 Build on previous research
 Promotes theory testing or development
Determining the Feasibility of a Problem and Purpose
 Researcher's expertise
 Funding
 Availability of subjects, facilities and equipment
 Ethical considerations

29. • Evolve from the problem, purpose and study framework and
directing the remaining steps of the research process.
• The research question is the core of research
• Getting answer to a question is the key purpose of research.
• The nature of the research question and the manner in which it is
answered will determine the value that your research adds.
• Arriving at a focused or well defined research question is part of
the process of undertaking a research.
• Choose a Question that is Neither Too Broad or Too Narrow
Research Objectives
• Clear, concise declarative statement
• For clarity, usually focuses on one or two variables
• Research Question Similar to Research Objective, but written as a
question